Percentage Of Polymorphic Loci Research Articles

Genetic Diversity Assessment in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) using Microsatellite Markers

The present study was conducted on genetic diversity analyses among 24 pea genotypes during 2017–2018 to assess the molecular diversity of pea genotypes using SSR markers. Out of 62, eleven markers were found to be polymorphic and the polymorphic information content (PIC) of the simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers ranged from 0.19 to as high as 0.64. Molecular profiling of these genotypes using 11 SSRs distributed throughout the genome generated 32 alleles with a mean of 2.91 alleles per locus. The genetic dissimilarity based on simple matching coefficient for 24 genotypes ranged from 0.00 to 0.91 with an average of 0.52. Cluster analyses grouped 24 genotypes into two major clusters with one outlier and supported by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) in which genotypes were distributed across four quadrangles. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed significant estimated value at degree of 1000 permutations. Percentage of variability was higher among individual (67%) than among populations (11%). Percentage of variability within individual was also higher (22%) than among populations (11%). Pop1 (I=0.707, He=0.446, and uHe=0.466) shows higher diversity than pop2 (I=0.630, He=0.381 and uHe=0.398). The percentage of polymorphic loci per population (PPL) ranged from 81.82% (pop2) to 90.91% (pop1) with an average of 86.36%. The present study demonstrates the utility of microsatellite markers for estimating molecular diversity as well as genotype identification in pea. This study also suggests a potential use of these markers in further association studies.

Using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat Multi-Loci Markers for Studying Genetic Diversity in Guppy Fish

Aquarium fish industry has become a capacity for job creation and income generation. Aquarium fish uses for decoration and creating tranquility in the environment and beautification in public places. This study was conducted to investigate genetic variation between different populations of various varieties of guppy ornamental aquarium fish using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers in Iran for the first time. DNA was extracted from twelve strains. Polymerase chain reaction was performed using seven ISSR primers. GenAlex 6.501 and XLSTAT software was used to analyze data. Results of analysis of molecular variance showed that 54% of observed polymorphism belongs to variance among populations and 46% corresponds to diversity between populations. The highest and the lowest polymorphism percentage belonged to (GAG)5GC (90%) and (AG)8C (41%) markers, respectively. Percentage of polymorphic loci ranges from 32.31% to 86.15%. The results of phylogenetic tree showed that this tree was divided into 2 major clusters. Cluster I included only 2 populations and cluster II contained other 10 studied populations. It is suggested that this marker system was found to be efficient in discriminating each genotype at the molecular level and can be used for genetic diversity analysis for aquarium guppy fish because a greater understanding of the potential of the species is necessary for supporting long-term genetic improvement.

Study of Genetic Diversity of Glycyrrizha glabra L. Populations Using ISSR Molecular Markers

Twenty-two G. glabra populations were used to study the genetic diversity of ISSR molecular markers. 12 primers were used to amplification of genomic DNA fragments of G. glabra populations. High genetic diversity based on ISSR markers was observed among individuals. A total of 130 bands were formed and 105 bands were polymorphic. The mean polymorphism percentage among studied populations was 80.47. The highest polymorphic percentages were assigned to IS23, IS21, IS9, IS13 and IS15 primers. The mean of PIC and MI were 0.347 and 2.47, respectively. The Shannon index (I) varied between 0.207-0.393 and the Nei genetic variation index (h) from 0.140 to 0.026. Darab and Solataniyeh populations showed the lowest and highest genetic diversity, respectively. The percentage of polymorphic loci was varied between 35.224 to 65.71%. The observe allele number and effective alleles number was 1.46 and 1.34, respectively. Based on the genetic distance Nei, populations Bardsir and Baft had the highest genetic similarity (0.888) and populations Bardsir and Solataniyeh had the least genetic similarity (0.132). The studied populations were grouped into three main groups by cluster analysis using UPGAM and Jaccard's similarity coefficient. The results showed that the ISSR marker is a reliable marker system for revealing a high level of polymorphism and can be used to study genetic diversity and further examinations as a subset of breeding programs in G. glabra.

Genetic diversity analysis of Piper betle from eight accessions of Indonesia based on SRAP markers

Abstract. Nabilla S, Safira UM, Puspita PJ, Subositi D, Maruzy A, Artika IM. 2021. Genetic diversity analysis of Piper betle from eight accessions of Indonesia based on SRAP markers. Biodiversitas 22: 3401-3408. Leaves of betel vine (Piper betle Linn.) have been used as a traditional medicine in various regions in Indonesia. However, the genetic diversity of this plant has not been well recorded. Considering its diverse usage in traditional and folk medicine, it is essential to analyze and document the genetic diversity of Piper betle L. with the aim to collect the scientific data of betel vine genetics in Indonesia. This study aims at analyzing the population structure and genetic diversity of betel vine from the Singkil, Gayo Serbajadi, Baduy, Bandung, Hutan, Kalisusu, Kaledupa, and Mekongga accession groups of Indonesia using the sequence-related-amplified polymorphism (SRAP) marker technique. Genomic DNA was isolated from each accession and then used as a template for DNA amplification using PCR. As many as 16 SRAP primer combinations were screened for the genetic diversity analysis. Optimization of primer combinations resulted in 7 selected combinations based on their ability to generate clear amplification patterns and polymorphic bands. These were then employed for genetic diversity analysis. The genetic distance dendrogram showed the lowest similarity coefficient was 0.62 and that the betel vine grouping pattern was not based on genotype. The Singkil population had the highest genetic diversity and the Hutan population had the lowest. The mean value of Nei's genetic diversity index was 0.0985, while Shannon's information index was 0.01459 and the percentage of polymorphic loci was 25.81. This study concluded that the level of betel vine diversity is low.

Genetic Structure and Gene Flow of Octopus maya (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the States of Yucatan and Campeche, Mexico / Estrutura genética e fluxo gênico do polvo maya (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) nos Estados de Yucatan e Campeche, México

It was determined the population genetic structure of the red octopus Octopus maya in the states of Campeche and Yucatan in Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, through the expression of isozymes in polyacrylamide gels. Mantle samples from 25 octopuses, captured in nine sites of the Yucatan Peninsula, were used to characterize the genotypic expression revealed by the expression of 26 loci in thirty enzyme systems. Program TFPGA version 1.3 (Tools for Population Genetic Analyses), was used to process data of allozyme gene frequencies of the studied populations. The parameters determined were: descriptive statistics, F statistics, genetic distances, Hardy - Weinberg, UPGMA and the number of migrants as an indicator of gene flow. The average number of alleles per locus, percentage of polymorphic loci, average and direct and direct heterozygosity were: 1.08 ± 0.05 to 1.15 ± 0.04. P95 26.9231% to 34.6154, Have 0.1142 to 0.1390 and Hdir = 0.0354 to 0.0938 respectively. Heterozygosity values in a range of 0.3506 to 0.4793 and G6PDH for ARGK with an average heterozygosity value of 0.1824, Fisher average value of 0.5313 and 0.0140 Fst indicates a heterozygous deficiency but it is within the ranges reported for marine invertebrate species. The number of migrants derived from the Slatkin equation is 1824 per generation, globally indicates some degree of variability between sites and is consistent with the low values of Nei genetic distance found, particularly the node showing the separation of the population of Lagartos River and Dzilam Bravo from the other locations with an obtained value of 0.0004. From the results of this study, it is concluded that locations of Octopus maya have a certain level of interpopulation genetic variability that does not reflect its fragility.

Evaluation of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) germplasm diversity from the Greek Gene Bank using morphological, molecular and metabolic markers

Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) aromatic, edible leaves are used fresh or dried as a herb, but also for their pharmaceutical properties. Given the profound concern to high nutritious and pharmaceutical value of superior plant’s germplasm, a survey is presented in this study on the phenotypic, genetic and phytochemical characterization of fifteen Greek parsley landraces in comparison to nine commercial cultivars, all grown under the same conditions in Greece. Our data reported high differences between the Greek landraces and most of the commercial cultivars in a majority of morphological traits investigated according to the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants descriptors list. The genetic diversity of all landraces and commercial cultivars were investigated using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism molecular markers. The percentage of polymorphic loci was 63.83 % for the cultivars, and all loci were polymorphic (100 %) for the Greek landraces, while considerably higher values of unbiased haploid gene diversity were revealed in the landraces compared with the commercial cultivars. The essential oil yield of the landraces and cultivars of parsley studied ranged from 0.11−0.26 mL 100 g−1 leaf FW. The major compounds in the parsley essential oils as determined by gas-chromatography were α-pinene (0.6–11.8%), β-pinene (0.2–8.2%), myrcene (1.3–13.5%), β-phellandrene (9.6–39.1 %), terpinolene (1.4–8.9 %), 1, 3, 8-p-menthatriene (0.1–43.4 %), cis-carveol (0.2–8.1 %), iso-dihydro carveol acetate (0.2–6.9 %), myristicin (0.51–44.4%) and apiole (0.01–35.2 %). According to the targeted liquid chromatographic analysis coumarin derivatives, hydrocinnamic acids, flavanones, flavones and flavonols were identified in parsley methanolic extracts. Flavones were represented by apigenin and luteolin derivatives, and flavonols by kaempferol, quercetin, galangin and morin. Apiin was the major flavone in all parsley samples ranging from 1732.57 to 3676.43 mg 100 g -1 dry weight.The wide variation in phenotypic, genetic and phytochemical profiles observed for the landraces, indicate that the Greek germplasm collection could serve as an important source of genetic material for plant breeding and selection towards the development of new cultivars with superior traits regarding their aroma quality and polyphenolic content but also to support ongoing studies on flavonoid biosynthesis in this culinary herb.

Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relatıonshıps of Turkish Local Popcorn (Zea mays everta) Populations By Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs)

Maize (Zea mays everta) is preferred as a good dietary in Turkey and it is important to know its genetic diversity to improve the yield. Genetic markers are very important in determining genetic diversity in popcorn populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of landraces popcorn populations by simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. A hundred seventy five accessions of popcorn from thirty five populations grown in Turkey were analyzed using twenty SSR markers. As a result of molecular analysis, 65 of 66 alleles obtained were showed polymorphisms and the polymorphism rate was 98.5%. The average number of alleles for each SSR loci was 3.3, and this the number of alleles varied from 1 to 5. The average the polymorphism information content (PIC) value was calculated to be 0.57 for SSR locus ranging from 0.00 to 0.89. The number and percentage of polymorphic loci of the genotypes were determined to vary between 29/47% and 43.94/71.21 % and the mean values were calculated as 39.114 and 59.265 % respectively. The value of genetic change in the phylogenetic tree obtained from landraces popcorn populations was determined as 0.05, and the genetic difference among genotypes varied from 14.7 to 97.1%. Among the markers used in the study, it was observed that code ‘phi064’ was the most effective marker for determining genetic diversity in popcorn and the highest allele frequency also on this marker was obtained.

Clone worth? Genetic diversity in obligate apomictic Miconia albicans (Melastomataceae).

Apomixis is the asexual production of seeds by plants and, in theory, would render low genetic diversity and even clonal lineages. However, recent studies have shown otherwise, although is not always clear where the genetic diversity of obligate apomicts comes from. We evaluated the genetic diversity among sister seedlings of M. albicans, an obligate apomictic species in Cerrado, Neotropical Savannas in Central Brazil. A total of 50 seedlings from five individuals were analysed using ISSR primers. We obtained 107 fragments, all with good resolution, consistently observed and replicable. The percentage of polymorphic loci ranged from 28.04% to 33.64% and Shannon's information index (I) averaged 0.173. The expected heterozygosity (He) averaged 0.117, similar to the observed for populations of M. albicans and other selfed species. Only two seedlings showed the same genotype (possible clones), but most differed at least for five loci. Most of variance was among progenies (62%), but we found that 38% was within progenies. Genetic distances separated the progenies in two groups, and analogous analyses between individuals reconstructed the original progenies clustering. The results confirmed a relatively high genetic diversity among sister seedling of this obligatory apomictic plant and clones were rare. This diversity can be generated during development, probably by restitutional meiosis or other recombination processes. These differences may accumulate into lineages and populations well adapted to heterogenous Cerrado environment.

Assessment of genetic diversity of Musa species accessions with variable genomes using ISSR and SCoT markers

Assessing the effectiveness of different molecular markers is essential for identification of appropriate ones for crop improvement and conservation, hence, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) markers were used for this study. Sixty-six accessions with different genomes obtained from International Transit Center, Belgium, were used for DNA extraction, amplification with ISSR and SCoT markers and agarose gel electrophoresis. The reproducible bands were scored for analyses. We identified high allelic richness of 299 (ISSR) and 326 (SCoT). Polymorphic information contents (ISSR: 0.9225; SCoT: 0.9421) were high but SCoT exhibited higher level of informativeness. The two markers demonstrated high percentage polymorphic loci (ISSR: 91.21–100%; SCoT: 96.97–100%). Other genetic indicators including effective number of alleles, Nei’s genetic diversity, and Shannon information index were higher in SCoT and further elucidated the usefulness of the markers. Intraspecific genetic diversity, interspecific genetic diversity, coefficient of gene differentiation and level of gene flow revealed extensive gene flow and larger variability within the accessions. Both ISSR and SCoT grouped the accessions via dendrogram, biplot and structure analyses. Though the two marker systems varied in their informativeness, they demonstrated high effectiveness in resolving genetic diversity (GD) of the different accessions, with higher efficiency in SCoT markers. Due to higher GD indices exhibited by SCoT, AS is the most genetically endowed one. Our study showed that SCoT markers are more informative than ISSR for GD exploration, assessment and cluster resolution of Musa species, thereby revealing the potential of SCoT markers for improved breeding and conservation.

Genetic diversity structure of western-type carrots

BackgroundCarrot is a crop with a wide range of phenotypic and molecular diversity. Within cultivated carrots, the western gene pool comprises types characterized by different storage root morphology. First western carrot cultivars originated from broad-based populations. It was followed by intercrosses among plants representing early open-pollinated cultivars, combined with mass phenotypic selection for traits of interest. Selective breeding improved root uniformity and led to the development of a range of cultivars differing in root shape and size. Based on the root shape and the market use of cultivars, a dozen of market types have been distinguished. Despite their apparent phenotypic variability, several studies have suggested that western cultivated carrot germplasm was genetically non-structured.ResultsNinety-three DcS-ILP markers and 2354 SNP markers were used to evaluate the structure of genetic diversity in the collection of 78 western type open-pollinated carrot cultivars, each represented by five plants. The mean percentage of polymorphic loci segregating within a cultivar varied from 31.18 to 89.25% for DcS-ILP markers and from 45.11 to 91.29% for SNP markers, revealing high levels of intra-cultivar heterogeneity, in contrast to its apparent phenotypic stability. Average inbreeding coefficient for all cultivars was negative for both DcS-ILP and SNP, whereas the overall genetic differentiation across all market classes, as measured by FST, was comparable for both marker systems. For DcS-ILPs 90–92% of total genetic variation could be attributed to the differences within the inferred clusters, whereas for SNPs the values ranged between 91 to 93%. Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components enabled the separation of eight groups cultivars depending mostly on their market type affiliation. Three groups of cultivars, i.e. Amsterdam, Chantenay and Imperator, were characterized by high homogeneity regardless of the marker system used for genotyping.ConclusionsBoth marker systems used in the study enabled detection of substantial variation among carrot plants of different market types, therefore can be used in germplasm characterization and analysis of genome relationships. The presented results likely reveal the actual genetic diversity structure within the western carrot gene pool and point at possible discrepancies within the cultivars’ passport data.

From Genomes to Populations: A Meta-analysis and Review of Fern Population Genetics

Premise of research. Numbering around 10,000 species, ferns are the second-largest group of vascular plants. Relatively little work, however, has focused on the population genetic processes driving fern evolution. Early work by pteridologists suggested that ferns should be highly inbred (via gametophytic selfing) and therefore should have exceptionally low genetic diversity, with most genetic variation derived from polyploidy.Methodology. We conducted a meta-analysis, starting with literature searches using Google Scholar and Web of Science, to identify studies on fern population genetics. From these papers, we recorded population genetic metrics including expected heterozygosity under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (He), percent of polymorphic loci (%P), the inbreeding coefficient (F), Wright’s fixation index (FST), the molecular marker(s) used, and the geographic origin of the samples. We compared these metrics among ferns with various mating systems and growth habits.Pivotal results. We compiled a data set of 156 fern taxa from 87 publications. We found that both mating system and growth habit have a significant impact on the genetic diversity (%P) and population structuring of fern populations (F, FST). We found that temperate regions are the most thoroughly sampled and that most studies have used allozymes, with a shift in marker usage in the 2000s and 2010s.Conclusions. Contrary to early hypotheses, natural fern populations are not restricted to gametophytic selfing and instead regularly outcross. As we anticipate rapid growth in this field in the near future, we present a review of the major findings in fern population genetics to date. We also suggest possible future directions such as expanding geographic and taxonomic sampling and highlighting methods that will capitalize on the rapidly expanding genomic resources for ferns.

Genetic Diversity and Population Assessment of Musa L. (Musaceae) Employing CDDP Markers

Sixty-six accessions of Musa genus with different genomic groups that consisted of wild relatives and cultivated lines were obtained from the International Transit Center, Belgium, for DNA extraction using Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide method, followed by amplification with Conserved DNA-derived Polymorphism (CDDP) markers for genetic diversity and population assessment. A total of 421 alleles with major allele frequency of 2.051 were detected from the reproducible markers. High genetic diversity (GD, 11.093) and polymorphic information content (0.918) were revealed. The number of polymorphic loci and percentage of polymorphic loci ranged from 59 to 66 and 89.34 to 100, respectively. Using the potential genetic indicators including effective number of alleles, Nei’s genetic diversity, and Shannon’s information index, the AS genomic group was identified to have the highest GD, while the AAA accessions had the lowest GD indices. The GD parameters identified in the accessions were ranked as AS > AAB > AAAA > AA > ABB > wild diploidy > BB > AB > AAA from high to low based on polymorphic loci of the markers. Total intraspecific GD, interspecific GD, and estimate gene flow identified were 0.433, 0.404, and 7.113, respectively. The coefficient of gene differentiation of 0.066 was obtained, indicating 6.57% among the population and 93.43% within the population. Dendrogram analysis produced nine major groups with subgroups at similarity index of 0.814. These CDDP functional gene-based markers were informative and very efficient in resolving GD, and population indices among the banana and plantain accessions of different genomes. The identified CDDP markers might serve as potential tools for selecting suitable training populations for breeding and conservation of Musa species.

Genetic diversity of improved genotypes of Tectona grandis in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Teak (Tectona grandis) is a tree species native to South-east Asia and widely cultivated in Latin America. In Mato Grosso state, Brazil, teak is the second-most planted forest species due to its high productivity resulting from high adaptability to the soil and climate conditions of the region. However, there is little information about the genetic diversity of improved genotypes cultivated in the state. Thus, the objective of this study was to quantify, through ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) molecular markers, the genetic diversity of improved teak genotypes used in different plantations in Mato Grosso state. For this, 31 ISSR primers were tested on 113 genotypes separated into nine populations. Six primers were selected to perform the analyses, resulting in 55 amplified loci. All selected primers showed a high polymorphic information content. Considering all genotypes in the Mato Grosso population, the percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 96.4%, the genetic diversity according to Nei՚s genetic diversity index (H) was 1.96, and according to Shannon՚s information/diversity index (I), it was 0.53. Considering each population individually, P varied from 50.9% to 90.9%, H from 0.21 to 0.33, and I from 0.30 to 0.49. Most of the genetic diversity observed was within populations (86%). Four genetic groups were identified, with a high level of admixture among them. The existence of a considerable genetic diversity within populations indicates the possibility of exploring this variation in genetic improvement programmes. However, the introduction of new genetic materials is recommended to increase the genetic base of this species in Brazil.

ANALISIS KEKERABATAN GENETIK TANAMAN PADI (Oryza sativa L.) DI KABUPATEN KAMPAR DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PENANDA Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

Rice is a cereal crop that belongs to the graminae family of high economic value, and is the main food for more than a portion of the world's population. This study aims to determine the relationship genetic of rice in Kampar by RAPD marker. Eight genotypes of rice from district in Kampar were amplified using eight primers (OPA 5, OPB 7, OPC 19, OPD 2, OPD 3, OPD 8, OPD 11, and OPD 13). The analysis of molecular data was performed by using NTSys pc -2.02 and GenAlex 6.1 . The results of the amplification of rice produced 48 loci with DNA band sizes obtained ranging from 350-1700 bp. The average percentage of polymorphic loci of the eight primers was 49.80%, where the highest percentage of polymorphic loci produced by OPA-7 primer was 75%, while the lowest polymorphic locus percentage was observed in OPD-13 primer which was 14.28%. The value of genetic distance between rice from Kampar in this study is in the range of 0.06 - 0.37. At a genetic distance of 0.79, rice plants can be grouped into two groups, namely the first group consisting of sokan and coku. The second group consisted of suntiong, korean , cupak putio, kuniong, jangguik, and cupak tenggi. The results of this study are expected to be taken into consideration in developing rice breeding strategies in the future.

Microsatellite DNA Polymorphism Studies in Mudhol Hound Dog Native of India

Background: Mudhol Hound the popular dog breed of Karnataka State, India has a long historical association with wars, hunting, social bondage, guarding and recently with the Indian army as a part of army’s sniffer dog squad. Despite its unique qualities, the number of animals is getting reduced gradually. Hence the present study was aimed at molecular characterization of the Mudhol Hound which will be useful in maintenance of diversity of the breed. Methods: In this study, 26 microsatellite markers were used for the characterization of Mudhol Hound dog. A total of 50 blood samples were screened. Microsatellite loci were analyzed by running the PCR products on 6.5 per cent polyacrylamide gels followed by silver staining. Genotyping was done based on the banding patterns. Result: A total of 221 alleles were observed from the 26 microsatellites. The number of alleles ranged from 5 (AHTk211) to 12 (INU055, PEZ12) with a mean of 8.5±1.9442 alleles. The average H0 and He were 0.7685±0.2122 and 0.8326±0.0397, respectively. The percentage of polymorphic loci obtained was 100 as all the loci studied were found to be polymorphic having the PIC values more than 0.5. All the 26 loci showed significant deviation from Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium (P less than 0.001).

Population structure of Rhizoctonia solani inciting sheath blight of rice in Haryana, India

Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn inciting sheath blight is known to cause substantial quantitative and qualitative losses in rice. Sixty six isolates of R. solani representing different agro-ecological regions of Haryana were classified based on their cultural and morphological, pathogenic and genetic traits. R. solani isolates were found highly variable both in mycelial and sclerotial characters. The mean vertical disease spread caused by R. solani isolates on five rice cultivars viz. Tetep, IR 64, Pusa Basmati 1, Govind and HKR 127 varied between 24.67 and 57.25% and the fungal isolates formed three clusters based on their pathogenic behaviour. Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and Universal rice primers (URPs) were used to study the population structure of R. solani isolates. The Nei’s diversity (h), Shannon’s diversity index (I) and percentage of polymorphic loci (P%) were observed to be 0.2761, 0.4301 and 100%, respectively at the population level. Genetic variation was maintained within the populations as reflected by the higher gene flow (Nm = 4.5997). Agro-ecological regions contributed to 6% of the total genetic variation, whereas the major proportion of genetic variation (89%) was attributed to the differences within populations and only 5% among populations.

Genetic diversity studies of apricot of trans-Himalaya based on morphological and SARP markers

Forty-seven apricot genotypes were used to assess genetic diversity (GD) based on morphological and SRAP (Sequence-related amplified polymorphism). Six qualitative and 16 quantitative characters were studied among the genotypes. Twenty combinations of SRAP markers were used, and 115 polymorphic bands out of 134 bands were observed. The overall GD estimated, as percentage polymorphic loci (85.06%), Nei’s genetic diversity (0.27±0.19), and Shannon’s information index (0.40±0.25) were high. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed higher GD (92%) within the groups of apricot. The unweighted pair group method (UPGMA) demonstrated that the apricot genotypes had a similarity range from 0.96 to 0.48, with a mean value of 0.72 similarity coefficient. Furthermore, UPGMA clustering and Bayesian-based STRUCTURE analysis revealed an intermixing in the clustering of apricot genotypes. There is no clear grouping between apricots according to their kernel taste and stone colour, which revealed that these genotypes have a similar genetic background. Knowledge gained from the present study has a practical utility in the management of germplasm conservation and breeding programmes.

Scot molecular markers and population differentiation in Hedera helix L.

Hedera helix L. is a specie that is used for its ornamental and medicinal properties widely. In spite of its very good biochemical characterization, the knowledge about the DNA variability is very limited and no DNA markers were used to analyses the genomic variability of the populations, up to date. In the present study, genetic diversity of 56 Hedera helix, individuals nine populations were studied using 10 Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers. High polymorphic bands (95.78%), polymorphic information content (0.25) and allele number (1.34) showed SCoT as a reliable marker system for genetic analysis in Hedera helix. At the species, the percentage of polymorphic loci [P] was 66.20%, Nei?s gene diversity [H] was 0.159, Shannon index [I] was 0.148 and unbiased gene diversity [UHe] was 0.56. Genetic variation within populations (70%) was higher than among populations (30%) based on analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). We used SCoT molecular marker for our genetic investigation with the following aims: 1- Investigate genetic diversity both among and with date Hedera helix, 2-Identify genetic groups within these nine populations ivy, and 3-produce data on the genetic structure of date ivy populations. The results obtained revealed a high within-population genetic variability.

Molecular Characterization of Okra Genotypes Through RAPD and SSR Markers

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is an important nutritious vegetable. Despite its high economic and industrial value, very little attention has been paid to assess genetic diversity of okra at molecular level. For effective conservation and proper deployment of germplasm, a study on genetic diversity analysis for fiber quality traits of okra germplasm was conducted with Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA as well as simple sequence repeat markers were utilized to evaluate the genetic diversity among ten genotypes viz., GAO 5, AOL 12–55, AOL 10–22, AOL 13–73, AOL 13–75, AOL 13–88, AOL 13–90, Parbhanikranti, Pusasawani and wild type. A set of 15 RAPD primers were tested, total of 153 RAPD scorable fragments were produced of which all alleles were observed to be polymorphic. PIC values ranged from 0.77 to 0.92 with an average value of 0.84. The genotypes were broadly divided into two clusters. Cluster II included only wild type genotype. Sub cluster A1 comprised of genotype GAO 5. For SSR all 15 primers showed amplification and produced a total of 31 bands. The genetic distance (GD) among the okra genotypes ranged from 0.18 to 0.60. The highest GD (0.60) was detected between GAO 5 and Wild type, while the lowest GD (0.18) was observed between AOL 13–73 and AOL 13–88. The average observed mean heterozygosity was 0.60 and observed mean percentage of polymorphic loci was 67%. The diversity obtained could be exploited in the program of selection and varietal improvement of okra.

Cross-amplification and characterization of microsatellite markers in species of Manihot Mill. (Euphorbiaceae) endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado

ABSTRACT The genus Manihot Mill. contains about 120 species of which about 104 occur in Brazil. We tested the cross-amplification of ten microsatellite markers developed for Manihot esculenta in 15 species of Manihot endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado. We also evaluated the genetic diversity of Manihot irwinii, M. orbicularis, and M. purpureocostata. Ten pairs of primers were amplified among 14 species of Manihot. The percentage of polymorphic loci per species varied from 70 to 100 %. Nine markers showed amplification and polymorphism when evaluated on polyacrylamide gel. The markers were combined to form three sets for multiplex genotyping for genetic diversity analysis, and showed 51, 75, and 75 alleles in M. irwinii, M. orbicularis, and M. purpureocostata, respectively. The levels of genetic diversity for the transferred markers were high for the three species and proved to be useful for population genetics studies of species of Manihot endemic to the Cerrado. The results of this study will help to better understand the genetic diversity, taxonomy and relationships among species Manihot, and to develop conservation programs for the genus.