Percentage Of Bottom Ash Research Articles

Influence of the Mass Percentage of Bottom Ash and Its State of Maturation on the Mechanical Performance of a Bio-Composite

Influence of the Mass Percentage of Bottom Ash and Its State of Maturation on the Mechanical Performance of a Bio-Composite

Use of Bottom Ash from a Thermal Power Plant and Lime to Improve Soils in Subgrades and Road Embankments

The present study has focused on stabilizing the soils of the embankments and improving the mechanical properties of gravel in subbases of pavements with different contents of bottom ash from thermal power plants and low percentages of lime. The density, humidity, simple resistance strength and bearing capacity of the new materials resulting from this combination have been studied. The results indicated that the optimal proportion of bottom ash added to the analyzed soil is 15%, while the optimal addition of lime is 1% for application in embankments and 2% for application in road subgrades. In clay soil that has a low simple resistance strength when 25% of bottom ash is added without lime, it can double the resistance. In the case of the gravel evaluated, it was found that the optimal ratio between the addition of bottom ash and lime is 6.5. In conclusion, it can be noted that soil that does not have any resistance when certain percentages of bottom ash are added, its properties are improved to be used in embankments.

The Effect of Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Different NaOH Molarities on the Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Mortar

This study compared the compressive strength of the geopolymer mortar with different percentages of bottom ash as a replacement for fine aggregate. Fly ash from two sources was blended as raw materials. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used as alkaline solutions, with a ratio of 2.5 and two NaOH concentrations of 8M and 10M. The percentage of bottom ash was substituted up to 30%. The result indicated that the setting time was longer due to the higher molarity of NaOH. The compressive strength of mortar geopolymer at 10M of NaOH was higher than 8M. Higher percentages of bottom ash significantly decreased the compressive strength. However, at 10M NaOH, the compressive strength was decreased by only 11% (20% of substituting). Increasing the molarity of NaOH decreased the absorption of mortar geopolymer and increased the restrain to sodium sulfate.

Performance Evaluation of Bottom Ash as Aggregate Replacement in Conventional Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC): An Experimental Study

The escalating demand for construction materials, coupled with the depletion of natural resources such as sand, necessitates environmentally conscious alternatives in concrete production. This study investigates the viability of utilizing bottom ash as an eco-friendly substitute for natural sand in roller compacted concrete (RCC). The focus is on evaluating workability and mechanical properties, examining bottom ash replacements at 0%, 20%, 25%, and 30% for fine aggregate. The research employs a comprehensive methodology, assessing workability and mechanical strength, encompassing compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths across various concrete formulations. Comparative analyses with conventional concrete provide conclusive insights. Significantly, the study consistently highlights the superiority of RCC specimens featuring a 25% bottom ash replacement, exhibiting the highest strength values. This establishes the 25% replacement ratio as optimal for achieving robust roller-compacted concrete. Despite a slight reduction in workability with increasing bottom ash replacement, it remains within acceptable limits for practical applications. Comparative analyses between bottom ash RCC and conventional RCC underscore the superior mechanical attributes of the former, suggesting its potential as a sustainable alternative in concrete construction. By substituting natural sand with bottom ash, this research addresses environmental concerns related to the depletion of sand reserves. It actively contributes to sustainable practices within the concrete industry, demonstrating the viability of bottom ash as a substitute for natural sand in roller compacted concrete production. In conclusion, the study advocates for environmentally friendly practices and offers a practical solution to mitigate the ecological impact of sand resource depletion in the realm of concrete construction. The findings emphasize that the optimum percentage of bottom ash for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength tests is within the range of 0% to 12%.

Experimental investigation on sugarcane bagasse fiber reinforced concrete using bottom ash as sand replacement

Bottom ash is widely available across the globe as a waste product and the natural fiber as sugarcane bagasse fiber was introduced in the study. Mining of sand also leads to various environmental hazards. Bottom ash is a important substitute material for pulverized coal. Most powerful wastes coming from the power plant industry. Around 35 million tons of bottom ash are generated in India till date. The mentioned sugarcane bagasse fiber in concrete can enhances a large amount of split tensile strength. The utilization of Bottom ash and Sugarcane bagasse fiber as a limited replacement of fine aggregate is been evaluated by some experimental investigations. In the first phase, only fine aggregate was replaced with Bottom ash by 15%, 30% and 45%. The maximum percentage of bottom ash was observed as 30%. In the second phase. By keeping 30% of bottom ash kept constant, sugarcane bagasse fibers of various percentages ranges from 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% were added in the concrete. In that, the optimum percentage of sugarcane bagasse fiber was noticed by 1%. By keeping 30% bottom ash as constant, the optimum percentage of sugarcane bagasse fiber was observed as 1%. Combination of both sugarcane bagasse fibers and bottom ash enhance the better mechanical properties as compared to the other specimens.

Elaboration of a sustainable bottom ash geopolymer material

The use of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) has been the primary material used in the construction industry. Its production leads to 5% to 7% of total CO2 emissions and 14% of the total global energy emissions [1,2]. The pollution caused by OPC production has encouraged researchers to discover new environmental and sustainable materials such as geopolymers [2]. The main objective of this study is to investigate the mechanical properties of metakaolin-based geopolymers made with bottom ash to produce an eco-friendly material while reducing waste generation. The following research determines the mechanical properties of French metakaolin-based geopolymer produced with bottom ash at different mass substitution rates ranging from 0% to 15%. The solid powders were mixed with a sodium-based alkali activator and poured into 4x4 cubical molds. The four different mix designs were cured at ambient temperature and varied according to the different percentages of bottom ash (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) inserted. The mechanical properties of the several mixes were assessed by the use of a UTM compression test machine on the respective days of testing: 7, 28, and 90 days. Results demonstrated that the geopolymer mortars produced with bottom ash gave promising mechanical properties regardless of the mass substitution rates inserted in the mixes. This behavior has induced the potential for incorporating such waste in producing a sustainable and eco-friendly cementitious material. In conclusion, the use of bottom ash as a recyclable source material in geopolymer mortar formulation has highlighted the importance of this development as a sustainable solution. The effectiveness of a study where the compressive strength showed high results when compared to OPC is encouraging.

A STUDY ON DIFFERENT PROPERTIES OF CEMENT MORTAR BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH BOTTOM ASH

This paper consists of the results of an experimental research on the effect of bottom ash as partial replacement of natural sand on the properties of cement mortar. The experimental works were carried out by replacement of fine aggregate with varying percentages of bottom ash i.e. 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. As the microstructure of mortar matrix changes with varying water cement ratio, the w/c was kept constant i.e. 0.45.Mortar cubes of 70.6mm×70.6mm×70.6mm were casted and vibrated on an electrically operated vibrator. Then various tests including compressive strength, water permeable porosity (apparent porosity), percentage of water absorption, sorptivity were performed on mortar cubes replaced with bottom ash. The results were compared with the results of control mix and all the tests were performed at 3, 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. Based on the results, it is concluded that fine aggregates can be replaced up to 20% with bottom ash in cement mortar.

A STUDY ON DIFFERENT PROPERTIES OF CEMENT MORTAR BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH BOTTOM ASH

This paper consists of the results of an experimental research on the effect of bottom ash as partial replacement of natural sand on the properties of cement mortar. The experimental works were carried out by replacement of fine aggregate with varying percentages of bottom ash i.e. 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. As the microstructure of mortar matrix changes with varying water cement ratio, the w/c was kept constant i.e. 0.45.Mortar cubes of 70.6mm×70.6mm×70.6mm were casted and vibrated on an electrically operated vibrator. Then various tests including compressive strength, water permeable porosity (apparent porosity), percentage of water absorption, sorptivity were performed on mortar cubes replaced with bottom ash. The results were compared with the results of control mix and all the tests were performed at 3, 7, 28, 56 and 90 days. Based on the results, it is concluded that fine aggregates can be replaced up to 20% with bottom ash in cement mortar.

Strength and durability assessment of expansive soil stabilized with recycled ash and natural fibers

This study explored the coupling effect of the recycled ash and natural fibers to control the expansive soil's strength and durability attributes. The bottom ash (BA) was used to chemically treat the expansive soil and coir fibers (CF) as reinforcement against tensile cracking. The sustainable use of BA and CF to stabilize the expansive soil has been demonstrated by assessing - swelling behavior, mechanical and chemical properties. The expansive soil was stabilized with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% BA and reinforced with 0.25%, 0.50% and 1.00% CF. The curing period of 28 days was considered for the stabilization of the soil. This study presents individual material's effect to stabilize the expansive soil subgrade and also the coupling effect of both fibers and ash. The durability of stabilized expansive soil has been assessed by investigating the mechanical and chemical properties before and after 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th freeze–thaw cycles. The BA stabilized expansive soil exponentially reduces the upward swelling pressure and controls the plasticity behavior. An increase in the percentage of BA has increased the calcite content, pH, and electrical conductivity. The unconfined compressive strength and split tensile strength have been increased due to BA and CF. The CF reinforced specimens shows less loss in mechanical strength during freeze–thaw cycles and gives higher tensile strength. The effective mechanism of BA and CF stabilized expansive soil is discussed in detail. The BA and CF can be effectively used to stabilize the expansive soil for the application of road pavements. The approach used here to stabilize pavement subgrades is sustainable and will provide economical solutions.

Utilization of Iron Sand Waste and Bottom Ash as Alternate Concrete-making Materials

Purpose: This Research to know whether the waste of iron sand and bottom ash can be used as substitute aggregate looks at the percentage of bottom ash and iron sand waste as fine aggregate for concrete production. The use of such waste as a material for making concrete will reduce waste that can pollute the environment. Methodology: The planned concrete compressing strength is fc '= 20 Mpa and the materials to be used are cement, water, sand as fine aggregate and gravel as coarse aggregate. This Research used 25 cylindrical concrete specimens with a variety of ages 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The process is divided into 6 stages: preparation, aggregate testing, planning (mix design), test specimen production, concrete curing and testing specimens. Results: The results of this Research stated that bottom ash and iron sand waste could be used as a substitution of fine aggregate for making concrete. Based on several tests, the ratio of iron sand waste and bottom ash which is the closest to the gradation of zone 2 (ideal zone) is the percentage of the iron sand waste mixture of 40% - 60% bottom ash that enters zone 2 (rather rough). Suggestions for further Research are to use coarse aggregate whose size varies and use admixture in concrete mixtures. Applications/Originality/Value: Expectations from this Research can provide benefits, among others, can reduce the environmental impact of waste to the surrounding community and provide information for the dive the world community, especially the construction of the benefits and usefulness of iron sand waste and bottom ash as a building material.

Desiccation Cracking Behavior of Clayey Soils Treated with Biocement and Bottom Ash Admixture during Wetting–Drying Cycles

Desiccation cracking considerably impairs the hydraulic and mechanical properties of clayey soils that are critical to the long-term performance of infrastructure foundations and earth structures. Typical crack remediation methods are associated with high labor and maintenance costs or the use of environmentally unfriendly chemicals. Recycling waste materials and developing biomediated techniques have emerged as green, sustainable soil stabilization solutions. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of soil crack remediation through use of bottom ash admixtures and microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP). We carried out cyclic wetting–drying tests to characterize the effects of bottom ash and MICP on the desiccation cracking behaviors of bentonite soils. Two groups of soil samples that contained different percentages of bottom ash (0%, 20%, 40% by weight) were prepared for cyclic water and MICP treatments, respectively. The desiccation cracking patterns captured by a high-resolution camera were quantified using image processing. We also employed scanning electron microscopy for microstructural characterizations. Experimental results revealed that cyclic water treatment resulted in more cracking, whereas cyclic MICP treatment improved soil strength owing to the precipitation of calcite crystals on the soil particle surface and inside the interparticle pores. Adding bottom ash to bentonite reduced the plasticity of the mixture, promoted the flocculation of clay particles by cation exchange, and also provided soluble calcium to enhance calcite precipitation. This study demonstrates the potential of bottom ash and MICP for crack remediation and brings new insights into the design and assessment of sustainable infrastructures under climate changes.

Engineering Properties of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Bottom Ash Cement Paste Composites.

Extinction of natural resources builds up pressure on governments to invest in research to find more sustainable resources within the construction sector. Earlier studies on mortar and concrete show that bottom ash and basalt fiber are independently alternative binders in the concrete sector. This study aims to use bottom ash and basalt fiber blends as alternative novel-based composites in pure cement paste. The strength and durability properties of two different percentages of bottom ash (40% and 50%) and three volume fractions of basalt fiber (0.3%, 0.75%, and 1.5%) were used at three curing periods (7, 28, and 56 days). In order to measure the physical properties of the basalt-reinforced bottom ash cement paste composites flowability, dry unit weight, porosity, and water absorption measurements at 7, 28, and 56 days of curing were performed. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of composites were determined by unconfined compressive strength and flexural strength tests. Finally, to assess the durability, sulfate-resistance and seawater-resistance tests have been performed on composites at 28 and 56 days of curing. Results showed that the addition of basalt fiber improves the physical, mechanical, and chemical stability properties of paste up to a limiting basalt fiber addition (0.3% volume fraction) where, above, an adverse effect has been monitored. It is clear that observed results can lead to the development of sustainability strategies in the concrete industry by utilizing bottom ash and basalt fiber as an alternative binder.

Developing a fuzzy-model with particle swarm optimization-based for improving the conversion and gasification rate of palm kernel shell

Biomass steam gasification is a promising technology for syngas production. This study focused on the effect of different gasification parameters like temperature (°C), CaO/biomass, particle size, and coal bottom ash (wt%), on the conversion and gasification rate via steam gasification using palm kernel shell (PKS) as feedstock. The essential goal is to maximize the conversion and gasification rates of the PKS steam gasification system by deciding the optimum operating parameters using particle swarm optimization. The PKS gasification model was developed using a fuzzy logic approach. Gasification temperature, coal bottom ash percentage, CaO/biomass ratio, and PKS particle size; are the four variables of decisions used in the optimization process. The findings were compared with the experimental data at optimal conditions and those expected via the methodology of response surface (RSM) approach. The proposed strategy provided optimum conditions of a temperature of 750 °C, the particle size of 0.5 mm, CaO/biomass ratio of 1.36, and coal bottom ash of 0.0337 wt%, for a conversion rate of 89.25%, and a gasification rate of 85.51%, which is 10% higher than those obtained experimentally. The current research work was able to predict the optimal conditions for the enhancement of conversion and gasification rate.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Bottom Ash Sebagai Pengganti Semen Dengan Perendaman NaCl Terhadap Sifat Mekanik Beton

Based on Government Regulation (PP) No. 101 of 2014 bottom ash is categorized as hazardous and toxic waste (B3). Therefore, the author utilizes bottom ash waste as an alternative substitution of concrete mixture material to reduce environmental pollution. Most of the earth's surface is marine territory, the most dominant salt element contained in seawater is NaCl which is known to be aggressive towards concrete. This study was conducted to find out the influence of bottom ash percentage on concrete mixture. From the results of the study obtained a strong value press 28 days in a row of 26,031 MPa, 25,182 MPa, and 23,201 MPa. Based on this research, it can be known that the mixture of concrete with bottom ash substitution causes concrete to decrease strength as the percentage of bottom ash substitution increases.

Studies on Bottom ash strengthened LM13 composite

Recent times, the composite materials are extensively used due to their compliance to diverse circumstances and the virtual ease of amalgamation with supplementary materials to provide explicit functions and reveal enviable properties. The application of the same is ornamental to an immense level in any of the field including engineering field. Metal Matrix Composites in short MMCs with less expansive and low density increases the demand in various applications of industrial sector. The present work uses the Bottom ash as reinforcement in MMCs which is a low density and inexpensive spin-off procured during ignition of coal in thermal power plant. Bottom ash particles are prepared to a grain size of 74 nm to 114 nm using ball milling. Basic matrix LM13 alloy is reinforced with Bottom ash particles to prepare MMCs using stir casting method. Reinforcement of Bottom ash is done in terms of weight percentages ranging from 0 to 8 in steps of 2. Composite specimens are prepared as per ASTM standard using cast ingots. Micro-structural examination of composite specimens is carried out to know the dispersion of bottom ash particle in LM13 matrix using SEM and X-ray diffraction test. At the end, the mechanical properties such as tensile, compression and hardness of specimens is evaluated by varying percentage of Bottom ash and found significant improvement in the same.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PEMBAKARAN BATUBARA (BOTTOM ASH) PADA PLTU SURALAYA SEBAGAI MEDIA TANAM DALAM UPAYA MENGURANGI PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN

This research on the utilization of coal-ash that is wasted at the coal-fired power plant is conducted with the intention to become an effort to alleviate environmental impact of the power plant. The by-production of such waste in coal-fired power plants is a direct consequence of the rising demand on electricity as one of human basic needs in modern lifestyle. Endeavor to save the environment is a manifestation of the good culture of environmental awareness; indeed, human being shall act responsibly for the soundness of the environment. Some sufficient amounts in different composition of coal bottom-ash from a coal-fired power plant mixed with another medium were implemented toward a variety of plants, i.e. a certain type of Orchid (“Moon” Orchid or Phalaenopsis amabilis), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) , and Sansevieria. A series of mixed medium with different composition (each particular composition is in triplicate), is prepared consisting of 0%, 25%, 50%. 75%, and 100% of Bottom Ash, consecutively. The observed result shows that Bottom Ash is not suitable for the orchid plant as its medium. This more probably results from the fact that the pH of Bottom Ash tends to be more alkaline, while the Orchid plant would only be growing optimally in acidic - normal condition. In the case of Tomato plant, Bottom Ash is usable to be the plant growing medium; in fact an increase of Bottom Ash percentage expedites the plant growth from its seed to become small plants. Another plant under observation is Sansivieria. Bottom Ash turns out to be suitable as a medium for this plant. In fact, this type of plant remains growing steadily and normally in media with variable percentage of Bottom Ash, all along the research procedure. Bottom Ash contains some nutrient that are beneficial to plants, such as Boron (B), Phosphorus (P) and among other elements are Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo dan Se. Most of coal-ashes tend to be alkaline with pH ranging from 8 to12.

POTENSI PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PEMBAKARAN BATUBARA (BOTTOM ASH) PADA PLTU SEBAGAI MEDIA TANAM DALAM UPAYA MENGURANGI PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN

The impact of environmental pollution is now beginning to perceive by all levels of humans and in the world such as global warming, until climate change has inspired the research on the utilization of waste coal combustion (Bottom Ash) power plant. This research uses Bottom Ash (BA) from PLTU (Electric Steam Power Plant) Suralaya, by choosing Selada (Lactuca sativa), Sawi (Ipomea Autica), and Kangkung (Brassica rapa var). Percentage BA used as planting media is 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. BA serves to accelerate the process of rupture and plant growth due to the availability of Ca, Mg, Na, K, N, P, S and Fe elements. Planting media for Lettuce plant species is 25%. The corresponding percentage of BA as planting media for Plant Sawi species is 25%, and 50%. While in the Kangkung plant BA percentage that is suitable for use as a planting media is 25%, 50%, and 75%. The apparent anomaly at this test are Kangkung percentage 75% and Lettuce50%, 75% stems become longer, and leaves become slightly even in 100% Bottom Ash percentage, Lettuce grows with smaller size/dwarf. The amount of nutrient excess need to be accurately measured through laboratory test first. With further testing it is hoped that the utilization of coal ash waste (Bottom Ash) becomes more real and effective as a growing media seen from risk and danger aspects.

Experimental Study on Corrosion Behaviour of Concrete Containing Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate

Concrete is a material synonymous with strength and longevity and plays a vital role in the construction activity. Scarcity of natural sand and its fast rising cost have paved way for use of bottom ash, a residue being collected from the thermal power stations, as substitute for sand. Recent research shows that the mechanical properties of concrete containing bottom ash as a partial replacement of fine aggregate is suitable for construction. The various parameters involved are different percentage of bottom ash and grades of concrete. This present experimental study is made on chloride induced corrosion using accelerated corrosion test (ACT) and related durability properties such as water absorption & porosity, water sorptivity and rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT). Compressive strength test is performed in order to ascertain the mechanical property of bottom ash concrete. The above tests were conducted on the concrete specimens and the results were found comparable with the control concrete up to 20% replacement of bottom ash. Utilization of bottom ash in concrete becomes more significant in cost-saving and reducing the quantity of landfill, thus providing an economical and ecological way of conservation of natural resources.

Geopolymers with a high percentage of bottom ash for solidification/immobilization of different toxic metals

Geopolymers are produced using alkali-activated aluminosilicates, either as waste or natural material obtained from various sources. This study synthesized geopolymers from bottom ash and metakaolin (BA/M) in a 2:1wt ratio to test the solidification/immobilization (S/I) properties of heavy metals in geopolymer matrices, since there is very little research using BA in this type of matrices. Therefore, a decision was made to use more than 65% of BA in geopolymer synthesis with and without the addition of heavy metals. The S/I tests with metals used 10, 15 and 30ml of a waste solution after pickling of printed circuit boards containing metals, including Pb, Cr, Cu, Fe, Sn, As and Ni, in different proportions. As alkali activator, the NaOH and KOH were used in the concentrations of 8 and 12M in the composition of Na2SiO3 in 1:2vol ratios. To test S/I efficiency, tests were conducted to obtain the leached and solubilized extract. The analysis was carried out through X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and compressive strength tests. The geopolymer showed a high degree of S/I of the metals; in some samples, the results reached nearly 100%.

Application of response surface methodology to investigate the effect of different variables on conversion of palm kernel shell in steam gasification using coal bottom ash

This study has been conducted to investigate the effect of four operating variables that include temperature, particle size, CaO/biomass ratio and weight percentage of coal bottom ash and their interaction on palm kernel shell (PKS) conversion and gasification rate. Steam was used as gasifying agent. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the influence of each factors as well as their combined interactive effect on the conversion and reactivity. Experimental results showed that biomass conversion (X) varied from 0.69 to 0.91 when all the four factors were varied. Their order of influence is temperature>coal bottom ash wt%>CaO/biomass>particle size. Gasification rate (Rn) varies between 0.28 and 0.82 when all the factors were varied. It dropped when the operational values are at 725°C, 0.90mm particle size, 1.6 of CaO/biomass and 0.08wt% for coal bottom ash. It was predicted that both temperature and coal bottom ash percentage were the most influential variables. The optimal values for the highest gasification rate were at 692°C, 0.07 of coal bottom ash wt%, 1.42 of CaO/biomass ratio and 0.75mm particle size. Coal bottom ash was used as the catalyst in the biomass steam gasification based on its composition which consists of CaO, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and K2O3 as evident from the XRF analysis. Both gasification rate and biomass conversion were enhanced in the presence of coal bottom ash.