Percentage Of Anemia Research Articles

Efektifitas Komsumsi Tablet Fe dengan Air Jeruk Nipis terhadap Peningkatan Kadar HB Ibu Hamil Anemia Ringan Trimester III

Background: Anemia is a body condition where the hemoglobin level in red blood cells is lower than the normal standard. Pregnant women are said to be anemic if their Hb content is <11gr/dL. According to WHO, the prevalence of pregnant women throughout the world who experience anemia is 41.8%. The percentage of anemia in pregnant women in Indonesia is 37.1%. For the Special Region of Yogyakarta, the prevalence in pregnant women is 19.01%, and the highest incidence of anemia is in Bantul Regency (27.67%). Data from the Bantul District Health Service, from 27 Community Health Centers, there are 5 Community Health Centers with the highest number of anemia, namely at Sewon II Community Health Center. From this data, Sewon II Community Health Center is in second place. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of consuming fe tablets with lime juice on increasing Hb levels in mildly anemic pregnant women at the Sewon II Bantul Community Health Center, Yogyakarta. Method: This quasi-experiment research uses a one group pretest-posttest design. The sample in the study consisted of 30 pregnant women. The sampling technique uses total sampling. The research instrument gave lime to pregnant women with mild anemia for 2 weeks. Then the hemoglobin level was checked before and after drinking lime using a hemoglobin meter checking device in collaboration with the Puskesmas lab section. Results: The results of this research are based on univariate analysis of the characteristics of respondents aged 20-35 years as many as 26 (86.3%) respondents, the majority have a high school education as many as 26 (86.7%) respondents, the occupation of respondents is housewives 28 (93.3%) ) respondents. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant effect on the average value of increasing hemoglobin levels before (10.21) and after drinking lime (11.23) with an average of (1.02). Conclusion: Based on the research results, it can be concluded that there is an effect of giving lime juice on hemoglobin levels in pregnant women in the second trimester at the Sewon II Bantul Community Health Center.

HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN TENTANG ANEMIA PADA STATUS GIZI DAN KADAR HEMOGLOBIN REMAJA PUTRI DI DESA BANTARSARI, BOGOR, JAWA BARAT

Based on Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2018, the prevalence of anemia in adolescent was 32%. Anemia in teenage girls have negative impacts on pregnancy in the future. This study was to find out the knowledge of anemia and nutrition, the percentage of anemia, whether there were relationship between the knowledge about anemia and nutritional status, and the relationship between the knowledge about anemia and hemoglobin levels in teenage girls in Bogor. This research was a cross sectional study. Data were collected by filling out questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and hemoglobine levels. The subjects were female students, 12 to 20 years from 2 schools at Bantarsari Village, Bogor, December 2022. It was found that 25 subjects (22.1%) had poor nutritional status, 23 subjects (20.4%) suffered from anemia and the majority of research subjects had fairly good knowledge (92.9%). In the Bivariate test, a significant relationship was found between the level of knowledge of research subjects and the level of anemia (P = 0.009) and a significant relationship was obtained between the level of knowledge of research subjects and nutritional status (P = 0.003). Therefore it is important to increase the knowledge of teenage girls about anemia.

Dual nature of ferritin for hematologic, liver functional, and metabolic parameters in older diabetic patients

This study explored the association between ferritin with hematologic, liver functional, and metabolic parameters in older diabetic patients. A total of 210 diabetic patients aged 65 or older were classified into four groups according to the reference range of serum ferritin. Demographic variables and health-related lifestyle factors were obtained through the utilization of a standardized questionnaire. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, hematology test, and biochemical assessment were also performed. Among all patients, 29.5% had anemia. The percentage of anemia in groups low ferritin (< 40 μg/L), lower side within the reference range (40–120 μg/L), higher side within the reference range (121–200 μg/L), and high ferritin levels (> 200 μg/L) were 50.0, 27.7, 20.5, and 24.2% (P = 0.025), respectively. Low ferritin levels had a higher risk of anemia and a high red blood cell distribution width (RDW). High ferritin levels were associated with a higher risk of high glutamate pyruvate transaminase, obesity, high fasting blood glucose (FBG), and high postprandial blood glucose. The higher side within the reference range of ferritin also showed a higher risk of high FBG and high glycated hemoglobin. Nevertheless, there was no significant association between ferritin and inflammation marker, serum lipids or blood pressure. Overall, ferritin demonstrates a dual nature in older diabetic patients: low ferritin levels are linked to anemia or elevated RDW, while high levels are linked to obesity, increased liver enzymes, and worse glycemia control.

Development of Seaweed Pudding (Eucheuma spinosum) with Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) and Papaya as Snack Alternative for the Prevention of Anemia

Women of childbearing age are a vulnerable group to anemia so women need high iron intake. The percentage of anemia in women aged 15-24 years in Indonesia is 35,3%. Anemia has a more serious impact on the time of pregnancy, namely the risk of maternal death, premature birth and low birth weight. The purpose of this study was to determine the best formula, analyze the moisture content, ash content, protein, fat, carbohydrates, Iron (Fe) and vitamin C on the development of seaweed pudding (Eucheuma spinosum) with kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) and papaya as snack alternative for the prevention of anemia. This research is experimental with a Complete Randomized Design consisting of three levels of treatment (seaweed : kelakai : papaya), namely F1 (100:90:210), F2 (125:70:205) and F3 (150:50:200). The results of organoleptic test observations obtained the best formula in formula 3 with the results of the analysis of water content of 95,6%, ash content of 0,49%, protein 0,11%, fat 0,79%, carbohydrates 3,01%, iron 30,6 mg/100 g dry weight and vitamin C 36 mg/ 100 g dry weight. Based on the results and discussion of the research that has been done, seaweed pudding with kale and papaya can be accepted as an alternative food for the prevention of anemia.

A STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL OP IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Background: Anemia in pregnancy is a major health problem worldwide,especially in developing countries like India. Maternal and fetal outcomes are poor in pregnant patients with anemia. The most important cause of anemia is iron deficiency anemia which can be prevented by early oral iron supplementation.Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of our tertiary care teaching institution for a period of six months. 2477 pregnant women coming to the antenatal OPD were screened for anemia and 877 Antenatal Women who were not anemic were excluded.1600 Antenatal women were enrolled in the study.Each patient was interviewed using a structured interview schedule and the data obtained was analyzed. Results: The percentage of anemia in pregnant women was 62% in our study of which 40% were mildly anemic, 55% were moderately anemic and 5% were severely anemic. Maximum number of anemic women -mild, moderate and severe was seen in the age group 20-24 years. Mild and severe anemia was seen more in the secondary educated women.Maximum percentage of anemia was seen in the lower socio-economic status followed by middle and was lowest in the higher socio-economic status group.Prevalence of anemia was almost equal in primigravida and multigravidas (around 50%) but 80% of severely anemic patients were multigravida. Almost 68% took iron and folic acid tablets regularly. Conclusions: Our study concludes that the occurrence of anaemia among pregnant women is high and should not be ignored and associated factors must be taken into consideration to improve the prevence and management policies of anaemia

Hubungan antara Kebiasaan Sarapan dan Status Gizi dengan Kejadian Anemia pada Remaja di Kawasan Bantaran Kali Winongo Kota Yogyakarta

Background: Nutritional anemia is one of Indinesia’s major public health problems. Anemia in adolescent girls contributes to maternal and foetal mortality and morbidity in future. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of anemia among adolescent in a slum area Kali Winongio and and to determine the influence of breakfast habbits and body mass index (BMI) associated with it.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 62 adolescent in a slum area at Kali Winongo Yogyakarta from September to December 2019. Information regarding socio-demographic and breakfast habits was recorded in pre-designed. Hemoglobin estimation was done by HemoCue system. Data was analized by mean, deviation standard and chi-square test.Results: The percentage of anemia in adolescents was 29.03%. The greatest distribution of anemia incidence between 10-14 years age group. Most of them have a breakfast habit, which was 88.4%. Bivariate analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between gender, age (p = 0.14), nutritional status (p = 0.85), and breakfast habits (p = 0.93) with the incidence of anemia.Conclusion: there is no relationship between breakfast habits and nutritional status with the incidence of anemia. Breakfast not only needs to be familiarized but also needs to be considered the menu at breakfast.Keywords: anemia, breakfast habits, nutritional status

Citra Tubuh, Kecukupan Gizi, Status Gizi, dan Status Anemia pada Wanita Pranikah

Health is the one of readiness factors in marriage. Towards the wedding, usually thebody image will be a concern. A diet to get the ideal body is often to found. The results showedthat the percentage of anemia in WUS who were not married was greater than WUS who werealready married. This study aimed to determine the relationship of body image, level ofnutritional adequacy, nutritional status, and anemia status in premarital women. An observational study with cross sectional approach. A number of 65 respondents wereselected by accidental sampling. The data were obtained through interviews usingquestionnaire (respondent characteristics, body shape questionare-34), anthropometricmeasurements (weight, height, body mass index, nutritional status), and blood sampling(hemoglobin levels). The data were analyzed using Chi-Square Test. The results showed a significant relationship between body image and anemia status(p&lt;0,05). There was no significant relationship between the level of energy sufficiency,protein, fat, iron, zinc, and vitamin C with anemia status (p&gt;0,05). There was no significantrelationship between nutritional status and anemia status (p&gt;0,05). The conclusion is thatonly body image has a significant relationship to anemia status.Key words : anemia, body image, nutrition

A case study of Human iron deficiency Anaemia in different age groups from Ujjain (M.P.) India

Iron deficiency Anaemia is the most common case of nutritional Anaemia worldwide and is a public health problem in developing countries; characterized by abnormal red cell count (MCV, MCHC). Iron deficiency Anaemia associated with fatigue, skin paleness, weakness etc. The aim of the study is to determine the risk factors for iron deficiency Anaemia among population of Ujjain district (M.P.). Both male and female iron deficient patients were studied from the SS hospital and CHL applo hospitals during Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2012. A group of 6828 patients were studied for iron deficiency Anaemia in different age groups. A total of 4549 female and 2279 males were studied. Information was collected about sex, socioeconomic level. It is inferred that the percentage of anaemia is more in women compared to men.

Genomic Landscape of Splicing Factor Mutant Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Mutations in components of the RNA-splicing machinery are among the most prevalent genomic alterations in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS, 45-85% based on disease subtype). With the advent of new powered genomic technologies, spliceosomal mutations have been also detected in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML cells have shown to express a large number of alternative spliced events with splicing factor (SF) mutations altering pre-mRNA splicing of downstream targets. How these mutations mediate, modify or support leukemogenic transformation is still unknown. One could think that indirectly the targets of SF alterations could be unveiled through detailed analysis of the phenotype of AML patients carrying those events. Therefore, we aimed to describe the frequency of mutations, clinical associations and molecular cooperative lesions of the most common SF genes (SF3B1, SRSF2, U2AF1, ZRSR2) in AML to speculate unique molecular combinations contributing to disease phenotypes. We collected data of targeted deep sequencing and whole exome sequencing of a cohort of 2188 AML cases from the Cleveland Clinic (n=855) and publicly available data. In total, we had 1636 primary (p), 433 secondary (s) and 119 (t) AML. Eighteen% of AML patients (n=388) carried a mutation in SF (SF mutant, SF-MT) while 83% were wild type (SF-WT AML, n=1800). More specifically, the frequency of SF-MT individuals was 14% in pAML (n=234) and tAML (n=17) while a significantly higher frequency was observed in sAML (32%, n=137) as compared to pAML + tAML (P&amp;lt;0.0001). Next, we compared the baseline, clinical and genomic characteristics of SF-MT vs SF-WT AML to uncover invariant phenotypic features and molecular associations that could potentially define SF-AML. SF-MT patients were significantly older than SF-WT AML [71 vs 60 years; P&amp;lt;0.0001] with an 83% having and age ≥60 years vs 56% in each group, respectively (P&amp;lt;0.0001). SF-MT AML were significantly of male predominance as compared to SF-WT AML (72 vs 50%, P&amp;lt;0.0001). Percentages of anemia and thrombocytopenia were similar in both groups. Median bone marrow blasts% was lower in SF-MT compared to SF-WT AML (49 vs 61; P&amp;lt;0.0001). In terms of cytogenetic profile, SF-mutant AML had lower odds of normal karyotype compared to SF-WT AML (50% vs 59%; P=0.002). Trisomy 8 was significantly frequent in SF-MT AML (15 vs 8%; P&amp;lt;0.0001) while -5/del(5q) was more common in SF-WT AML (10 vs 5%, P=0.008). The molecular profile of SF-MT AML was characterized by significantly frequent mutations in ASXL1 (23 vs 5%, P&amp;lt;0.0001), BCOR/L1 (10 vs 3%, P&amp;lt;0.0001), CBL (5 vs 2%, P=0.001), ETV6 (4 vs 1%, P&amp;lt;0.0001), IDH2 (15 vs 10%, P=0.006), IDH2R140 (13 vs 8%, P=0.0009), JAK2 (5 vs 1%, P&amp;lt;0.0001), KRAS (6 vs 3%, P=0.03), MECOM (4 vs &amp;lt;1%, P=0.02), RUNX1 (29 vs 7%, P&amp;lt;0.0001), STAG2 (12 vs 5, P&amp;lt;0.0001), TET2 (19 vs 11%, P&amp;lt;0.0001) while mutations in DNMT3A (15 vs 26%, P&amp;lt;0.0001), FLT3ITD (18 vs 10%, P=0.005), NPM1 (32 vs 11%, P&amp;lt;0.0001), PTPN11 (8 vs 4%, P=0.005), TP53 (8 vs 4%, P=0.002) shaped the SF-WT AML profile. Survival analyses showed that SF-MT AML had dismal survival outcome compared to SF-WT AML (17.4 vs 26.2 mo., P&amp;lt;0.0001). We then used multivariate cox proportional hazards to identify genomic features associated with survival in each group separately and found that favorable features included NPM1MT in both groups and biallelic CEBPA in SF-WT AML. On the other hand, adverse genomic lesions included complex karyotype, DNMT3AMT, FLT3ITD-MT and TP53MT in both groups, in addition to KRASMT and PHF6MT in SF-MT while ASXL1MT, KDM6AMT, RUNX1MT in SF-WT AML. The comparison of OS between SF-MT vs SF-WT AML for the association of a specific genomic lesion (cytogenetic/gene abnormality) revealed that mutations in DNTM3A (17.8 vs 21.6 mo., P=0.02), ETV6 (17.4 vs 32.1 mo., P=0.04), KRAS (11.9 vs 28.7, P&amp;lt;0.0001), NRAS (12.9 vs 26.5 mo., P=0.0005), cohesins (12.1 vs 29.3 mo., P=0.0002) and TET2 (13.4 vs 28.1 mo., P=0.006) significantly contributed to shortened survival and worse outcomes. In sum, we described the presence of SF mutations in AML and defined the phenotypic features of this subset and its genomic associations as compared to SF-WT AML. We further highlighted the unique genomic contributors associated with their survival outcomes. Perhaps, future larger scale studies of this AML group will delineate its potential to represent a unique well-defined entity of AML. Disclosures Maciejewski: Alexion, BMS: Speakers Bureau; Novartis, Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria.

The Burden of Anaemia Among Women in Jordan

Background: Anaemia is a leading haematological disorder and one of the most common health problems worldwide affecting over a billion people. Anaemia leads to the lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen. In this study, we focused particularly on the prevalence of anaemia in students currently enrolled at the Hashemite University/Jordan, shining light on the overall prevalence in this age group elsewhere. These individuals are at an increased risk of developing anaemia and are a nutritionally susceptible part of the population. Methods: Complete blood counts were determined for a total of two hundred students. Questionnaires were also completed by students regarding their life-style and dietary habits. Results: A significant 27% of female students were found to be anaemic. 17% of females had mild type of anaemia, whereas 10% of females tested suffered from moderate anaemia. The percentage of anaemia among males was also determined and found to be insignificant with only 2% of male students affected. A direct link was found between anaemia and a lack of consumption of foods rich in iron and/or over-consumption of foods that inhibit iron absorption. An inverse correlation was also observed with body mass index (BMI). Conclusion: Prevention of anaemia is particularly relevant in females and may be implemented by different but complementary means such as education workshops, iron fortification of foods and the adaption of lifestyle habits.

Anemia in Children under 5 years, The Prevalence and Contributing Factors in Al-Batool Teaching Hospital/Diyala Governorate

Background: Anemia is a worldwide public health problem, with significant outcomes for health social and economic growth of each country. Anemia is a hemoglobin concentration two standard deviation lower than the mean hemoglobin concentration for a normal population range of the same age and gender. Objective: To assess the prevalence of anemia in children and its contributing factors under 5 years old in Diyala/Iraq. Patients and Methods: A prospective cross sectional study was conducted at Al-Batool maternity and children teaching hospital from the first of August 2017 to first of January 2018. Five hundreds of children from the six months to five years old were included in the current study. Results: The percentage of anemia in the studied sample was 142 (28.4%), from which 104 (73.5%) was iron deficiency anemia, 2 (1.1%) was thalassemia major and intermedia and 6 (4.4%) was B-thalassemia trait and 30 (21%) other type of anemia. There were a highly significant association between anemia and artificial feeding, prolonged breast-feeding, tea consumption, worm infestations, absence of prenatal care, low birth weight, low parental education and low wealth index. They were a significant association between anemia and male gender, rural residency and positive family history of anemia. Conclusion: Anemia still represents a major health problem in children under 5 years in Diyala province with prevalence of 142 (28.4%), most of them 104 (73.5%) was iron deficiency anemia.

Routine Investigations in the Antenatal Booking Visit: An Epidemiological Survey

Abstract Background: The antenatal care investigations is very important to determine the antenatal care problems, manage these problems and decrease the maternal morbidity and mortality. Aim of Study: Is to identify the medical pattern in the egyptian pregnant women from Kafr El-Sheikh according to the results of the booking test. Patients and Methods: Cross sectional study was done over 1260 pregnant women from 2015 to 2017 from the outpatient clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Kafr El-Sheikh General Hospital, out of them 260 pregnant women stepped out of the study, all the pregnant women was asked to do the following antenatal care laboratory investigations, complete blood count, random blood sugar, Rh typing, cy-tomegalovirus (CMV) IgG antibodies, hepatitis B virus surface antigen, hepatitis C virus antibodies, high vaginal swap for bacterial vaginosis, urine analysis, all the data gathered for each woman in a file with her name for the statistical analysis. Results: Percentage of anemia was 47.1% with negative significant correlation with age, percentage of DM was 8.1%, percentage of Rh negative was 12.6%, percentage of CMV IgG was 85.7%, percentage of HBV was 2.4%, percentage of HCV was 7.9% with positive significant correlation with history of previous CS, percentage of bacterial vaginosis was 27% and percentage of UTI was 62%. Conclusion: A lot of women in Kafr El-Sheikh do not know the importance of the antenatal investigations and the control of the antenatal problems. Recommendations: There is need for give more concern about routine antenatal care investigations and it's importance and routine screening for anemia, DM, Rh, CMV, HBV, HCV, BV and UTI.

Acute Leukemia Presenting with Musculoskeletal Manifestations: A Case Series

Abstract Introduction: Leukemia is the most common childhood malignancy accounting for 30%–40% of cases. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common leukemia in children with peak incidence in 2–6 years of age. The present study aims to assess the incidence of acute leukemia in patients presenting with musculoskeletal manifestations. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary center from January 2014 to December 2018. A total of 63 children presented with musculoskeletal manifestations and underwent bone marrow examination. Based on final marrow diagnosis, the study group was divided into leukemic and nonleukemic groups. Results: Fever was the most common presenting complaint and was present in all the patients of both the groups. The occurrence of hepatosplenomegaly was comparatively higher in the leukemic group than in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The predominant type of arthritis was oligoarticular (68.15%) in the leukemic group and polyarticular (77.27%) in the nonleukemic group. Rheumatoid rash was noted in 20% of JIA patients, and none of the patients in the leukemic group had rash. The percentages of anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia were statistically higher in leukemia patients than in JIA patients. Conclusion: Bone marrow studies are a prerequisite in diagnosing leukemias. However, based on the presence of few atypical clinical and laboratory features, leukemia can be excluded in JIA patients.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in preschool children of district Dir Lower Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Pakistan

Abstract Iron deficiency anemia is a serious public health problem affecting psychological and physical development, behavior and work performance. Infants, preschool children, school age children and women of child bearing age are at greatest risk of developing iron deficiency anemia. A total of 500 preschool were analyzed from various areas of the sample district for the presence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). The overall incidence of anemia in preschool children was 43.2%. The prevalence of anemia was 43.6% in females and 42.8% in males. A high percentage of anemia was observed in children of 1-2 years age (50.4%) followed by children of 3-4 years age (42.2%). The incidence of anemia in preschool children was 55.4% in lower class, 37.8% in middle class and 32.3% in upper class. Out of 216 anemic preschool children 110 male and 106 female children possessed anemia. Among male children 22.6% possess mild anemia, 20.3% have moderate anemia and 7.8% were severely anemic while among female children, 20.8% are mild anemic, 18.9% were moderately anemic and 9.2% were severely anemic. A highest prevalence of anemia exists in children of illiterate parents followed by children of Matric, Bachelor and Master level parents. The incidence of anemia is 57.5%, 44.6%, 37.2% and 34.1% in children of illiterate, Matriculate, Bachelor and Master Level parents respectively. Low parental education, low socioeconomic status of the parents and poverty are the major contributing factors for iron deficiency anemia (IDA).The aim of the present survey was to find out the Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and its association with the children’s gender and parental socioeconomic and educational status in preschool children of district Dir lower Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Keywords: IDA; Parental education; Psychological development; Socioeconomic status http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700157

BEBAN GANDA ANEMIA PADA REMAJA SMPN TEMPURAN KABUPATEN KARAWANG

Anemia is commonly found in Indonesia especially in infants, children and adolescents. Adolescent suffering a double burden of anemia including iron deficiency anemia and carriers of thalassemia. Iron deficiency anemia can affect brain function, growth and development process , and weaken the immune system. Thalassemia is a chronic disease passed down from parents to their children. The symptoms of these two diseases are very difficult to distinguish, namely mild anemia and sometimes asymptomatic. The incidence of new cases needs to be controlled, one of them is by using screening tests and education to the community. This program was carried out in the form of increasing the knowledge of health workers, junior high school teachers and students regarding thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia regarding talasemia screening policy from the Health Ministry. The method used is survey, observation and socialization lecture. The results of this study showed an increase in knowledge of Tempuran Middle School students, teachers, and health workers after socialization of thalassemia. The voluntary level of students to join the anemia screening program was 81.89% in Combat 1 Junior High School, and 66.67% in Combat Middle School 2. The percentage of anemia in adolescent girls was 11.68%, while in boys it was 25.53%.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN ANEMIA PADA SANTRI PONDOK PESANTREN FADLUN MINALLOH YOGYAKARTA

Background: Problems of malnutrition were found in developing countries, one of them was anemia. The highest proportion of anemia in Indonesia in pregnant women was 37,1%, followed by underfives 12-59 month was 28,1% and population ≥1 year was 21,7%. Adolescents also become susceptible to anemia. Anemia can lead to fatigue, disturbed concentration resulting in decreased learning achievement and work productivity, resulting in a weak immune system that causes infection easily. The purpose of this research is to know the frequency distribution of anemia occurrence at students of Fadlun Minalloh Boarding School. Methods: The study used cross-sectional design with 43 female students at Fadlun Minalloh boarding school. Hemoglobin levels were measured using the Hemo-Cue system, weight measured using digital scales and height using microtoise. Body image and breakfast habits were measured using questionnaire. Chi Square test was used for bivariate. Result: The percentage of anemia in PP Fadlun Minalloh was 58,3%. Anemia is most prevalent in v the 12-14 years age group of 44%. Most santri have breakfast habits of 88.4%. Most santri have good nutrition status that is equal to 48,9%. Most of the respondents had a positive body image of 60.5%. The results of the bivariate analysis showed no significant relationship between age (p =0,14), BMI (0,85), body image (0,94) and breakfast habits(0,93) with anemia in female students.  Conclution: More than 50% of female students at Fadlun Minalloh boarding school were anemia.The greatest incidence of anemia in the 12-14 year age group. Most respondents have breakfast habits, good nutritional status, and positive body image. There was no significant relationship between age, BMI, body image, breakfast habits with the incidence of anemia on adolescent girls. Keywords: anemia, body image, BMI

Current Health Status of Uttarakhand, Tharu Tribe on the Basis of Blood Clinical Parameters: A Bio-Cultural Perspective

The research paper is an outcome of the fieldwork conducted in a small village of Sitarganj block; district UdhamSingh Nagar (Uttarakhand) among Tharu tribal community. The Tharu Tribe is indigenous people living in Tarai plain on the border of India and Nepal. The Tharu tribe is one of the most populous tribes of India and mostly populations (approximately 80%) of India are living in Khatima and Sitarganj tehsil of UdhamSingh Nagar district (Uttarakhand). Tharu is recognised as a scheduled tribe by the Government of India. The aim of this study to see the health status of Tharu population on the basis of blood parameters i.e. RBC, WBC, Hemoglobin (Hb), Platelet, Hematocrit, MCV, Rh factors etc and find out the factors affecting their health. Most of the populations were found to be suffering from Anaemia and Malnutrition. The percentage of Anaemia is more in women compared to men in Tharu population. These results indicate a lack of health awareness on healthy lifestyle and also they have no any idea about healthy nutritious diet etc. They are inadequate to take nutritious substances (vitamins, proteins, minerals etc) because health status of this community is directly proportional to economic (financial) and Socio-cultural conditions of these peoples. Therefore the present study provides important data, to the government and other agencies so is to control health problem of Tharu tribes in Sitarganj block, UdhamSingh Nagar District in Uttarakhand, India. This step will be helpful for improve their health status and development. This study also helpful to apply on other tribles community present in India and another part of the world.

Study of relation between serum iron and copper levels in pregnant females of Uttarakhand, India

Introduction: Copper is an indispensable trace element required for health and also plays a very important role in successful pregnancy completion. There is insufficiency of data on serum levels of copper and its relation with serum Iron levels in pregnant women, especially in India. This loco regional pilot study was done, keeping in mind the limited information about inter relation of these two important minerals and to provide further insight about interaction of these.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study comprising of pregnant women, selected by random cluster sampling was conducted in the Rishikesh (Hill regions of Uttarakhand, India). The duration of the study was from 1st Dec, to 31st March 2012. Sixty pregnant women of 18 -35 years age group were included. Serum values of twenty non-anaemic, non-pregnant women volunteers in the age group of 18-35 years with no other accompanying illness were considered as controls. The blood investigations for haemoglobin and serum values of Iron and Copper were done in all these. A Krusskal I-Wallis H test was performed for analysis, followed by a Dunn's test for multiple comparisons and a p- value of <0.05 was taken as statistically significant.Results: The percentage of anemia among pregnant women of present study was 46.62%. In present study 58.3% of the pregnant women were found to have hypercupremia and 71.42 % of the anemic pregnant women had hypercupremia The relatively increased serum copper in iron deficient anaemic mothers could be a compensatory mechanism to counter-act anemia.Conclusions: A thorough biochemical analysis of haemoglobin, iron and Copper during pregnancy would therefore help us access the specific nutrient role and corrective measures thereof to deal with iron deficiency anaemia and successful pregnancy completion.

The Effect of Nutritional Educational Intervention to Mothers on Improving the Hemoglobin Level of Their Nine Month Old Children Attending Ahmed Ali Kanoo Health Center in the Kingdom of Bahrain

Background: Anemia is a public health problem that affects the population of both rich and poor countries. The WHO’s Global Database considers the prevalence of anemia in Bahrain as moderate, ranging between 20%-39.9% in all age groups (5). On the other hand, the prevalence of anemia is reaching 48.3% in those who are 6-59 months of age. Diverse methods of intervention have been designed to prevent and correct iron deficiency anemia including the following: 1. Education, 2. Dietary improvement, 3. Fortification of foods with iron, 4. Iron supplementation and, 5. Other public health measures, such as helminthic control. The aim of this study is to observe the effect of maternal nutritional educational intervention on correcting iron deficiency anemia of their children who presented at the health center for the nine month screening program. Methodology: • Mothers and their children at 9 months of age who attended Ahmed Ali Kanoo health center MCH department for regular screening from August 2010 until July 2011 were included in the study. • Booklets were checked for Hb level at 9 months and later at 18 months, gender, duration of pregnancy, and hemoglobinopathies of the children. Moreover, mother’s age, educational level and occupation were also recorded. • Mothers of anemic children were contacted by telephone and asked whether they received any of the nutritional educational intervention, and whether they gave their children the iron supplement or not. Results: • The total number of children included in the study was 448. The Total number of females was 211 (47.1%) and males 237 (52.9%). The majority of the babies were delivered full term 426 (95.1%), while 22 (4.9%) were premature. • The percentage of anemia in infants at the age of nine months was 198 (45.7%) while at the age of 18 months it decreased to 136 (31.9%). • Seventy-five (19.3%) who had a low Hb level at 9 months of age improved to a normal Hb level at 18 months of age. However, 44 (11.3%) of the infants who were anemic at 9 months of age continued to be anemic at 18 months of age. ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION AND CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

IRON DIFFICIENCY ANEMIA AS A RISK FACTOR FOR LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN EGYPTIAN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

Background and Aim: Acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) is one of the leading causes of illness and death in children below 5 years of age. Anemia is one of the most widespread public health problems, especially in developing countries[2]. We aim to study the relationship between anemia as a risk factor and acute lower respiratory tract infections in Egyptian preschool children aged 6 months to 6 years. Subjects and methods: A case-control study was conducted on a total number of 172 infants and children aged 6 months to 6 years; in the period from January 2013 to December 2013, we recruited 86 cases hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infections in Children Hospital, Zagazig University comprising all newly diagnosed cases during the defined time period of the study (incident cases) to ascertain the temporal sequence of exposure and disease. 86 healthy controls without any respiratory problems, age and sex matched were selected by simple random sampling from the general population that gave rise to the cases . All patients were subjected to detailed history taking ( including past medical or pharmacy records), full clinical examination, and investigations including CBC, Iron profile: serum ferritin, total iron binding capacity and serum iron for all children. CRP and Chest X ray are done for cases only. Results: The percentage of anemia was higher among case than control, with 81.4 % of hospitalized cases and 32.5%of healthy controls and the percent of iron deficiency anemia was higher in cases than controls 69.8% and 23.2% respectively with a significant P-value of 0.001.There were significant lower medians of serum iron, ferritin and transferrin saturation in cases than controls with highly and significant higher total iron binding capacity (TIBC) in cases than controls , also There’s significant lower serum iron and transferrin saturation in anemic cases than anemic controls with no significant difference as a regard TIBC and serum ferritinApproval of ethical committee in college, and written consent from patients′ parents were obtained. Conclusion: we can conclude that anemia especially IDA is a risk factor for acute lower respiratory tract infections among Egyptian preschool children.