Percentage Of Saturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Improving the biodiesel production in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana cultivated in nutrient deficiency and sewage water.

The use of microalgae as a feedstock in biofuel production is highly encouraging. The marine diatom in this study, Thalassiosira pseudonana, was used as a test organism to evaluate the impact of nitrogen or phosphorus limitation and sewage water on improving biodiesel production. The growth rate is more affected in cultures without phosphorus by 41.8% lower than in control and the highest dry weight estimated in control. The cellular dry weight significantly increased in cultures treated with mix1 and mix2 wastewater compared to the control cultures. Chlorophyll a content decreased in the absence of nitrogen and phosphorous and in sewage water cultures. Lipid content in algal cultures without nitrogen or phosphorus and in sewage water accumulated nearly twice as much lipid content in synthetic medium. T. pseudonana showed high FAME contents; the two most abundant fatty acids, stearic acid (C18:0) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1), in the algal extracts revealed that T. pseudonana was predominantly composed of these fatty acids. T. pseudonana grown in nitrogen or phosphorus-deficient conditions exhibited an extreme percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) by 87.38% and 85.47%, respectively, of the total fatty acids (TFAs). More importantly, the low polyunsaturated fatty acid content in oils indicates a high cetane number, low iodine value, and low corrosion for biodiesel quality indicators. Producing biodiesel that closely meets worldwide biodiesel requirements (ASTM D6751 and EN 14214) is the goal of this work, which shows that growing T. pseudonana under nutrient limitations leads to algal metabolism in that direction.

A Review of Cholesterol's Dual Impact: Human Health and Environmental Consequences

Abstract Indiscriminate consumption of fatty foods especially those with higher percentage of saturated fatty acids in and around the world is likely to be in excesses in few years to come. This is particularly so owing to man detrimental eating habits. And this portends a potential risk for coronary heart diseases among unsuspecting consumers. Although man has the enzymatic capacity to convert excess fatty acids to harmless substrates within the body system, but there occur serious pressure on such functions when they are in excesses of the normal daily body requirement. The impact of heavily rich fat meals to the large supply of total fats and its saturated fatty acids derivatives in the human system has been largely traced to dietary intake of lipid rich diets. Their consequential effect over time can damage arteries, contribute to heart disease, and even stroke among unsuspecting consumers. Incidentally this has been traced to cholesterol (lipoprotein), a waxy substance that the body requires to perform certain critical functions including digestion, circulation, and growth and even the nervous system regulation. There are two distinct forms are known these lipoproteins; high density and Low density lipoproteins. Even though both are essential, the excessive intake of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is dangerous could trigger certain cardiovascular diseases and even death due to its excessive accumulation in the body. In spite of these foregoing however, they plays very critical roles in the life of virtually all living organisms including man. Therefore it harps on the study for a comprehensive review about the concept and dispels the misinformation about the significance and implication of effects of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids as probable precursor for certain cardiovascular ailments. Little wonder that some conscious individuals are cautious in choosing their meals owing to this trepidation. It therefore becomes imperative to undertake a study on related works with a view to giving suitable medical information to arm individuals with reliable data towards the trend. Keywords – Food, diets, fats, cardiovascular diseases, heart attack.

Separation and partial purification of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase from serum of obese women with a study of the effect of oily and nano-extract of Castanea fruit in activating the enzyme

Background: The Chestnut plant is one of the important plants for treating many diseases. Therefore, the oil extract of the Chestnut plant was taken to know its effect on activating an enzyme of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase that decreases in obese patients, by isolating it from the blood and using nanotechnology methods.Methods: The research included the isolation lecithin: acyltransferase cholesterol (LCAT) from the blood of 5 obese women, whose BMI was between 25-30 kg/m2, ages ranged from 40-45 years, and they were healthy without any diseases. The oil extract of Chestnut fruit was isolated. Fatty acids present in the oil extract were identified using capillary gas chromatography technique CGC, as the extract contained a percentage of unsaturated fatty acids and a lower percentage of saturated fatty acids. The enzyme was precipitated with ammonium sulfate, dialysis technique, and the gel filtration chromatography technique was used in purification. Finally, effect of the oil extract of the Chestnut fruit was studied at a concentration of (0-100) mg/ml and the nanoparticles-oil extract also on the activity of the LCAT (0-20) mg/ml. The nanoparticles of silver nitrate were prepared at a concentration of 1 mM with the oil extract of the Chestnut fruit and heated at a temperature of 60°C.Result: The highest peak was obtained from the gel filtration chromatography, which was highly effective. The number of purification times reached 91.72, and the recovery rate was 283.33%, and the effectiveness was qualitative 457.69 U/mg. Oil nanoparticles extraction was confirmed when the solution was transformed by changing its colors from colorless, yellow, orange, and finally coffee in color. The results showed an increase in the activity of the LCAT when treated with the two extracts, also the increase in the activity had a higher effect on the activity of the enzyme.Conclusion: We concluded during the study that the extract of the fruit of the oily nanoparticles was more effective in increasing the activity of an enzyme lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in healthy women with obesity. Keywords: Oil extract; Lecithin enzyme; Cholesterol acyltransferase; Chestnut

Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Cinnamon (Cinnamon zeylanicum) on Production, Fatty Acid Profile and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens

Phytogenic feed additives play an important role in broilers' nutrition, contributing to the improvement of the performance and quality of meat. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Cinnamon (Cinnamon zeylanicum) on broiler chicken production, fatty acid profile, and meat quality. In the present study, 140-day-old Vencob-400 broiler chicks were divided into 7 groups, including the control group (with no additives, T0), and T1 to T6 groups receiving varying concentrations of cinnamon and ginger. Accordingly, the chickens’ diet in T1 was supplemented with 1.0% cinnamon, T2 with 2.0% cinnamon, T3 with 3.0% cinnamon, T4 with 1.0% ginger, T5 with 2.0% ginger, and T6 with 3.0% ginger, all calculated based on dry matter. The carcass traits, weight of immune organs, organoleptic tests, and fatty acid profile of meat (breast and thigh) were recorded after the age of 42 days. The findings indicated that the breast and thigh had the highest organ weights in group T4 compared to other groups, however, the neck, back, drumstick, wing, and heart were not affected. The inclusion of 2% cinnamon (T2) and 1% ginger (T4) in the diet, significantly enhanced the color, texture, flavor, juiciness, and overall acceptability of the meat, compared to the diet of the control group. Adding a supplement of 2% cinnamon or 1% ginger powder to the diet of broiler chickens significantly decreased the percentage of total saturated fatty acid and increased the total unsaturated fatty acid (breast and thigh). The improvement in fatty acid composition is beneficial for the quality of the broiler meat. Based on these findings, it is recommended to supplement the diet of the broiler with either 2% cinnamon or 1% ginger powder to improve the carcass parameters and quality of the meat.

Role of whole linseed and sunflower seed on the nutritional and organoleptic properties of Podolian × Limousine meat

The fatty acids profile of meat can be influenced by the amount and type of the lipid supplemented in animal feeding with a modulation of the rumen biohydrogenation of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (P UFA). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the nutritional and sensory quality of bovine meat as affected by different oilseeds supplementations. Thirty two Podolian x Limousine young bulls were randomly allocated into four experimental treatments: control diet (CO) with no supplemental fat, linseed diet (LS) with a supplementation of 10% whole linseed; sunflower diet (SS) with supplementation of 10% of sunflower seeds; LS+SS diet: with supplementation of linseeds (5%) and sunflowers (5%). After finishing period (140 days), all animals were slaughtered and fatty acids profile and sensory proprieties were evaluated on meat. The results showed that dietary supplementation with linseed or/and sunflower seeds in the diet decreased the percentage of saturated fatty acids (P<0.001) and increased monounsatured (P<0.05) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (P<0.05). Feeding diets containing linseeds as respect with sunflower seeds increased the amount of total n-3 P UFA (P<0.01) and, in particular, of linolenic (P<0.01), eicosapentaenoic (P<0.001), docosapentaenoic (P<0.01) and docosaeasoenoic (P<0.05) acids. An improvement in tenderness, juiciness, chewiness and flavour intensity was observed in beef from animals supplemented with oilseeds. This study suggests that linseed alone or in combination with sunflower seeds is an effective strategy to enrich meat with beneficial fatty acids and to improve some sensory attributes appreciated by consumers.

Physico-chemical characteristics of meat after dietary supplementation of lambs with essential oils and calcium malate

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a mixture of essential oils (EO), calcium malate (CM), or their combination (EO + CM) on the physico-chemical characteristics of lamb meat. A total of 36, two-month-old, 20 ± 3 kg live weight, male lambs were allocated to individual cages and randomly distributed into four treatment groups: 1, basal diet (BD); 2, BD + 150 g of EO ton-1 ; 3, BD + 2.5 kg of CM ton-1 ; and 4: BD + 150 g EO + 2.5 kg CM ton-1 . Feed and fresh water were available ad libitum to the lambs during the 56-day experiment. There was no difference in the chemical composition of the lamb meat although collagen was higher in the EO + CM treatment. The percentage of omega-3 and eicosapentaenoic acid was higher in the OE + CM group, but there were no differences in the total percentage of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. The shear strength of raw meat was higher in the BD group, but the shear strength of cooked meat was lower in the EO group than in the BD or CM groups. There was no difference in water retention in raw meat or in water loss in cooked meat between groups. The colour of the meat was not affected by treatment. The EO and EO + CM groups had an increase in meat tenderness and the concentration of some unsaturated fatty acids, but this did not affect the colour or chemical composition of the lamb meat.

Biodegradation of phenolic derivatives by Rhodosporidium toruloides: Effect on growth, cell morphology, lipid and biodiesel production

Phenol derivatives are considered one of the most hazardous pollutants, posing a significant risk to the ecosystem. The present study investigates the ability of the Rhodosporidium toruloides 9564T to degrade the selected phenol derivatives, i.e., catechol, 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), and simultaneously produce lipids. The experiments were performed using minimal salt media with varying ranges of catechol (0.25 g/L–1.5 g/L), 4-CP (0.25–1.5 g/L), and 4-NP (0.1–1 g/L) with a 10 % inoculum size. Results showed that R. toruloides 9564T completely degraded 1 g/L catechol, 0.5 g/L 4-CP, and 0.1 g/L 4-NP. In comparison with the two phenol derivatives, the maximum biomass (2.096 ± 0.093 g/L), total lipid (0.774 ± 0.031 g/L), and lipid content (36.92 ± 0.147 %.) produced during catechol degradation. The GC analysis revealed the percentages of saturated fatty acids in lipids were 66.21, 86.43, and 81.39 % for catechol, 4-CP, and 4-NP. Catechol, 4-CP, and 4-NP biodiesel qualities (cetane number, cloud point, pour point, viscosity, etc.) matched ASTM-D6751 and EN 14214. To assess the potential environmental impact, the degraded samples by yeast were analyzed for phytotoxicity, which exhibited reduced toxicity. Consequently, R. toruloides proves to be a promising agent for valorizing wastewater treatment for biodiesel production.

Effects of Gas Composition on the Lipid Oxidation and Fatty Acid Concentration of Tilapia Fillets Treated with In-Package Atmospheric Cold Plasma.

Cold plasma (CP) is a non-thermal preservation technology that has been successfully used to decontaminate and extend the shelf life of aquatic products. However, the preservation effect of CP treatment is determined by several factors, including voltage, time, and gas compositions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of gas composition (GasA: 10% O2, 50% N2, 40% CO2; GasB: air; GasC: 30% O2, 30% N2, 40% CO2) on the lipid oxidation of tilapia fillets treated after CP treatment. Changes in the lipid oxidation values, the percentages of fatty acids, and sensory scores were studied during 8 d of refrigerator storage. The results showed that the CP treatment significantly increased all the primary and secondary lipid oxidation values measured in this study, as well as the percentages of saturated fatty acids, but decreased the percentages of unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids. The lipid oxidation values were significantly increased in the GasC-CP group. After 8 d, clearly increased percentages of saturated fatty acids, a low level of major polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially linoleic (C18:2n-6)), and a decrease in the percentages of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) were found in GasC-CP; that is, the serious oxidation of lipids was found in the high O2 concentration group. In addition, the sensory score was also lower than that of the hypoxia CP group. Therefore, high O2 concentrations can enhance lipid oxidation and the changes in the fatty acid concentration. Controlling the O2 concentration is reasonable to limit the degree to which lipids are oxidized in tilapia after the in-package CP treatment.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of fatty acids in healthy and Aspergillus niger MH078571.1-infected Arabica coffee beans.

The organic composition of Arabica coffee beans, particularly fatty acids, significantly influences their overall quality. After measuring its composition of fatty acids, it contained a high percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA), including caprylic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, margaric, fat, and orchid. Moreover, the sample contained unsaturated fatty acids (USFA), namely palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and alpha-linoleic acid (C18:3). Coffee beans are susceptible to infection by fungi during storage, the development of which has adverse effects on the beans. The present study aimed to examine the impact of Aspergillus niger MH078571.1 infection on the diversity and abundance of fatty acids in green Arabica coffee beans. The impact of Aspergillus niger on the consumption of fatty acids in Arabica coffee beans was assessed. The findings of the study indicate that the duration of storage had a significant impact on the levels of fatty acids, specifically miristic (C14:0), margaric (C17:0), and stearic (C18:0), which increased as the storage period and temperature increased. Conversely, the percentage of oleic acid decreased under these conditions. This trend was observed across different storage temperatures (0, 8, and 25°C) in untreated coffee beans affected by fungal activity.

The effect of Froriepia subpinnata on the performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters, immune system, microbial population, intestinal morphology, and breast meat fatty acid content of broiler chickens.

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of F. subpinnata powder (FSP) on the performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters, immune system, microbial population, intestinal morphology, and percentage of fatty acids in the breast meat of broiler chickens. A total of 300day-old male chickens from the ROSS 308 strain were used in the form of a completely random design with four treatments of five replicates (15 birds each). The experimental treatments were, respectively, (1) control with base diet (without additives), (2) base diet + 1% FSP, (3) base diet + 2% FSP, and (4) base diet + 3% FSP. The results showed that the feed intake and weight gain increased in the treatments containing 2% and 3% FSP when compared to the control (P < 0.05). Cholesterol and ALT levels in the treatment containing 3% FSP were lower that the control (P < 0.05), while the concentration of glutathione peroxidase enzyme in the treatment containing 3% FSP significantly increased (P < 0.05). Thymus weight and antibodies produced against AIV in all three levels of FSP increased significantly compared to the control (P < 0.05). The population of lactobacilli and coliforms in the treatments containing FSP increased and decreased significantly compared to the control (P < 0.05). The length and width of the intestinal villi of the chickens that were fed with 3% of FSP had a significant increase compared to the control (P < 0.05). The percentage of saturated fatty acids in the breast decreased significantly with the consumption of all three levels of FSP (P < 0.001). In general, the results showed that the use of 3% FSP in the broiler diet increased the efficiency of growth performance and enzyme activity, while strengthening the immune system, favorably altering the intestinal microbial population, and reducing the fat in breast meat.

Beneficiation of paper-pulp industrial wastewater for improved outdoor biomass cultivation and biodiesel production using Tetradesmus obliquus (Turpin) Kützing

Algae-based wastewater bioremediation offers a cost-effective method for sustainably treating wastewater while simultaneously addressing global water scarcity and pollution. This study highlights the benefits of treating primary-treated (PTW) and secondary-treated (STW) paper-pulp industrial wastewaters using the microalga Tetradesmus obliquus (Turpin) Kützing. A batch culture study revealed that 50 % secondary treated wastewater can increase the biomass yield 1.8 fold to 2.51 g L−1 in 15 days with a corresponding lipid yield of 390.2 mg L−1. Upscaling this work in 200 L open raceway ponds with 50 % STW as the growth medium showed areal biomass and lipid productivities of 26.80 and 3.90 g m−2 day−1, respectively, in 15 days at 20 cm culture depth. This translates to a projected high annual biomass productivity of approximately 85.0 tons hectare−1 year−1 based on datasets spanning two consecutive years. Bioremediation efficiencies of 80.0 %, 91.51 %, and 92.10 % were achieved for COD, TOC, and NH4+ respectively. Biodiesel produced showed a large percentage of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (∼90 %) and its fuel properties complied with the global biodiesel standards. This study thus shows that using paper-pulp industrial wastewater for algal growth offers a sustainable solution for energy generation and wastewater treatment, with significant implications for environmental sustainability.

Response of Qualitative Traits of Sunflower Helianthus annuus (L.) Cultivars to Spraying with Glycine Acid

Field experiment was carried out during the spring seasons of 2021 and 2022 in the fields of a farmer in the district of Ramadi - Anbar province, in silty loam soil texture, with the aim of studying the response of qualitative traits of sunflower cultivars (Sakha, Luluah, and Akmar) to spraying with Glycine acid at concentrations of (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg L−1). The experiment was conducted according to randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement with three replicates, with a total of 36 experimental units, where the Glycine acid concentrations occupied the main plots, and the cultivars occupied the sub-plots. The most important results indicate that cultivars had a significant effect on most of the studied traits, with the Akmar cultivar achieving the highest percentage of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and unsaturated fatty acid percentage in both seasons, while the Luluah cultivar achieved the highest percentage of stearic and palmitic acids, and saturated fatty acid percentage in both seasons. The superiority of the Akmar cultivar and the high concentrations of Glycine acid, and their interaction in the percentage of oleic and linoleic acids, led to an increase in the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, which improved the quality of sunflower oil, as the high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids and low percentage of saturated fatty acids are a desirable trait in sunflower oil.

High-Fat Diet Enhances Platelet Activation and Is Associated with Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin 9: An Animal Study.

Platelet activation and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) play pivotal roles in the progression of atherosclerosis to cardiovascular events. It has been reported that hyperlipidemia, a well-documented risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, tends increase platelet activation and PCSK9 expression. However, little is known about this specific mechanism, particularly how nutrition affects platelet activation and PCSK9 levels in hyperlipidemia conditions. This study aimed to assess how a high-fat diet influences platelet activation, its association with PCSK9, and the effects on blood pressure in an animal model. Here, male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, subjected to different high-fat diets for ten weeks with varying nutrient components. The results showed that high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia significantly increased the plasma levels of β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), p-selectin, and platelet factor 4 (PF-4). The blood pressure readings were also elevated post high-fat diet induction. Interestingly, the group with the highest percentage of saturated fatty acid and trans-fat exhibited the highest PCSK9 levels, along with the highest increase in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and platelet activation parameters. These findings confirm that high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia stimulate platelet activity and PCSK9 levels. Moreover, our results suggest that PCSK9, implicated in hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, may synergistically mediate platelet hyperactivity, aligning with clinical studies. Notably, our results highlight the association between a high-fat diet and PCSK9, providing insights for drug discovery targeting platelet activation in atherosclerosis-induced cardiovascular diseases.

Implication of Mn-cofactored superoxide dismutase in the tolerance of swarmer Pseudomonas aeruginosa to polymixin, ciprofloxacin and meropenem antibiotics.

The protective role of superoxide dismutase (Sod) against oxidative stress, resulting from the common antibiotic pathway of action, has been studied in the wild type and mutant strains of swarmer Pseudomonas aeruginosa, lacking Cytosolic Mn-Sod (sodM), Fe-Sod (sodB) or both Sods (sodMB).Our results showed that inactivation of sodB genes leads to significant motility defects and tolerance to meropenem. This resistance is correlated with a greater membrane unsaturation as well as an effective intervention of Mn-Sod isoform, in antibiotic tolerance.Moreover, loss of Mn-Sod in sodM mutant, leads to polymixin intolerance and is correlated with membrane unsaturation. Effectivelty, sodM mutant showed an enhanced swarming motility and a conserved rhamnolipid production. Whereas, in the double mutant sodMB, ciprofloxacin tolerance would be linked to an increase in the percentage of saturated fatty acids in the membrane, even in the absence of superoxide dismutase activity.The overall results showed that Mn-Sod has a protective role in the tolerance to antibiotics, in swarmer P.aeruginosa strain. It has been further shown that Sod intervention in antibiotic tolerance is through change in membrane fatty acid composition.

Concentration of lipids, cholesterol, and fatty acid profile in chicken breast meat affected by wooden breast myopathy frozen for up to 12 mo

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of frozen storage for 12 mo on the concentrations of lipids and cholesterol and fatty acid profile of wooden chicken breast meat. A total of 120 samples of chicken breasts were selected, according to the degree of "wooden breast" myopathy ["severe," "moderate," and "normal" (absence of myopathy)], from male chickens slaughtered at 42 d of age, from Cobb 500 strain. Part of the samples (n=20/grade of severity) were evaluated on the day of collection and the remainder were packaged, frozen and stored at -18°C for up to 12 mo. At the beginning (collection day) and at the end of the proposed freezing period (12 mo), analyses of lipid, cholesterol, and fatty acid profile were carried out. Percentage of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids were evaluated. Meats affected by wooden breast myopathy had lower levels of PUFA that exert beneficial effects on health, such as DHA, EPA and ARA, and this profile is impaired by prolonged storage (12 mo), which results in important nutritional losses for the consumer.

Dietary coriander (Coriandrum sativum L) oil improves growth, nutrient utilization, antioxidant status, tissue histomorphology and reduces omega-3 fatty acid production in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is recently emerging as an antimicrobial growth promoter in aquafeed formulations. To assess the effect of coriander seed oil in the feed of Nile tilapia five iso-nitrogenous (crude protein 40%) and iso-lipidic (crude lipid 7%) diets were prepared with graded levels of coriander oil i. e., 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/Kg referred as C0, C5, C10, C15 and C20, respectively. The fish were fed with the experimental diets twice daily for a period of 60 days in triplicate. After the feeding experiment, there observed a linear pattern in weight gain with the dietary coriander oil levels. The expression of hepatic insulin like growth factor 1 gene increased significantly in coriander oil supplemented groups in dose dependent manner in hepatic tissues of tilapia. The viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic index decreased significantly in the coriander oil treated groups. The crude protein contents increased significantly in the experimental groups; however, it did not vary significantly in between the groups. The crude lipid contents increased significantly in the last three groups (C10, C15 and C20) compared to C0 and C5. The serum glucose content decreased significantly in the last three groups i.e., C10, C15 and C20 coriander fed groups compared to C0. Whereas, the HDL level increased significantly in the 20 g/Kg treatment group compared to rest of the groups. Catalase activity increased significantly in the liver tissue of coriander oil treated groups compared to control. The liver histomorphology showed signs of storage of carbohydrate or lipid reserves in the form of vacuoles in the control group. However, in the coriander supplemented groups there was a reduction in hepatic vacuolar structures. The appearance of intestinal villi was enriched in coriander oil supplemented groups via branching. The Δ6/Δ5 desaturase increased significantly in the experimental groups compared to control. The Δ4 desaturase and elongase decreased significantly beyond 6.3% and 11.7% of coriander oil in the diet, respectively. There observed a significant increase in the percentage of saturated fatty acids in dose dependent manner. However, the unsaturated fatty acids including omega-3 fatty acids decreased significantly with an increase dose of coriander oil in feed of Nile tilapia. It can be concluded from the above study that coriander essential oil can be used for better growth performance, intestinal nutrient absorption, antioxidant activity and decreasing hyperglycemia in Nile tilapia. However, higher inclusion level (above 5 g/Kg) led to decrease in the wholebody omega-3 fatty acid production.

Liver triacylglycerol accumulation but not postprandial lipemia is reduced by a skim milk powder diet in male rats

Increases in postprandial lipids are linked to the development of cardiometabolic and fatty liver disease. Prior work has suggested that dairy possesses beneficial cardiometabolic effects and thus the aim of the current investigation was to test the hypotheses that the habitual consumption of dairy, in the form of skim milk powder (SMP), would protect against increases in circulating lipids and liver lipid accumulation following an oral fat challenge in rats. Male rats were fed either a semipurified low-fat control diet with casein or a diet with an equivalent amount of protein (∼13% kcal) provided through skim milk powder (SMP) for 6 weeks (n = 40/group). Rats were then given an oral gavage of palm oil (5 mL/kg body weight) or an equivalent volume of water, and serum and liver were harvested 90 minutes or 4 hours after. Rats fed the SMP diet gained less weight than controls but there were no differences in glucose tolerance between groups. The fat gavage increased serum lipids in both diet groups, whereas there was a main effect of the fat challenge to increase, and the SMP diet, to decrease liver triacylglycerol accumulation. The percentage of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and the protein content/activity of lipogenic enzymes were reduced in livers from SMP-fed rats, whereas the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids was increased. In summary, we provide evidence that SMP consumption, although not protecting against postprandial lipemia, markedly attenuates triacylglycerol accumulation and the relative amount of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in the liver.

Grape Pomace: Agrifood By-Product with Potential to Enhance Performance, Yolk Quality, Antioxidant Capacity, and Eggshell Ultrastructure in Laying Hens.

Grape pomace (GP) is an industrial by-product of grape juice making and is commonly discarded as a waste product, even with its large quantity of phytochemicals. Thus, the objectives of this trial were to examine the effects of graded dietary GP on laying rate, egg quality, yolk lipid profile, oxidative stability, shell quality and ultrastructure, and serum biochemistry. Two hundred 35-week-old laying hens were allocated to four dietary treatments with ten replicates each. Four diets were formulated by mixing a standard basal diet with GP at 0 g/kg (control), 30 g/kg (GP3%), 60 g/kg (GP6%), and 90 g/kg (GP9%). Egg production percent, egg weight, and egg mass were linearly improved (p < 0.01) due to adding GP to the diets of laying hens. Eggs obtained from laying hens fed with GP diets had (p < 0.01; linear, p < 0.01) greater Haugh units, yolk color, albumen index, and yolk index than those of the control. The GP9% group had the greatest values (p < 0.05) for shell weight, thickness, and breaking strength. Electron microscopy scanning of eggshells indicated that the incremental dietary level of GP linearly augmented the thickness of the palisade layer but reduced both the mammillary layer and mammillary knob width (p < 0.01). Improved tibia-breaking strength and ash content were shown (p < 0.05) in the GP-fed laying hens. The dietary addition of GP by up to 90 g/kg linearly (p < 0.01) mitigated lipid oxidation and improved the antioxidant capacity in both the serum and stored eggs. A reduction in the percentages of saturated fatty acids was observed, while the contents of monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and n-3 fatty acids were augmented because of increasing dietary GP levels (p < 0.001). Additionally, the eggs obtained from laying hens fed on the GP6% and GP9% had lower yolk cholesterol content (p < 0.001); this effect was confirmed by linear and quadratic responses (p < 0.001). Laying hens on GP diets had lower (p < 0.01) serum hepatic enzymes, cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein but greater high-density lipoprotein compared to the control. To sum up, the addition of GP in the layers' diets by up to 90 g/kg increased laying performance, enriched the yolk with beneficial fatty acids, enhanced antioxidant potential in yolk lipids, and improved shell quality and ultrastructure.

Determination of Fatty Acid Profile in Processed Fish and Shellfish Foods.

Seafood products are a crucial dietary source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), which are essential for human health. However, the presence of these n-3 PUFA may be subject to changes related to different processing methods. The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition, focusing on n-3 PUFA, in different processed fish and shellfish products of both EU and non-EU origin. The products were purchased from supermarkets and ethnic food shops in Messina (Italy). Gas chromatography with a flame-ionization detector (GC-FID) was used for analysis. Based on the fatty acid profile, the atherogenicity index (AI), thrombogenicity index (TI), and flesh lipid quality index (FLQ) were determined: 0.13-1.04 (AI), 0.19-0.89 (TI), and 0.41-29.90 (FLQ). The percentages of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids fell within the following ranges: 13.55-50.48%, 18.91-65.58%, and 13.84-52.73%, respectively. Considering that all samples showed low AI and TI indices and that all processed fish products proved to be a good source of beneficial PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), their consumption is recommended for humans.

Interaction of iron and zinc fortification and late-season water deficit on yield and fatty acid composition of Dragon's Head (Lallemantia iberica L.)

Dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica) is a rich source of alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, essential oil, protein, and mucilage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar application of three different concentrations of Fe and Zn (control, 4, and 8 g lit−1) at two different developmental stages (vegetative stage (VS) and reproductive stage (RS)) on the quantity and quality of dragon's head seed yield and fatty acid composition in two crop seasons (2018 and 2019) under two environments (normal irrigation as control (NI) and post-anthesis water deficit (WD). In NI, average yields of seed, oil, and protein were 1155, 340, and 183 kg ha−1, respectively, and in the WD, they were 879, 283, and 148 kg ha−1, respectively. By applying Zn and Fe, the mean values of seed, oil, and protein yields in the NI were 1425, 478, and 264 kg ha−1, while in the WD, they were 1011, 354, and 200 kg ha−1, respectively. Furthermore, the application of WD resulted in a significant increase in zinc concentration, protein percentage, and saturated fatty acid percentage in seeds. Unlike WD, iron and zinc treatments decreased the percentage of saturated fatty acids and increased the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids. The number of capsules per plant had the most positive indirect effect on grain yield. The results showed that foliar spraying of Fe and Zn could effectively mitigate the adverse effects of WD on the quality and quantity of seed and oil yield dragon's head.