Percentage Of Acetic Acid Research Articles

An objective comparative study of non-surgical cleansing techniques and cleanser types in bacterial burden management.

Cleansing is a vital component of effective wound hygiene and biofilm management, often accomplished through vigorous mechanical action or through soaking with moistened gauze. In the present study, a quantitative comparison of the effectiveness of different cleansing techniques and solutions in removing bacteria was conducted on 71 chronic wounds using bacterial fluorescence imaging as a real-time diagnostic for moderate to high bacterial loads. Vigorous gauze cleansing for 30 s proved most effective by reducing bacterial fluorescence by 33.99%, surpassing 10-min soaking in bacterial reduction (13.24%). Among different cleansers, no statistically significant differences in effectiveness were observed, but povidone-iodine showed the strongest trend towards bacterial reduction. Sub-analysis highlighted the superiority of antiseptic cleansers over saline and gentle soap (-33.30% vs. -1.80% bacterial reduction respectively). Five percent acetic acid was also shown to be more effective in removing specific bacterial strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Findings from studies like this contribute to refining wound hygiene guidelines and clinical algorithms for bacterial and biofilm management.

A new ZrC nano powder solid acid catalyst for the esterification synthesis of ethyl acetate

Zirconium carbide nano powder was synthesized and used as a new ceramic solid acid catalyst for esterification reaction of acetic acid. The catalytic active atoms and centers and the types of associated orbitals in Lewis acid catalytic reaction were determined based on calculated electronic band structure and partial electronic density of state (PEDOS) of ZrC. The conversion percentage of acetic acid to ethyl acetate was measured by the by titration of residual acetic acid. The ZrC has a very good performance as a solid acid catalyst in the conversion of acetic acid to ethyl acetate.

Fermentative microbiota and chemical characterization of traditional date vinegar with promising biotechnological applications

IntroductionThe indigenous microbiota of traditional date vinegar is inadequately reported in the literature, yet its understanding is necessary for the industrial development of this product. This study aimed to perform microbiological and chemical analyses of traditional date vinegar.MethodsForty home-made samples (HMS) and laboratory-made samples (LMS) of date vinegar were analyzed. Escherichia coli, coliforms, and Enterobacteriaceae were enumerated using conventional plate methods to evaluate the hygienic quality. Bacteria and yeasts were identified by polymerase chain reaction. Acetic acid, ethanol, and methanol contents were analyzed by headspace gas chromatography.Results and DiscussionEscherichia coli was not detected in any sample. Coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae occurred in 75 and 67% of HMS, respectively, and in 3.6% (both groups) of LMS. The LMS had better hygienic quality and supported better growth of yeasts and AAB than the HMS. Thirty-five yeasts belonged to 6 genera and 55 acetic acid bacteria (AAB) to 5 Gluconobacter species. The highest content of ethanol correlated with the presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gluconobacter japonicus and Gluconobacter oxydans tolerated 7.5% ethanol. Gluconobacter frateurii survived at pH 2.59. The percentage of acetic acid was less than the international recommended standard levels and ranged from 0.09% to 3.38%, and 0.03% to 3.46% in HMS, and LMS, respectively. The content of ethanol ranged from 0.14% to 2.17%, and 0.07% to 7.81% in HMS, and LMS, respectively. Methanol was less in LMS (≤ 0.06%) than in HMS (≤ 0.17%). Utilizing the traditional method for producing date vinegar does not assure the production of true and safe vinegar that contains the specified levels of acetic acid and ethanol. It may also contain unacceptable levels of the toxic chemical methanol. However, a high microbial diversity of yeasts and Gluconobacter spp. was identified which indicates the potential of producing a high-quality and safe product by modifying the production process possibly by using the isolated yeasts and AAB as starter cultures.

VOC Emission from Lightweight Wood Fiber Insulation Board

The aim of the presented research work was to determine and analyze emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from experimental lightweight wood fiber insulation board produced in dry technology. Until now, there have been no rigid insulation materials made of wood fibers produced in such low density and made in dry technology. Among the typical parameters such as thermal conductivity and the mechanical performance of the lightweight board, attention was also paid to their influence on indoor air quality. Therefore, an attempt was made to determine the kind of substances emitting from wood fiber insulation boards produced at defined production parameters as well as the dynamics of emission reduction over time. Additionally, the influence of fire retardants used for protection against lightweight wood fiberboard fires on the emission of VOCs was analyzed. Tests on VOC emissions were carried out using the chamber method according to the applicable ISO 16000 standards. The main components emitting from lightweight insulation fiberboards were acetic acid and aldehydes such as pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, furfural, and benzaldehyde. The percentage of acetic acid in total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) was within the limits of 17% to 65%. From the aldehydes group, the most concerning substance was furfural due to a very strict limit value. In the presented research, depending on the variant, the emission of furfural was from 0 up to 10 µg/m3 after 28 days of measurement. Other substances such as terpenes or aromatic hydrocarbons were at a very low level. The reduction in VOCs over a period of 28 days was significant in most cases from 22% up to 61%. The tests carried out also showed a substantial impact of fire retardant, used in the production of lightweight insulation fiberboard, on the emission of VOCs from fiberboards, and thus on their quality.

The Promotional Effect of Rare Earth on Pt for Ethanol Electro-Oxidation and Its Application on DEFC

Bimetallic Pt3Eu/C, Pt3La/C, and Pt3Ce/C electrocatalysts have been prepared, characterized, and tested for ethanol electro-oxidation (EEO). The materials were synthesized by chemical reduction with NaBH4, rendering nanosized particles with actual compositions close to the nominals and no alloy formation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed that the auxiliary rare-earth metals were present on the surface in oxide form. The electrochemical analyses in acid and alkaline EEO evidenced that, compared to Pt/C, the addition of rare earth metals in the form of oxides reduced the onset potential, increased the current density, and enhanced the stability. The results were fully confirmed in the DEFC single-cell measurements. Finally, the presence of rare earth metals in the oxidized form increased the percentage of acetic acid as the final product, making the electrocatalysts more selective and efficient than Pt/C, where acetaldehyde was the main product.

Analgetik Power Test Of Herba Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) Ethanol Extract On Mice (Mus musculus) With Acetic Acid Induction

. Indonesia is a country with an abundance of potential natural resources. Herbaceous plants, which are found in forests and are smaller than trees or shrubs, have moist stems, and are not woody, are one type of plant utilized in traditional medicine. Katuk is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. This study aims to examine the analgesic effectiveness of katuk herb (Sauropus androgynus) in mice (Mus musculus) compared to diclofenac sodium.
 The method used for the analgesic test is the stretching method. Twenty-five mice were separated into five groups, each with five mice in a row, namely positive control (diclofenac sodium), negative control (Na-CMC 0,5%), dose 1 (8.4 mg/20 g BW), dose 2 (11.2 mg/20 g BW), and dose 3 (14 mg/20 g BW). Each group was administered the test material orally, then 1 percent acetic acid intraperitoneally 30 minutes later, and the number of stretches was counted every 15 minutes for 90 minutes.
 The results obtained were analyzed using one way ANOVA test. The test results revealed that the higher the dose of katuk herbs given, the better the analgesic effect. Based on the ANOVA test and LSD test, katuk herb at dose 3 had a higher effectiveness than the positive control and the treatment group at dose 1, and dose 2.

Acetic acid versus toluidine blue as screening tools for oral potentially malignant disorders.

Diagnostic adjuncts such as toluidine blue have been investigated as screening tools that improve visual examination of potentially malignant disorders (PMD) and oral cancer. Acetic acid has been reported to be of value in the early detection of cervical cancers. This study assessed the utility of 5% acetic acid as a diagnostic adjunct in oral PMD and compared the accuracy of acetic acid with toluidine blue in the detection of dysplastic PMD and high-risk lesions. This cross-sectional study was conducted at a dental hospital in a rural setting. Thirty-one patients with oral PMD formed the study group. Five percent acetic acid was applied to the lesions, followed by toluidine blue application and biopsy. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were computed considering true positives as stain uptake in dysplastic and high-risk PMD. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of acetic acid for identifying dysplastic or malignant lesions were 100%, 13.3%, 51.2%, and 100%, respectively, and that for toluidine blue were 75%, 100%, 100%, and 78.9%, respectively. The corresponding values for identifying high-risk PMD (lesions with moderate and severe dysplasia) using acetic acid were 100%, 9.1%, 25.9%, and 100%, respectively, and for toluidine blue were 85.7%, 81.8%, 60%, and 94.7%, respectively. The utility of acetic acid in detecting dysplasia and high-risk PMD is severely limited due to its poor specificity. Compared with acetic acid, toluidine blue is a superior screening tool.

Synthesis and Characterization of rGO@ZnO Nanocomposites for Esterification of Acetic Acid.

In the present work, the aim is to synthesize reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and zinc:reduced graphene oxide composite catalysts (ZnO:rGO) for esterification of acetic acid with n-heptanol. The physical and chemical characteristics of the rGO and rGO-metal oxide composite catalysts such as textural surface characteristics, surface morphology, thermal stability, functional groups, and elemental analysis were studied. The surface areas of rGO, ZnO(0.5 M), and ZnO(1 M) were recorded, respectively, at 31.72, 27.65, and 36.19 m2 g–1. Furthermore, esterification reaction parameters such as the reaction time, catalyst dosage, and reaction temperature for acetic acid were optimized to check the feasibility of rGO-metal oxide composites for a better conversion percentage of acetic acid. The optimized catalyst was selected for further optimization, and the optimum reaction parameters found were 0.1 wt % of catalyst, 160 min reaction duration, and 100 °C reaction temperature with a maximal yield of 100%. At 110 °C, the reaction conducted in the presence of 0.1 g of catalyst displayed more yield than the uncatalyzed reaction.

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION AND VALIDATION OF ETORICOXIB AND PARACETAMOL COMBINED TABLET DOSAGE FORM BY REVERSE PHASE-HPLC

An RP-HPLC technique was used to produce a cost-effective simultaneous quantification of Etoricoxib and Paracetamol in combined pharmaceutical tablet dosage forms. The approach was validated for Etoricoxib and Paracetamol using ICH recommendations over a range of 20-120ppm and 20-200ppm, respectively. At a temperature of 250C±0.50C, an analytical column PURITAS™ EXIMIUS C18, 250mmx4.6mm, 5 microns was utilized. At a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, the mobile phase was acetonitrile and 0.1 percent acetic acid in water in a 70:30V/V ratio. The elution was examined using a PDA detector with a detection wavelength of 235nm. The retention times for Etoricoxib and paracetamol are 4.2 and 2.1 minutes, respectively. The percentage recoveries for Etoricoxib and paracetamol were 98.28% and 102.1%, respectively. The RSD values are not greater than 2%.

Treatment of colitis by oral negatively charged nanostructured curcumin in rats.

ABSTRACTPurpose:To examine the effects of a negatively charged nanostructured curcumin microemulsion in experimental ulcerative colitis (UC) in rats.Methods:Four percent acetic acid was used to induce UC. The animals were treated for seven days and randomly assigned to four groups: normal control (NC), colitis/normal saline (COL/NS), colitis/curcumin (COL/CUR), and colitis/mesalazine (COL/MES). The nanostructured curcumin was formulated with a negative zeta potential (-16.70 ± 1.66 mV). Dosage of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase), macro and microscopic evaluation of the colon tissue were analyzed.Results:The COL/CUR group had a higher level of antioxidant enzymes compared to the COL/MESgroup. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly lower in the colonic tissue of the COL/CUR group rats, when compared to the COL/NS and COL/MES groups (p < 0.001). The presence of ulcers in the colonic mucosa in rats of the COL/NSgroup was significantly higher than in the COL/MES group (p < 0.001). In the NC and COL/CUR groups, there were no ulcers in the colonic mucosa.Conclusions:The nanostructured microemulsion of curcumin, used orally, positively influenced the results of the treatment of UC in rats. The data also suggests that nanostructured curcumin with negative zeta potential is a promising phytopharmaceutical oral delivery system for UC therapy. Further research needs to be done to better understand the mechanisms of the negatively charged nanostructured curcumin microemulsion in UC therapy.

Preparation and Analysis of New 1,3,5-Trisubstituted-2-Pyrazolines Derivative for Their Analgesic Potential

The goal of the study was to develop, synthesise, and characterise a novel 1,3,5-trisubstituted-2-pyrazolines derivative, as well as to assess its analgesic potential. The reaction of chalcone derivatives with 4-hydrazinylbenzene sulfonamide hydrochloride and phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride yielded 1,3,5-tri-substituted-2-pyrazolines derivatives. The IR, 1HNMR, and mass spectrum analyses were used to characterise a total of sixteen substances. Analgesic activity of the proposed substances has been tested. The analgesic effect of the produced compounds was tested using two methods: the hot plate test technique and acetic acid induced writhing in mice. To compare the effectiveness, pentazocine and acetyl acetic acid were utilised as reference drugs. The hot plate test technique and acetic acid induced writhing in mice were used to assess the analgesic effect of the 16 produced chemical series A1-A8, and B1-B8. The evaluation's outcomes were viewed using Pentazocine and acetyl acetic acid as the standard drugs. In a 90-minute hot plate test, compounds A2 (10.30 s), A4 (9.45 s), A7 (11.65 s), and A8 (11.26 s) showed a delay in paw withdrawal latency time. Compounds B2 (9.10 s) and B7 (10.42 s) prolong the paw withdrawal latency time after 90 minutes in series B1-B8, reduce the pain feeling, and inhibit pain induced by heat methods. Compounds A2, A5, A6, A7, and A8 from Series A1-A8 showed 83.00, 76.01, 80.34, 86.99, 88.15 percent inhibition, substantially (p0.05 and p0.001, respectively), and decreased the number of wriths caused by 0.6 percent acetic acid at a dosage of 10 mg/kg. Acetylsalicylic acid (10 mg/kg) appears to be more successful in lowering the number of wriths, with a 99.0% reduction in the number of wriths (p0.001). B1, B3, and B4 have the least amount of active activity. These all finding suggest that these synthesized compounds have the potential as analgesic agent.

Antioxidants, inhibits the growth of foodborne pathogens and reduces nitric oxide activity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells of nipa palm vinegar.

Nipa palm vinegar (NPV) made from the sap of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) has long been used as a local food seasoning and folk medicine. This study compared the bioactive compounds, antioxidant, in vitro anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of three NPVs obtained from different plantations based on varied soil and water salinity levels, including fresh water NPV, brackish water NPV and saline water NPV. The analysis results revealed that total phenolic content of saline water NPV had statistically significantly lower than both fresh water and brackish water NPV (p < 0.0001). Furthermore percentage of acetic acid in brackish water NPV had statistically significantly lower than both fresh water and saline water. NPV (p = 0.002). Nevertheless, total flavonoid and pH, were not significantly different (p = 0.144 and 0.066, respectively). The antioxidant activities using three ABTS, DPPH and FRAP methods displayed similar patterns, in which saline water NPV showed the highest antioxidant activities, followed by brackish water and fresh water NPV, respectively. Antimicrobial activity was examined for seven enteropathogenic bacteria. The tested NPVs were found inhibitive against all test cultures with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≤ 7.8 µL/mL. The cytotoxicity of the NPV obtained from different plantations by MTT assay revealed low cytotoxicity. Anti-inflammatory activity was also carried out through the inhibition of nitric oxide production. The fresh water NPV exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 17.59 ± 0.17 µL/mL, followed by saline and brackish water NPV with IC50 18.12 ± 0.49 and 28.29 ± 2.64 µL/mL, respectively. The findings indicated that NPV from different soil salinities could potentially be natural functional food and developed to antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory medicinal agents with safety.

Phononic crystal locally-resonant cavity for detecting vinegar acidity

In this study, a highly sensitive and accurate phononic crystal-based sensing method was proposed. Our proposed idea has been studied numerically to identify the allowed and unallowable vinegar. The main difference between allowed and unallowable vinegar is the concentration of acetic acid dissolved in water. Therefore, the designed sensor must be able to accurately separate and sense the different percentages of water-soluble acetic acid. The proposed design consists of a periodic and regular array of air holes on the steel substrate, with the engineered defects idea for sound wave propagation and resonance to sense the different output waves in it. For different percentages of the acetic acid in the vinegar mixture, the resonance of propagating wave in the sensor part of the structure will cause a single frequency with a sharp peak corresponding to a certain amount of acetic acid concentration at the sensor output. Then, by changing even one percent concentration in the water-soluble acetic acid, the frequency peak will shift from the previous state. Finally, by studying the output frequency peaks, it is possible to determine the concentration of acetic acid in the vinegar. This method is very useful for detecting fraud in vinegar. The proposed design has the ability to separate 0% to 100% water-soluble acetic acid concentrations (vinegar mixture) in one percent steps with the high quality factor of 40000. Also, in this work, laboratory test challenges like fabrication tolerance and mixture losses effect are investigated which shows the high reliability.

A heterogeneous catalytic process to mitigate the acidity of bio-oils caused by the presence of volatile organic acids

The removal of the acidity produced by the presence of volatile organic acids in bio-oils, such as acetic acid, assisted by heterogeneous catalysts was investigated. For this purpose, CaO and alumina-supported catalysts were prepared, and silver nanoparticles were used as promoter. The prepared catalysts, both fresh and post-reaction, were characterized by several techniques: N2 physisorption (BET), SEM-EDS, TEM, XRD, and TPR. All catalysts were tested in the elimination of acetic acid, employing two different reaction systems: batch microreactors and a pressurized batch reactor. An appreciable CH3COOH elimination of ~60%–70% was obtained at low temperature (150–200 °C) using the CaO-Al2O3 system. The addition of silver improved the removal percentage. Silver-supported catalysts were also tested in a pressure-controlled system, achieving an excellent percentage of acetic acid removed (~97.5%). Silver would promote the incipient reactions of catalytic ketonization and aldol condensation.

The Chemical Fermentation Process Properties, Bioactive Compounds, and Health Benefits of Fruit Vinegars in Pilot-Scale in Thailand

Vinegar is a liquid product produced from alcoholic and acetous fermentation. Vinegar contains acetic acid and bioactive compounds, which are brewed by liquid-state and solid-state fermentation techniques. This study reviews chemical fermentation process properties, bioactive compounds, and health benefits of fruit vinegars in Thailand. Chemical properties are the alcohol percentage and acetic acid percentage of vinegar. Bioactive compounds include antioxidant activity and total phenolic content, which have the role of antioxidative activity, blood pressure and glucose control, and anti-tumor. However, further studies are needed to find the new fruit raw materials to produce fruit vinegar which have more bioactive compound and more good taste.

Indictable Mitigation of Methane Emission Using Some Organic Acids as Additives Towards a Cleaner Ecosystem

Current study was conducted to figure out the effects of some organic acids as either individually or in combinations at varying levels (Fumaric Acid (Fu), Malic Acid (Ma), Formic Acid (Fo), Fu + Ma, Fu + Fo, Fo + Ma and Fu + Ma + Fo) on volatile fatty acids (VFA) and methane mitigating of some legume forages such as alfalfa (Medicago polymorphia), clover (Trifolium repens) and vetch (Vicia villosa). Graded 100 ml syringes were used in gas production test. Gas volume was measured and sampled at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation times, headspace produced methane was sampled at 24 h and the VFA profile was assessed at the end of the experiment. Obtained data were analyzed by exploiting SAS package program. Effects of legume forage × organic acid interactions and legume forages on the amounts of gas production determined at different incubation times and the amounts of methane production measured at 24 h of incubation were found significant (p 0.05). Reduction in Acetic Acid percentage was discovered for samples treated with Formic Acid (P < 0.05) but for Butyric Acid samples that treated with Malic Acid showed lower percentage (P < 0.05). As a consequence, the addition of fumaric acid to legume forages was more effective than the other organic acids as either individually or in combinations at varying levels since it was able to increase the amounts of total gas production determined at 24 h and at 96 h, decreased the amount of methane measured at 24 h of incubation. Hence, the fumaric acid could be employed in a nature-friendly and continual way to diminish methane emissions and avoid waste of energy from ruminants thereby improving environmental conditions.

Evaluation of the use of plant organic components and probiotics on ruminal characteristics and as a decrease of methane

The reduction of CH4 from the digestive tract of ruminants can be done through the use of organic components of plants such as tannins and saponins and the use of probiotics. This study aims to evaluate the addition of organic components and probiotics to the characteristics of rumen fluid and its ability to reduce CH4 in Ongole Cross Breed (PO) cattle. Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) leaf meal and Trembesi (Samanea saman) leaf meal are used as organic components due to their tannin and saponin content. Probiotics contain Acetoanaerobium notarae and Saccharomyces cereviseae. This research used total mixed ration as a feed. A total of 24 heads PO cattle were divided into 4 treatments, ie T1 = control treatment; T2 = T1 + organic components, T3 = T1 + Probiotics and T4 = T1 + organic components + probiotics. The research design was a randomized block design. The combination treatment of the addition of organic components and probiotic caused a decrease in the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid (C 2 :C3), percentage of acetic acid, the concentration of CO2 and CH4, but increases the percentage of propionate acid. The combination of organic components and probiotics is the greatest decrease in CH4 production from enteric fermentation.

Enhanced denitrification of secondary effluent using composite solid carbon source based on agricultural wastes and synthetic polymers.

Solid-phase denitrification is a promising approach to enhance nitrate removal. In this work, polybutylene succinate (PBS) and peanut shell (PS) (with crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate (PVA-SA) as carrier) were used to prepare a composite solid carbon source (3P) to denitrify the secondary effluent. The results showed that for carbon release performance, 3P had not only a large release of organics, like PS, but also the excellent sustainability of PBS. Among the short chain fatty acids released by PBS, PS, PVA-SA and 3P, the percentages of acetic acid were 59.42%, 72.54%, 72.29% and 92.11%, respectively. When 3P was used as external carbon source, denitrification performance could be enhanced with effluent dissolved organic carbon lower than 20 mg/L. The prepared 3P could improve denitrification, from both microbial and kinetic aspects. The relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria increased from 39.32% to 43.58%, and the half saturation constant of the fitting Monod equation was 21.28 mg/L. The prepared 3P is an ideal carbon source for secondary effluent denitrification. Using multiple crosslinking methods to produce carrier is an effective way to show the properties of each material.

Changes of Gut Microbiota and Its Correlation With Short Chain Fatty Acids and Bioamine in Piglets at the Early Growth Stage.

The change characteristics of intestinal microbial succession and the correlation with the production of two important types of bacterial metabolites (short chain fatty acids and bioamine) in piglets during the early stage were fully explored in this study. Six piglets from different litters with the same birth time were selected, weighted and euthanized at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of age. During this stage, the piglets grew quickly with gradual increases in blood levels of growth hormone and insulin, and in the intestinal developmental index and immunity. 16s rRNA analysis indicated the alpha diversity of colonic microbiome community was higher than ileum. However, the composition change in the ileal microbiota was more dramatic over time. Lactobacillus genus was the dominant bacteria in piglets' ileum while Prevotella and Ruminococcaceae genera were the dominant bacteria in colon up to weaning. Gut bacterial community of the piglets showed obvious differences between the three different phases: newborn, before weaning, and post weaning. This was similar to the morphological change pattern of pigs' gut. Total SCFA content in the colon of pigs showed almost a 20-fold increase at day 42 compared to the value at day 1. The percentage of acetic acid among the total SCFAs dropped quickly from 74.5% at day 1 to 36.5% at day 42, while butyric acid and propionic acid showed significant increases at the stage. The histamine level increased and putrescine level decreased markedly in the colon with time while the amounts of total bioamines, tyramine and spermidine were devoid of changes. Dozens bacteria taxa showed highly correlations with SCFAs and bioamines. These findings provide an expanded view of the dynamic pig gut and gut microbiome at the important early growth stage.

A green and sustainable method for monitoring the chemical composition of soybean: an alternative for quality control.

Soybean is one of the most important crops in the world, an important source of isoflavones, and used to treat various chronic diseases. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), associated with multivariate experiments and green solvents, is increasingly used to develop comprehensive elution methods for quality control of plants and derivatives. The work aims to establish a HPLC fingerprinting method for soybean seeds employing Green Chemistry Principles, a sustainable solvent with low toxicity, and a comprehensive experimental design that reduces the number of experiments. The fingerprinting method was optimised through Design of Experiments by evaluating seven chromatographic variables: initial percentage of ethanol (X1), final percentage of ethanol (X2), temperature (X3), percentage of acetic acid in water (X4), flow rate (X5), run time (X6), and stationary phase (X7). The dependent variable was the number of peaks (n). An initial factorial design for screening purposes indicated that the most significant quantitative parameters to separate soybean metabolites were X1 and X3. The conditions were optimised by a Doehlert design, to obtain a HPLC-PAD (photodiode array detector) fingerprinting of the polar extract of soybean seeds with the markers identified by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The optimum fingerprinting method was determined as 5-55% of ethanol in 30 min, at 35°C, and flow rate of 1 mL/min, by employing a phenyl-hexyl column (150 mm × 4.6 mm). The developed green method enabled markers of soybean to be separated and identified and could be an eco-friendlier alternative for soybean quality control that covered seven Green Analytical Chemistry Principles.