Percentage Prevalence Research Articles

Prevalence of Zero-Food among infants and young children in India: patterns of change across the States and Union Territories of India, 1993–2021

The extent of food deprivation and insecurity among infants and young children-a critical phase for children's current and future health and well-being-in India is unknown. We estimate the prevalence of food deprivation among infants and young children in India and describe its evolution over time at sub-national levels. Data from five National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) conducted in 1993, 1999, 2006, 2016 and 2021 for the 36 states/Union Territories (UTs) of India were used. The study population consisted of the most recent children (6-23 months) born to mothers (aged 15-49 years), who were alive and living with the mother at the time of survey (n=175,614 after excluding observations that had no responses to the food question). Food deprivation was defined based on the mother's reporting of the child having not eaten any food of substantial calorific content (i.e., any solid/semi-solid/soft/mushy food types, infant formula and powdered/tinned/fresh milk) in the past 24hours (h), which we labelled as "Zero-Food". In this study, we analyzed Zero-Food in terms of percent prevalence as well as population headcount burden. We calculated the Absolute Change (AC) to quantify the change in the percentage points of Zero-Food across time periods for all-India and by states/UTs. The prevalence of Zero-Food in India marginally declined from 20.0% (95% CI: 19.3%-20.7%) in 1993 to 17.8% (95% CI: 17.5%-18.1%) in 2021. There were considerable differences in the trajectories of change in the prevalence of Zero-Food across states. Chhattisgarh, Mizoram, and Jammu and Kashmir experienced high increase in the prevalence of Zero-Food over this time period, while Nagaland, Odisha, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh witnessed a significant decline. In 2021, Uttar Pradesh (27.4%), Chhattisgarh (24.6%), Jharkhand (21%), Rajasthan (19.8%) and Assam (19.4%) were states with the highest prevalence of Zero-Food. As of 2021, the estimated number of Zero-Food children in India was 5,998,138, with the states of Uttar Pradesh (28.4%), Bihar (14.2%), Maharashtra (7.1%), Rajasthan (6.5%), and Madhya Pradesh (6%) accounting for nearly two-thirds of the total Zero-Food children in India. Zero-Food in 2021 was concerningly high among children aged 6-11 months (30.6%) and substantial even among children aged 18-23 months (8.5%). Overall, socioeconomically advantaged groups had lower prevalence of Zero-Food than disadvantaged groups. Concerted efforts at the national and state levels are required to further strengthen existing policies, and design and develop new ones to provide affordable food to children in a timely and equitable manner to ensure food security among infants and young children. This study was supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation INV-002992.

Study of some physiological and hematological parameters in obese women with arthritis

Introduction and Aim: Obesity and overweight refers to excessive buildup of fat in the body. Arthritis is a group of medical disorders associated with obesity and being overweight. Obesity associated with rheumatoid arthritis is more pronounced in women. In this study, we aimed to evaluate some physiological and hematological parameters in obese women with arthritis. Materials and Methods: This study included 90 women aged between 18 and 68 years. The women were divided into three groups based on their BMI as Obese (n=30), Obese+RA (n=30) and normal lean women as controls (n=30). Blood drawn from each participant was tested for their complete blood tests, lipid profiles, C-reactive protein reaction and presence of rheumatoid factor. Data was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Our study revealed the mean +SE for age, WHR and BMI to be elevated in women in the obese as well as Obese+RA groups and to be significantly higher in comparison to women in the control group. Except for HDL, all the other lipid parameters were seen elevated in the obese and Obese+RA group and showed significant difference from the control group. Similarly, among the complete blood count indices only ESR, WBC and PLT were found to be significantly elevated in obese and Obese+RA groups. The prevalence percentage for CRP and RF was seen to be highest in individuals belonging to the Obese+RA group. Conclusion: Obese women as well as obese women with RA have elevated hematological and physiological parameters when compared to lean women.

Middle Mesial Canals Prevalence percentage and Its Configuration type with "Egyptian subpopulation" by CBCT

The Aims of This Study: were to detect the middle mesial canals (MMCs) prevalence in mandibular 1st molars, its configuration type, and its percentage of incidence with age by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) analysis. Methods: CBCT scan of 1650 patients were observed between January 2021 to February 2022 were collected using the CBCT imaging system from the database of the department of oral radiology, faculty of dental medicine, Al-Azhar University - Assiut branch. CBCT scan images were analyzed by Sidexis software. CBCT images were examined to detect the following: (1) The percentage of incidence frequency of the MMCs, (2) MMCs classification, and (3) Frequency of occurrence of MMCs according to age. Results: The incidence frequency percentage of the presence of MMCs among the Egyptian population was 10.79 % (208/1926) with no statistically significant due to gender, While MMCs configuration types showed 77% (160/208) confluent anatomy merging with either the mesio buccal or mesio lingual canals, 16.3% (34/208) fin anatomy and only 6.7% (14/208) showed independent MMCs with separate orifices and apical foramen. lastly the incidence frequency percentage of the presence of MMCs decreases with age. Conclusions: The MMCs prevalence in mandibular 1st molars among some Egyptian population was 10.79%, and CBCT scan is helpful way to detect the presence of MMCs.

Undernutrition among the children below five years of age in Uganda: a spatial analysis approach

BackgroundUndernutrition is a health condition caused by a lack of enough food intake, not having enough of the right combination of food nutrients, or the body’s failure to utilize the food eaten resulting in either, stunting, being underweight, or wasting. Globally, undernutrition affects more than 149 million under-five children, while in Uganda about 3 in every 10 children suffer from undernutrition. Undernutrition and its risk factors among under-five children in Uganda were unevenly distributed across the country and a study that focused on spatial distribution was prudent to examine the nature of the problem and salient factors associated with it. The current study addressed the issues of spatial heterogeneity of undernutrition and its determinants with the goal to identify hot spots and advise policymakers on the best actions to be taken to address the problem.MethodsData were obtained from the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. Prevalence rates and percentages of risk factors were combined with the Uganda district shape file to allow spatial analysis. Moran’s I, Getis-Ord (GI*), and Geographically Weighted Regressions were respectively used to establish the local, global, and geographically weighted regressions across the country. Stata 15 and ArcGIS 10. 7 soft wares were used.ResultsThe results indicate that undernutrition in Uganda shows varies spatially across regions. Evidence of hot spots exists in the Karamoja and Arua regions, cold spot areas exist around the central part of the country while the greatest part of Western Uganda, Northern, and Eastern were not significant.ConclusionThe study reveals that a variation in the distribution of undernutrition throughout the country. Significant spatial patterns associated with undernutrition as identified through the hotspot and cold spot analysis do exist in Uganda. Programs targeting to reduce the undernutrition of under-five children in Uganda should consider the spatial distribution of undernutrition and its determinants whereby priority should be given to hotspot areas. The spatial intensity of undernutrition and its determinants indicate that focus should be tailored to meet the local needs as opposed to a holistic national approach.

Using Haplotype-Based Artificial Intelligence to Evaluate SARS-CoV-2 Novel Variants and Mutations

Earlier detection of emerging novel SARS-COV-2 variants is important for public health surveillance of potential viral threats and for earlier prevention research. Artificial intelligence may facilitate early detection of SARS-CoV2 emerging novel variants based on variant-specific mutation haplotypes and, in turn, be associated with enhanced implementation of risk-stratified public health prevention strategies. To develop a haplotype-based artificial intelligence (HAI) model for identifying novel variants, including mixture variants (MVs) of known variants and new variants with novel mutations. This cross-sectional study used serially observed viral genomic sequences globally (prior to March 14, 2022) to train and validate the HAI model and used it to identify variants arising from a prospective set of viruses from March 15 to May 18, 2022. Viral sequences, collection dates, and locations were subjected to statistical learning analysis to estimate variant-specific core mutations and haplotype frequencies, which were then used to construct an HAI model to identify novel variants. Through training on more than 5 million viral sequences, an HAI model was built, and its identification performance was validated on an independent validation set of more than 5 million viruses. Its identification performance was assessed on a prospective set of 344 901 viruses. In addition to achieving an accuracy of 92.8% (95% CI within 0.1%), the HAI model identified 4 Omicron MVs (Omicron-Alpha, Omicron-Delta, Omicron-Epsilon, and Omicron-Zeta), 2 Delta MVs (Delta-Kappa and Delta-Zeta), and 1 Alpha-Epsilon MV, among which Omicron-Epsilon MVs were most frequent (609/657 MVs [92.7%]). Furthermore, the HAI model found that 1699 Omicron viruses had unidentifiable variants given that these variants acquired novel mutations. Lastly, 524 variant-unassigned and variant-unidentifiable viruses carried 16 novel mutations, 8 of which were increasing in prevalence percentages as of May 2022. In this cross-sectional study, an HAI model found SARS-COV-2 viruses with MV or novel mutations in the global population, which may require closer examination and monitoring. These results suggest that HAI may complement phylogenic variant assignment, providing additional insights into emerging novel variants in the population.

Analysis and Acoustic Event Classification of Environmental Data Collected in a Citizen Science Project.

Citizen science can serve as a tool to obtain information about changes in the soundscape. One of the challenges of citizen science projects is the processing of data gathered by the citizens, to obtain conclusions. As part of the project Sons al Balcó, authors aim to study the soundscape in Catalonia during the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic and afterwards and design a tool to automatically detect sound events as a first step to assess the quality of the soundscape. This paper details and compares the acoustic samples of the two collecting campaigns of the Sons al Balcó project. While the 2020 campaign obtained 365 videos, the 2021 campaign obtained 237. Later, a convolutional neural network is trained to automatically detect and classify acoustic events even if they occur simultaneously. Event based macro F1-score tops 50% for both campaigns for the most prevalent noise sources. However, results suggest that not all the categories are equally detected: the percentage of prevalence of an event in the dataset and its foregound-to-background ratio play a decisive role.

Evaluation of genetic alterations in hereditary cancer susceptibility genes in the Ashkenazi Jewish women community of Mexico.

Background: Individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry have been identified as having higher prevalence of specific pathogenic variants associated with susceptibility to specific rare and chronic diseases. In Mexico, the prevalence and composition of rare cancer predisposing germline variants in Ashkenazi Jewish individuals has not been evaluated. Aim and methods: We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of pathogenic variants by massive parallel sequencing in a panel of 143 cancer-predisposing genes in 341 women from the Ashkenazi Jewish community of Mexico, who were contacted and invited to participate in the study through the ALMA Foundation for Cancer Reconstruction. Pre- and posttest genetic counseling was given and a questionnaire on personal, gyneco-obstetric, demographic and lifestyle variables was conducted. From peripheral blood DNA, the complete coding region, and splicing sites of a panel of 143 cancer susceptibility genes, including 21 clinically relevant genes, were sequenced. The Mexican founder mutation BRCA1 ex9-12del [NC_000017.10(NM_007294):c. (825+1-826-1)_(4,589+1-4,590-1)del] was also evaluated. Results: Among study participants (mean age ±standard deviation: 47 ± 14) 15% reported a personal history of cancer (50/341). Fourteen percent of participants (48/341) were carriers of pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants distributed among seven high-risk genes (APC, CHEK2, MSH2, BMPR1A, MEN1, MLH1, and MSH6), whereas 18.2% (62/341) had variants of uncertain clinical significance in genes associated with breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility (list of genes with VUS). Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants in 16 susceptibility genes with ambiguous or non-well-established risk association for cancer were detected in 17.6% (60/341) of participants. Sixty four percent of participants reported current alcohol consumption compared with the 39 percent prevalence of alcohol consumption in Mexican women. None of the participants carried the recurrent Ashkenazi and Mexican founder mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2, but 2% (7/341) had pathogenic Ashkenazi Jewish founder variants in BLM. Conclusion: Our findings show a diverse pathogenic variant composition among the recruited individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry in Mexico consistent with being a high-risk population for genetic diseases, which warrants further investigation to adequately assess the burden of hereditary breast cancer in this group and implement appropriate preventative programs.

Frequency of hirsutism in patients with PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome)

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of PCOS, a clinically noticeable disorder in women that causes excessive development of coarse or dark hair on the face, chest, and back in a male-like pattern, between first-degree female relatives in families with a proband who has the condition. Methods: A history of oligomenorrhea, hirsutism or biochemical proof of hyperandrogenism (raised entire or free T) and other illnesses were used to diagnose PCOS. Moreover, for better results, Study participants through PCOS (age 24.3G5.8 years, Body Mass Index 26.8G6.9 kg/m2) were used for better results. An R8-modified Ferriman-Gallwey score was used to characterize hirsutism. Results: 24% of the mothers and 32% of the sisters among the moms and sisters assessed had PCOS, respectively. Only premenopausal women who were not receiving treatment i.e., moms (35%) and sisters (40%) for PCOS were found to have the condition, which is consistent with symptoms becoming better due to hormone therapy or age. These PCOS prevalence percentages are much greater than the illness's frequency in the normal community (about 4%), which points to a considerable hereditary component. Furthermore, in comparison to female without hirsutism, hirsute female were pretty young, had greater BMIs, and also had greater amounts of circulatory androgens.

PREVALENCE OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL HELMINTHS IN BOVINE POPULATION IN DIFFERENT ZONES OF RAWALPINDI DISTRICT OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Gastrointestinal parasites are responsible for heavy economic and production lossesin bovines. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI)helminths of bovine in different zones of Rawalpindi district. Study area was divided into fourdifferent zones. Feacal samples (n=670) were collected and examined through coprologicalexamination techniques. Out of examined samples, 158 were found to be positive for the GI helminths.The overall prevalence of GI helminths recorded was 23.58 %. In cattle the prevalence was 25.87 %whereas, in buffaloes it was 20.83 %. The prevalence percentages of nematodes, trematodes andcestodes was 17.46, 4.78 and 1.34%, respectively. Maximum prevalence was observed during summerand was the highest in the month of June. Prevalence was higher in adult and females as compared toyoung and males. It was concluded that specie, age and season are important factors which influencethe prevalence of GI helminths in bovine.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Urinary Incontinence among Elderly Women Residing in Kochi Corporation: A Community-based Cross-sectional Study.

A study was done on the prevalence, risk factors, and treatment-seeking behavior of elderly women with urinary incontinence (UI) residing in Kochi Corporation, Kerala, India. The community-based cross-sectional study was done in Kochi on 525 elderly women aged 60 years and above, selected by cluster random sampling, after getting consent, using a questionnaire. The overall prevalence of UI was found to be 64% (95% confidence interval (CI) 59.5-67.6). The most common type of UI was found to be the urge type of incontinence (38.3%, 95% CI, 34.14-42.45). Chronic cough (odds ratio [OR] 1.754, 95% 1.170-2.631), chronic constipation (OR: 1.563, 95% CI: 1.030-2.373), obesity (OR: 1.591, 95% CI: 1.110-2.280), diabetes (OR: 1.517, 95% CI: 1.036-2.222), and taking medications for diabetes and hypertension (OR: 1.476, 95% 1.008-2.163) were found to be risk factors of UI. Multiparity (OR: 1.757, 95% CI: 1.073-2.876), delivery at home (OR: 1.761, 95% CI: 1.205-2.575), undergoing any pelvic surgery (OR: 1.504, 95% CI: 1.052-2.150) were the gynecological and obstetric factors associated with UI. Very few community-based studies are available on UI among elderly women. The primary objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of UI among elderly women residing in the Kochi corporation. The secondary objective was to determine the risk factors of UI. A community-based cross-sectional study was done in the Kochi Corporation of Ernakulam district. A pilot study was conducted and based on this, the sample size was computed to be 72.41. Data from 525 individuals were collected using cluster random sampling. A questionnaire for urinary incontinence diagnosis questionnaire was used for assessing the type of UI. Percentage prevalence, Chi-square test. The overall prevalence of UI was found to be 64%. The most common type of UI was found to be the urge type of incontinence. Chronic cough, chronic constipation, obesity, diabetes, taking medications for diabetes, and hypertension were found to be risk factors of UI. Multiparity, delivery at home, and undergoing any pelvic surgery were the gynecological and obstetric factors associated with UI. The prevalence of UI among elderly women in this study was found to be 63.9%. The most common type of UI was found to be urge type of incontinence 38.3%, followed by mixed incontinence 32.3%, and stress incontinence 29.3%. Chronic cough (OR: 1.754), chronic constipation (OR: 1.563), obesity (OR: 1.591), diabetes (OR: 1.517), and taking medications for diabetes and hypertension (OR: 1.476) were found to be risk factors for UI. Multiparity (OR: 1.757), delivery at home (OR: 1.761) and undergoing any pelvic surgery (OR: 1.504) were the gynecological and obstetric factors associated with UI among elderly women in this study. Chronic cough (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.64, 95% CI: 1.08-2.50), obesity (aOR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.13-2.39), pelvic surgery (aOR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.13-2.39), and delivery at home (aOR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.27-2.82) were found to be independent risk factors for UI among elderly women.

A cross-sectional study to assess the magnitude of depression among young adults at selected higher educational institutions in Tamil Nadu, India: A study protocol.

One in ten young adults aged 20 to 24 years was diagnosed as suffering from DSM-IV disorder with associated impairment. Depression is a major challenge to public health around the world. The main aim of this project is to estimate the burden of depression among young adults and this is the first kind of study in nature that tends to establish a depression prevention resource center for young adults. A descriptive cross-sectional study will be conducted among 6922 young adults. A simple random sampling strategy will be used to obtain the study sample. The semi-structured tool will be used to obtain the result. Descriptive statistics and frequency percentages will be determined for categorical variables. Mean, median, and range will be calculated along with standard deviations (SD) and interquartile range (IQR). Percentage prevalence will be calculated for each categorical variable with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The P-value of <0.05 will be considered as statistically significant. A semi-structured questionnaire was developed and the questionnaires were translated into Tamil (for local relevancy), and back translated into English. Data regarding socio-demographic and mental health-related information, such as coping ability, problem-solving, personal history, academic performance, and treatment history will be collected. The study was authorized by the Institutional Review Board (IRB), School of Public Health, SRMIST, and Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) in Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, with the IEC Protocol Number: P0/2020/10/02. The ethics committee evaluated and rated the methods and tools used to assess depression among young adults.

Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders in and around Nalgonda District, Telangana, India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Among the endocrine disorders, thyroid disorders are the most common. Long term and excessive intake of fluoride plays a significant role in the development of thyroid disorders. Nalgonda is one of the highly drought-prone districts in Southern India and its groundwater has 10 to 15 parts per million (ppm) of fluoride in contrast to a maximum permitted level of just 1.5 ppm. The entire Nalgonda division is under the threat of fluorosis due to high concentration of fluoride in the drinking water. Aim: To assess the prevalence of thyroid disorders in and around areas of Nalgonda district, Telangana, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Nalgonda, Telangana, India, from December 2021 to May 2022. Total 391 subjects attending Outpatient Department (OPD) of General Medicine, Nalgonda were included in the study. Samples were analysed for thyroid function tests (total T3,T4, thyroid stimulating hormone) by chemiluminiscence immuno assay method in an Abbott architect ci4100 automated analyser. Statistical analysis was done by using Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and results were expressed as prevalence percentages, mean±Standard Deviation (SD). Results: In the present study, the mean age was 39.5±20.506 years. Out of the total participants, 273 (69.8%) subjects were found to be euthyroid and 118 (30.2%) had thyroid disorders. Among 30.2% subjects with thyroid disorders, 32 (8.2%) were hypothyroid, 19 (4.9%) were hyperthyroid, 54 (13.8%) were having subclinical hypothyroidism, 13 (3.3%) were having subclinical hyperthyroidism. The prevalence of thyroid disorders was higher in females compared with males, with the ratio of 3:1 and females contributing to major disease burden. Conclusion: According to this study, prevalence of thyroid disorders was 30.2% with more disease burden in females. Subclinical hypothyroidism contributes to the major disease burden.

Prevalence of endoparasitic infection in captive macaques in Kerala zoos

The study was conducted in three macaque species namely Lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus), Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) in the zoos of Kerala. Faecal samples were collected from individual macaques kept in open enclosures and retiring cages. The samples were examined by sedimentation method for assessing the endoparasitic infection and its prevalence percentage in captive macaques. The degree of infection was assessed by faecal egg counts of samples by McMaster technique. The study found zero prevalence of strongyles in Lion-tailed macaques; 20 per cent in Rhesus macaque and 100 per cent in Bonnet macaques. The eggs per gram of strongyles in Rhesus macaques were 100 ± 39.22 and in Bonnet macaques were 312 ± 47.94. The prevalence of coccidia was 16.6 per cent in Lion-tailed macaques; 40 per cent in Rhesus macaque and 100 per cent in Bonnet macaques. The oocysts per gram of coccidia in Lion-tailed macaques were 166 ± 98.88; in Rhesus macaques were 200 ± 89.44 and in Bonnet macaques were 1850 ± 53.54. The present study revealed the higher prevalence and degree of infection of coccidia and strongyles in Bonnet macaques when compared to the other two macaque species.

Prevalence of active HCV infection and genotypic distribution among the general population of district Mardan, Pakistan.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the serious global public health burden of liver disease. Approximately 170 million people in the world are infected with (HCV). In Pakistan, where the disease has high occurrence rate. The present study envisages an up-to-date prevalence of HCV and genotypic distribution in the general population of Mardan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The blood samples from 6,538 individuals including 3,263 males and 3,275 females were analyzed for hepatitis C surface antigen by Immuno-chromatographic test (ICT), Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It was found that 396 (12.13%) out of 3263 individuals contained antibodies in their blood against HCV, while among the different age groups, the highest incidences of HCV antibodies were found in the 31-40 age group (11.01%). The ICT positive samples were further screened by nested PCR to determine the existence of active HCV-RNA. It was identified that 7.11% (3263) of the total population (6538) tested was positive, among which the 461 (14.07%) females possessed antibodies in their blood against HCV. Our data showed total HCV infection in the investigated population was 5.78%. Higher percentage of HCV prevalence was detected in males than females in the age group 31-40 and 41-50. To compare the prevalence of HCV genotypes age-wise in male and female genotype 3a was found most prevalent genotype followed by 1a, 2a and 3b, respectively.

Spatial analysis of factors influencing bacterial leaf blight in rice production.

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight that is a major threat to rice production. Crop losses in extreme situations can reach up to75%, and millions of hectares of rice are affected each year. Management of the disease required information about the spatial distribution of BLB incidence, severity, and prevalence. In this study, major rice-growing areas of Pakistan were surveyed during 2018-2019 for disease occurrence, and thematic maps were developed using geographic information system (GIS). Results showed that Narowal district had highest percentage of disease incidence (54-69%), severity (42-44%), and prevalence (72-90%) meanwhile Jhung district had the lowest incidence (21-23%), severity (18-22%), and prevalence (45-54%). To understand the environmental factors contributing to this major rice disease, the research analyze, the spatial relationships between BLB prevalence and environmental variables. Those variables include relative humidity (RH), atmospheric pressure (A.P), minimum temperature, soil organic carbon, soil pH, and elevation, which were evaluated by using GIS-based Ordinary Least Square (OLS) spatial model. The fitted model had a coefficient of determination (R2) of 65 percent explanatory power of disease development. All environmental variables showed a general trend of positive correlation between BLB prevalence and environmental variables. The results show the potential for disease management and prediction using environmental variable and assessment.

A study to assess the prevalence and coping strategies regarding premenstrual syndrome among women of the reproductive age group with a view to prepare an information pamphlet in selected hospital

Background: Premenstrual syndrome, also described as premenstrual tension is a symptom complex recognized primarily by cyclic changes associated with ovulatory cycles. It occurs 7-14 days prior to menstruation, and is more frequently encountered in middle aged women. It is important for two reasons, firstly because the symptoms of premenstrual tension are responsible for socio economic loss and secondly because of associated legal and women’s rights issues that have arisen in conjunction with personal accountability during the premenstrual period.Objectives: 1.To assess the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome among reproductive age group women.2.To assess the coping strategies of premenstrual syndrome among reproductive age group women.3.To find out the association between coping strategies of premenstrual syndrome with selected baseline variables.Methods: A descriptive study was conducted to assess the prevalence and coping strategies regarding premenstrual syndrome among women of the reproductive age group with a view to prepare an information pamphlet in selected hospital.100 samples were selected by using convenience sampling technique. Formal permission to conduct the study was obtained. The samples were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: The results revealed that the mean percentage of prevalence of premenstrual syndrome among women of the reproductive age group is 53% had mild symptoms, 40% had moderate symptoms and 7% had severe symptoms. There is significant association between age, and type of family, number of children and remedies with coping strategies at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the study serve as a data base for the future study. The study suggested that majority of women of the reproductive age group have mild symptoms (53%) of premenstrual syndrome.

Prevalence of canine impaction in the western province of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional survey.

Canine tooth impaction could have a negative influence on the stomatognathic system and could make it difficult for clinicians to manage malocclusions. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the prevalence of canine impaction, which could be a cause of malocclusion, in the population in the western province of Saudi Arabia. A retrospective analysis of digital orthopantomograms (OPGs) of 400 patients aged 12-40 years, who are citizens of Saudi Arabia residing in the western province and who presented for treatment at the dental clinics of Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia were included. The OPGs and dental records of these patients were reviewed for canine impaction and were categorized based on age, gender, and type of impaction. The prevalence of patients that exhibited canine impaction was found to be 4%. Males had a significantly higher percentage of prevalence than females (P < 0.016), and impaction was significantly higher among patients aged below 18 years (P < 0.001). Moreover, the most commonly observed impaction was mandibular canine impaction (87.5%). Prevention of malocclusion and maintenance of a normal dentition (better aesthetics and chewing) necessitates early detection of impacted canines.

Molecular identification and cross-immunogenic study on two field isolates of Mycoplasma synoviae isolated from broilers in five districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is an important poultry pathogen causing heavy economic losses Worldwide. Subclinical persistence of this pathogen is the major issue to control its prevalence. This study aimed to determine the molecular and cross-immunogenicity of MS among broilers in five Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). This study was conducted by collecting 434 specimen samples from 40 broiler farms and desi poultry in five districts of KP. Specimen samples from the broiler birds (n = 150), broiler farm environment (n = 264), and desi poultry birds (n = 20) were aseptically collected and serially passaged in Modified Frey's broth. The homologous and heterologous antibody reactions were studied in rabbits. Before inoculation into rabbits, the MS isolates were inactivated by formalin and adjuvanted with Montanide. The overall turbidity prevalence in Frey's broth was observed as 109/434 (25.11%) samples, and these turbidity-positive samples were shifted on Frey's agar. After the appearance of classic fried egg colonies, the Biochemical confirmation was supported by the production of catalase and phosphatase, reduction of tetrazolium, film and spot assay, and fermentation of glucose for species differentiation in avian mycoplasma. The MS prevalence percentage was recorded as 2% (9/434) through biochemical tests. The PCR results showed 0.5% MS prevalence with two field isolates (named MS-1 and MS-2). Both MS-1 and MS-2 field isolates showed similar values (42.2) of homologous geometric mean titer (GMT). While the heterologous GMT for MS-1 serum against MS-2 isolate was lower (27.9) as compared to MS-2 serum against MS1 isolate (38.9). No titer was detected in the control group (Group-III). In conclusion, the results indicated the existence of MS in broiler birds and high homologous titers recorded between field isolates, which is a perpetual menace to poultry.

Prevalence of Death in Geriatric COVID-19 Patients with Comorbid Hypertension and/or Diabetes Mellitus in Samarinda City Hospital

Corona virus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a disease caused by a viral infection that attacks the respiratory tract which is often referred to as COVID-19. This study aims to determine the percentage of mortality prevalence in geriatric Covid-19 patients with comorbid hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus at the Samarinda City Hospital. This research method uses a non-experimental observational method with a descriptive research design. Data collection was carried out retrospectively using patient medical record data at the Samarinda City Hospital for the period March 2020-December 2021. Data analysis used the percentage of mortality prevalence in geriatric Covid-19 patients with comorbid hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus at the Samarinda Hospital using Microsoft excel. Based on the results of the study, from 70 samples of patients, the most based on gender, namely male as many as 43 patients (61%), while based on age, namely elderly elderly 60-74 years as many as 56 patients (80%). Based on the status of confirmed Covid-19 patients with comorbidities, the highest number of patients who died was 42 patients (60%). Most of the patients who died with comorbidities were found in confirmed Covid-19 patients with comorbid diabetes mellitus, namely 13 patients (44.83%). It can be concluded that the prevalence of death in geriatric COVID-19 patients with comorbid diabetes mellitus is 44.83%, hypertension is 27.59%, and hypertension with diabetes mellitus is 27.59%.&#x0D;

Parent's food literacy and adolescents nutrition literacy influence household's food security and adolescent's malnutrition and anemia: Findings from a national representative cross sectional study.

Food and nutrition literacy are widely fundamental to improve the food security and reduce the double burden of malnutrition and iron deficiency in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed (1) to assess the nutrition literacy (NL) of Lebanese adolescents and their parents' food literacy (FL), (2) to investigate the impacts of adolescents' NL and parental FL on (a) the household food security, (b) the adolescents' self-reported food security, and (c) the adolescents' nutrition status with a focus on malnutrition and anemia. A national representative sample of 450 parent-adolescent dyads [parents: mean age ± standard deviation (SD) = 46.0 ± 7.0, mothers: 59.0%; adolescents: mean age ± SD = 15.0 ± 3.0, girls: 54.6%] were interviewed. Anthropometric and blood hemoglobin measurements were performed for adolescents. The Arab Family Food Security Scale and the Adolescent-Level Food Security Scale were used. Around 45.0% of the adolescents were nutritionally illiterate, and nearly half (47.8%) of parents had poor FL. Around 68.2 and 54.0% of the households and adolescents were food insecure, respectively. Moreover, 6.7, 4.7, 32.2, and 16.7% of the adolescents were stunted, thin, overweight/obese, and anemic, respectively. Poor parental FL increased the risk of household food insecurity (FI) by 2.7 times, p < 0.001. Adolescents' nutrition illiteracy increased their FI risk by 60.0% (p = 0.02). The number of offspring, household income, crowding status, and participants' residence also influenced the percentage of FI and malnutrition prevalence among households and adolescents. Improvements in FL and NL are promising to mitigate FI malnutrition in Lebanon.