Percentage Of Penetration Research Articles

Comparing the Efficacy of XP-endo Finisher with Irrigation Activation Methods on Sealer Penetration: An in Vitro Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Study

Aim: The irrigation method is effective on the dentinal tubule penetration (DTP) of endodontic pastes, which is important for treatment outcome. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different irrigation techniques on the DTP of bioceramic endodontic paste with CLSM. Materials and Methods: A total of 52 mandibular premolar root canals were shaped with the ProTaper Next files and were divided randomly into four experimental groups ( n = 13) according to the final irrigation method with 17% EDTA and 5.25% NaOCl as follows: Group 1: Conventional needle irrigation (CNI), Group 2: sonic activation (SA), Group 3: passive ultrasonic activation (PUA), Group 4: XP-endo Finisher (XPF). After final irrigation, root canals were obturated with a bioceramic sealer labeled with the fluorescent dye. The roots were sectioned horizontally at three different levels, and 1 ± 0.1 mm thick sections were obtained to examine under CLSM. The penetration area (PA), maximum tubule penetration (MTP), and the percentage of penetration (PP) values were statistically evaluated with the two-way repeated measurements ANOVA test. The Tukey (HSD) test was carried out for intergroup comparisons ( p < .01). The relationship between the MTP, PP, and PA at each root level was evaluated using Pearson’s correlation test. Results: In the middle sections, the penetration area of the sealer was higher in the SA group (7.120 ± 1.470) compared to the other groups ( p < .01). Penetration area was higher in the XPF group (11.830 ± 1.370) in the coronal section compared to CNI (7.034 ± 0.926) ( p < .01). No significant difference was observed between the MTP and PP values of the experimental groups ( p > .01). DTP of sealer was statistically similar for each irrigation method in the apical section. The coronal regions showed higher DTP values compared with the apical regions. There was a linear relationship between the PA and MTP values at all root levels of experimental groups ( p < .05). The linear relationship between the PA and PP was not significant in the XP group ( p > .05). Conclusion: The penetration area of SA was larger than others in the middle section, and XPF was superior to CNI in the coronal section. DTP of the sealer in the apical regions was lower than in the coronal regions.

Comparison of Microleakage of Cention N and a Bulk-Fill Composite Resin in Restoring Deciduous Teeth: An In Vitro Study

Background: Pediatric dentists prefer restorative materials with a high bond strength and fewer clinical stages. Cention N can be used in the bulk technique. It can release fluoride ions, calcium, and hydroxide. This study compared the microleakage of two types of composite resins, namely, Cention N and Tetric N-Ceram bulk-fill composite resin, in class II restorations (box only) of deciduous teeth. Methods: In this experimental investigation, 50 class II restorations (box only) were prepared in extracted deciduous second molars. Then, the teeth were divided into two groups based on their restorative materials. The first and second groups were restored with Cention N and bulk-fill Tetric N-Ceram composite resins, respectively. The Tetric N bond adhesive was used before placing the restorative materials in both groups. The samples were cut and investigated under a stereomicroscope to determine microleakage after thermocycling and staining with silver nitrate. Two samples from each group were prepared for observation under an electron microscope. Then, the data were analyzed using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. Results: The mean percentage of dye penetration into the gingival wall was not significantly different between the two groups under investigation. Conclusion: Using Cention N with adhesive yielded favorable results in terms of microleakage, and it is recommended for class II restorations in deciduous molars.

Effect of Cold Plasma on the Penetration Depth of AH26 and Beta Resin Sealers in Dentinal Tubules.

The creation of a proper seal of the root canal with canal-filling materials, such as gutta-percha and sealer, is one of the essential factors in the success of root canal treatment. In addition, the penetration depth of the sealer is one of the influential factors in creating a proper seal, which improves the sealing ability of the canal and the burial of microorganisms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cold atmospheric plasma on the depth of tubular penetration of two types of resin sealer: AH26 and Beta RCS sealers. In this experimental study, thirty-two premolar teeth with single root and single canal were selected as samples and after cutting their crowns from the apex distance of 15mm, the canals were prepared with rotary files. Samples were divided into four groups of eight, according to the type of sealer and plasma application: AH26 sealer (AH), plasma+AH26 sealer (PAH), Beta RCS sealer (Beta), and plasma+Beta RCS sealer (PBeta). The cold lateral condensation technique was used for the obturation of canals. The maximum penetration depth and the percentage of sealer penetration were obtained from microscopic images at three coronal, middle, and apical sections. Due to the non-normal distribution of data, the Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical analysis (p< 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the study groups in the penetration percentage and maximum penetration depth of AH and Beta in the presence and absence of plasma. However, in the coronal section, the depth of maximum sealer penetration was significantly higher in the AH group than in the Beta group (p< 0.05). The use of plasma did not affect the maximum penetration depth and penetration percentage of AH26 sealer and Beta RCS sealer.

SIMULATING VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE COMMUNICATION AT ROUNDABOUTS

Smart roads integrate advanced technology to enhance safety, effectiveness, and eco-friendliness, revolutionizing transportation systems. Within this framework, connectivity and automation work together to improve road mobility and energy efficiency. However, there are still uncertainties regarding their effect on road safety and traffic operations, as well as assessment methods, especially for intersections and roundabouts. Navigating roundabouts involves complex decision-making influenced by cooperative and competitive interactions between human-driven vehicles and connected and autonomous driving vehicles (CADVs), affecting gap-acceptance patterns. This research employs Aimsun Next software to simulate the rising market penetration percentages of CADVs by examining assumption-based behavior on single-lane roundabouts. It integrates CADV-based capacity modification factors from the Highway Capacity Manual 2022 and compares adapted capacity curves for CADVs, with simulated capacities for model calibration. Critical model parameters affecting CADVs; ability to enhance roundabout safety and throughput are identified, with a focus on the transition towards cooperative driving in the context of smart roads.

Sealing Ability of Bioceramic Sealer after Ultrasonic Activation of Different Root Canal Irrigating Solutions

Aim To evaluate and compare the sealing ability of bio ceramic root canal sealer after ultrasonic activation of root canal irrigation solutions 3% NaOCl , 40% Citric acid &amp; Neem leaf extract .  Materials and Methods In this study, 42 mandibular premolar teeth with single roots and canals were divided into three groups for irrigation: 3% NaOCl, 40% citric acid, and Neem leaf extract. After access preparation and glide path creation with a #10 K-file (0.02 taper), the canals were instrumented using a crown-down technique to an ISO size of 30, with saline as the irrigant. Ultrasonically activated irrigation was used, followed by saline in all groups. The canals were obturated with Dentsply Gutta- percha and Bio C sealer, 1mm short of the working length, and sealed with temporary restorations. Teeth were incubated at 37°C for 3 days, and horizontal sections at 3mm from the apex were taken. Confocal laser scanning microscopy measured sealer penetration, and statistical analysis was conducted to compare results between groups.  Results The results suggest that 40% citric acid is the most effective irrigant for enhancing sealer penetration into dentinal tubules at the apical third, both in terms of percentage and depth of penetration, compared to 3% NaOCl and neem leaf extract. This indicates that citric acid may improve the sealing ability of root canal treatments more effectively than the other tested irrigants.  Conclusion The results suggest that 40% citric acid is the most effective irrigant for enhancing sealer penetration into dentinal tubules at the apical third, both in terms of percentage and depth of penetration, compared to 3% NaOCl and neem leaf extract. This indicates that citric acid may improve the sealing ability of root canal treatments more effectively than the other tested irrigants.

Impact of different activation procedures on sodium hypochlorite penetration into dentinal tubules after endodontic retreatment via confocal laser scanning microscopy

BackgroundInfected dentinal tubules are a possible source of bacteria that are responsible for the failure of root canal treatment. Therefore, disinfection of dentinal tubules by increasing the penetration of the irrigation solution is important for success in retreatment cases. This study utilized confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to assess and compare the impact of XPR, ultrasonic irrigation (UI) and sonic activation (SA) on NaOCl penetration into dentinal tubules following endodontic retreatment.MethodsA total of forty mandibular premolars were enrolled in this investigation. Following root canal preparation up to ProTaper X3 file (30/0.07), root canals were obturated with gutta-percha and bioceramic root canal sealer with single cone technique. The root canal filling materials were removed using ProTaper nickel-titanium rotary retreatment files until the working length was reached. The retreatment procedure was finalized using the ProTaper Next X4 (40/0.06). The teeth were divided into four groups based on the irrigation activation technique: control (conventional needle irrigation), SA, UI and XPR. During the final irrigation procedure, Rhodamine B dye was introduced to 5% NaOCl for visualization via CLSM. Subsequent to image acquisition, the maximum penetration, penetration percentage, and penetration area were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman, and Bonferroni Dunn multiple comparison tests through R software (p < 0.05).ResultsIn the middle third, UI yielded a significantly higher penetration percentage than the control group (p < 0.05). The UI and XPR groups showed increased penetration percentages in the coronal and middle thirds compared with the apical third (P < 0.05). Maximum penetration was notably reduced in the apical third than in comparison with the coronal and middle thirds in all groups (p < 0.05). In the control, SA and XP groups, the penetration area was ranked in descending order as coronal, middle and apical (p < 0.05). Conversely, in the ultrasonic group, the penetration area was significantly lower in the apical third than in the middle and coronal thirds (p < 0.05).ConclusionsUI enhanced the penetration percentage in the middle third of the root compared with that in the control group. XPR and SA showed no significant effect on NaOCl penetration following retreatment.

Multiscale modelling and characterisation of fused filament fabricated neat and graphene nanoplatelet reinforced G-polymers

AbstractIn this study, the fused filament fabrication of novel biodegradable G-polymer is investigated, including also filaments reinforced by graphene nanoplatelets. A combined framework of computational multiscale modelling and experimental studies is applied to characterise and model the mechanical behaviour of composite and nanocomposite materials, fabricated using a 3D-printer by depositing G-polymer filaments in +45$$^\circ$$ ∘ and $$-45^\circ$$ - 45 ∘ angles. The investigation is performed on both hot-extruded single filaments and 3D-printed specimens. Experimental results of hot-extruded single filaments are utilized on the microscale to extract the macroscale constitutive models. At the microscale level, representative volume elements with different percentages of penetration are analyzed to compute the effective orthotropic elastic material properties. A comprehensive comparison study is conducted using different micromechanical models, multiscale simulation outputs, and the mechanical properties resulting from experiments. The accuracy of the results obtained from the homogenization technique is validated against realistic finite element microstructural models and experimental measurements. The results demonstrate that computational homogenization, when coupled with accurate property characterisation, serves as a reliable tool for predicting the elastic response of 3D-printed parts. Furthermore, the proposed framework reduces the need for extensive experimental replication and lowers manufacturing costs.

Effectiveness of XP-Endo Finisher, Endoactivator, and PUI agitation in the penetration of intracanal medicaments into dentinal tubules: A confocal laser scanning microscope analysis.

This investigation assessed the impact of irrigation activation systems on the depth of penetration of intracanal medicaments into dentinal tubules. Ninety-six mandibular premolar teeth were prepared using ProTaper Next up to size X3. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups based on the final irrigation activation systems (n=24): group 1: EndoActivator, group 2: XP-Endo Finisher, group 3: Passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and group 4: control. After the final irrigation, all the samples were divided into two subgroups (n=12): subgroup A: calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 ) and subgroup B: modified triple antibiotic paste (mTAP). Statistical analysis involved three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). EndoActivator, XP-Endo Finisher, and PUI activation methods significantly increased the penetration of intracanal medicaments compared to conventional needle irrigation (P<0.05). The XP-Endo Finisher group exhibited the highest penetration percentage and maximum penetration depth, showing a statistically significant difference from the EndoActivator group (P<0.001). No significant difference was observed between XP-Endo Finisher and PUI, nor between PUI and EndoActivator (P>0.05). mTAP showed a higher percentage of dentinal tubule penetration than Ca(OH)2, although no significant difference was found in maximum penetration depth. The coronal region demonstrated the highest penetration percentage and depth, while the apical region showed the lowest. This study showed the effectiveness of XP-Endo Finisher in improving the penetration of intracanal medicaments into dentinal tubules. The findings emphasize the importance of selecting appropriate irrigation activation systems to improve treatment outcomes in endodontics. By demonstrating the effectiveness of advanced systems like XP-Endo Finisher, this research supports their integration into routine clinical practice for better endodontic success.

A Comparison of Two Fluorescent Stains for the Evaluation of Bioceramic Sealer Penetration into the Tubular Dentine Using Confocal Microscopy

This study aimed to compare the percentage of bioceramic sealer penetration and maximum penetration sealer depending on the fluorescent staining method when evaluated with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). In total, 42 single-rooted premolars were instrumented. Two groups of 20 teeth each were filled using the single cone technique. TotalFill BC Sealer® mixed with Rhodamine B was used for the first group and TotalFill BC Sealer® mixed with Fluo-3 for the second group. Two teeth made up the control group. All teeth were sectioned at 3 and 6 mm from the apex and were analyzed with CLSM. The canal perimeter where the tubular penetration happened and the maximum penetration of each sample were calculated. There were no significant differences between the two groups in either the apical or medial sections. In terms of maximum penetration, Rhodamine B had greater tubular penetration in the apical sections, and it had similar results to Fluo-3 in the medial sections. TotalFill BC Sealer® has a higher tubular penetration in the medial slices than in the apical slices regardless of the fluorescent stain used. Rhodamine B has higher results than Fluo-3 in terms of the percentage of sealer penetration and maximum penetration.

Reliability of sealer penetration measurement methods and assessment of dentine penetrability after endodontic retreatment: A correlation invitro study.

This study evaluated the reliability of sealer penetration measurement methods used with confocal laser scanning microscopy in correlation with the percentage of residual root filling and examined the effect of residual root-filling material on dentine penetrability after retreatment. Extracted teeth were randomly divided into different groups according to the obturation sealer used (n = 6); BioRoot RCS; MTA Fillapex; Bio-C and AH Plus. Root-filling material was removed before the secondary chemo-mechanical preparation and obturation using fluorescein labelled AH Plus. Multiple micro-computed tomography scans were obtained followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy to measure the penetration of the labelled sealer into the dentinal tubules using four different methods. Measuring sealer penetration into radicular dentine using the penetration percentage method was found to be the most reliable. Dentine penetrability during retreatment did not seem to be affected by the type of residual root-filling material.

Osmotic absorption behaviors of imidazolium ILs in digestive system and their effective removal way

Considering the controversial safety and risk solutions of ionic liquids (ILs), more essential basic researches are required as their applied fields become broader and applied scale grows larger. Under this background, the permeation behaviors of six common imidazole ILs on porcine gastric and enteric membranes together with the feasibility of their removal by adsorption with montmorillonite were investigated in vitro. Through the single-factor investigation of different cations, anions and ionic liquid concentrations, the current results show that the IL of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Emim]Br) has the strongest permeation capacity on the gastric membrane during the tests. The cumulative permeation amount of Qn can reach 0.72 mg/cm2, and the cumulative permeation percentage alsoreaches 95.77 %; the whole permeation process conforms to the Hixcon-Crowell model. As comparison, the maximum cumulative penetration percentage of [Emim]Br on enteric member was determined as 89.11 %, and related models was also compared. In order to remove the potential IL in digestive tract, montmorillonite was screened out from those popularily used antidotes in clinic and the adsorption of [Emim]Br in gastric fluid by montmorillonite has been proved more consistent with the second-order kinetics and Langmuir model. The results of molecular simulation, infrared spectrum (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric (TG) characterization exhibit that [Emim]Br has been successfully adsorbed into the interlayer of montmorillonite. As a whole, the study provided a scientific and effective way to diminish the hidden danger of ionic liquid entering the blood through the digestive system.

Assessing power profile characteristics in solar PV-storage integrated electricity markets: A quantitative study

Integrating solar PV inverters and storage devices into the modern power grid generates multiple power profiles with varying magnitudes. The intermittent nature of PV necessitates installing storage devices to reduce unit commitment challenges and accommodate reserve power. This paper proposes various operational factors to determine the boundaries for individual and aggregated power profiles within a cluster of PV systems and storage units. The study utilizes dispatchability and operating reserve factors (primary and secondary) during storage discharge mode to extract dispatchable power and primary and secondary reserve power. Similarly, storage arbitrage and non-dispatchability factors extract arbitrage, non-dispatchable, and a portion of supplemental or tertiary reserve power during storage charging mode. An optimization model leveraging mixed-integer linear programming is formulated to minimize operational expenditures considering these hybrid PV-storage power profiles. Extrapolated electricity market rates for hybrid power profiles are projected using the prevailing prices of photovoltaic (PV) systems and storage technologies. This paper utilizes the proposed aggregated operational factors as constraints while extracting these power profiles for a cluster of PV-storages. The efficacy of the proposed optimization framework is tested on a modified IEEE 34-bus system by adding 10 PV-storage devices on 10 buses. The final quantitative values correspond to the percent penetration and arbitrage of these power profiles.

The effect of different irrigation activation methods on the penetration of the irrigation solution into the dentinal tubules in teeth with calcium hydroxide applied and oval-shaped canals: Confocal laser scanning microscope analysis.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different irrigation techniques including standard needle irrigation (SNI), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), EndoActivator (EA), XP-Endo Finisher (XPF), photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS), and shock wave enhanced emission photo-acoustic streaming (SWEEPS) systems on the penetration of irrigation solutions into dentinal tubules in teeth with calcium hydroxide (CH) applied and oval-shaped canals by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Ninety mandibular incisor teeth with oval-shaped canals were included in this study. After the preparation of teeth using Resiproc Blue R25 (VDW, Munich, Germany) canals were filled with a paste based on CH. The teeth were stored in 100% humidity at a temperature of 37°C for 14 days. According to the irrigation activation systems, the teeth were divided into six groups (n = 15); SNI, PUI, EA, XPF, PIPS, and SWEEPS. In each group, 3 irrigation/activation cycles of 20 s of irrigation and 20 s of activation were performed with the relevant activation method. The root canals were filled with fluorescein sodium (Sigma, Alldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) and activated with the relevant activation method for 30 s. Specimens were sectioned horizontally to 1 ± 0.1 mm at 2, 5, and 8 mm from the apex and then examined under the CLSM. Maximum penetration depth, maximum penetration area and penetration percentage were measured by using Image J software. Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and posthoc Tukey tests (p = .05). No difference was found between the activation systems in terms of maximum penetration depth and maximum penetration area of irrigation solutions in the apical section (p > .05). The penetration percentage of irrigation solutions was higher in PUI and PIPS compared with EA and XPF at the apical section (p < .05). No difference was found between SNI, PUI, PIPS, and SWEEPS in terms of the penetration percentage of irrigation solutions in all sections (p > .05). The penetration percentage of irrigation solutions was higher in the middle and coronal sections compared to the apical section in EA and XPF (p < .05). Tubule penetration of irrigation solutions in SNI was similar between sections. The Tubule penetration area of irrigation solutions in PUI, EA, XPF, PIPS, and SWEEPS was lower in the apical section than in the middle and coronal sections. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The tubule penetration depth and area of the irrigation solutions were similar between the activation systems tested in the apical sections. The Tubule penetration area of irrigation solutions in middle and coronal sections was higher in PUI and PIPS than in SNI.

Influence of different pre-treatments on the resin infiltration depth into enamel of teeth affected by molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH)

ObjectivesThis in vitro pilot study aimed to evaluate whether different pre-treatments (demineralization, deproteinization, (chemo-)mechanical reduction of the surface layer) influence the penetration depth of a resin infiltrant into MIH-affected enamel compared to initial carious lesions. MethodsThirty extracted human permanent molars with non-cavitated initial carious lesions (n = 5) or MIH (n = 25) were chosen and randomly assigned to six experimental groups: IC: initial caries; M: MIH; MN: MIH, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite; MM: MIH, microabrasion; MA: MIH, air abrasion; MAN: MIH, air abrasion and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. A modified indirect dual fluorescence staining method was adopted to assess the penetration depth (PD) of the resin infiltrant and the lesion depth (LD) by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Exemplarily, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images were captured. The relationship between group assignment and penetration/lesion depth was estimated using a linear mixed model incorporating the tooth as random effect (two observations/tooth). The significance level was set at p < 0.05. ResultsFor MIH-affected molars, the mean PD (in µm; median, [minimum-maximum]) were M (178.2 [32.5–748.9]), MN (275.6 [105.3–1131.0]), MM (48.7 [0.0–334.4]), MA (287.7 [239.4–491.7]), and MAN (245.4 [76.1–313.5]). Despite the observed differences in PD between the groups, these could not be statistically verified (Bonferroni, p = 0.322). The percentage penetration was significantly higher for IC than for MIH groups (Bonferroni, p < 0.05). SignificanceCompared to IC, resin infiltration into MIH-affected enamel ist more variable. Different pre-treatments influence the resin penetration into developmentally hypomineralized enamel to a fluctuating level.

Assessment of different irrigation techniques on the penetration depth of different sealers into dentinal tubules by confocal laser scanning microscope: An in vitro comparative study.

The effective disinfection of the entire root canal system aids in the penetration of irrigants into the dentinal tubules further improving sealer penetration and achieving a three-dimensional seal in endodontically treated teeth. Various final irrigation techniques can be employed to achieve this goal. Therefore, this study intended to assess and compare the efficacy of three final irrigation techniques on the depth of penetration of two root canal sealers into dentinal tubules using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Forty-eight single-rooted mandibular premolars were selected and decoronated to a length of 12 mm. All the samples were prepared using ProTaper Gold rotary files and divided into three groups: Group 1 - Conventional syringe irrigation (CSI), Group 2 - passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and Group 3 - Pro-agitator tip system (PATS). Each group was divided into two subgroups: Subgroup A - AH Plus and Subgroup B - GuttaFlow Bioseal (GFB). Then, sealers were mixed with 0.1% rhodamine B dye and the samples were obturated. All the samples were sectioned at 2 mm and 5 mm from the apex and visualized under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) (10×) for maximum mean penetration depth and percentage of sealer penetration. Statistical analysis was done using the independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance test, followed by Tukey's Post hoc analysis. PUI performed better in the apical third, whereas PUI and PATS showed comparable results in the middle third for both depth and percentage of sealer penetration. Among the two sealers, GFB performed better than AH Plus in both the apical and middle third. These values were statistically significant. (P < 0.05). Final irrigation activation with PUI or PATS can significantly improve sealer penetration. The average depth of penetration of GFB both at the middle and apical third of the root was significantly superior to AH Plus.

An in vitro evaluation of Icon resin infiltrant penetration into demineralized enamel lesions using an indirect staining technique with confocal laser scanning microscope analysis in dual fluorescence mode.

White spot lesion is the first clinical sign of a caries lesion and represents mineral loss from the enamel subsurface. The aim of this study was to evaluate the penetration depth (PD) of Icon resin infiltrant into artificially demineralized enamel lesions using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) analysis in dual fluorescence mode. The design of the study was an in vitro study. 22 extracted human permanent maxillary central incisor teeth were collected, and enamel sections were obtained from the coronal middle third. All enamel specimens were exposed to demineralization and remineralization solutions for 14 days. On positive confirmation of enamel demineralization by scanning electron microscope analysis, 20 specimens were then subjected to Icon resin infiltration following manufacturer instructions. Specimens were processed with indirect staining technique using rhodamine B and sodium fluorescein dyes and examined under CLSM at ×10 magnification in dual fluorescence mode using ImageJ software to evaluate PD of resin infiltrant into demineralized enamel lesions. Obtained data were analyzed using an independent t-test. P ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. The maximum depth of demineralized enamel lesion was 590 μm, and the mean depth was 290.78 ± 14.80 μm. The maximum depth of resin infiltrant penetration was 580 μm, and the mean depth was 279.08 ± 13.88 μm; P = 0.006. The percentage penetration of resin infiltrant was 95.99%. Icon resin infiltrant was highly effective in its depth of penetration into demineralized enamel lesions. The use of indirect staining and CLSM analysis in dual fluorescence mode is more reliable and accurate technique to evaluate the PD of resin infiltrant.

Pengaruh Penetrasi, Densitas Asuransi Non Jiwa dan Non-Performing Loan Perbankan terhadap Pertumbuhan Perekonomian Indonesia

Referring to Swiss-RE data for 2020-2021, from the percentage of Non-Life Insurance Penetration and Density, the value of Non-Life Insurance Penetration and Density in Indonesia is still relatively small. This study focuses on the effect of Non-Life Insurance Penetration and Density variables on Non-Performing Loans (NPL) and GDP Growth. The scope of research is on OECD countries and Indonesia, which represent developing countries using the Granger Causality Cause method. The results show that in countries with good economic levels, such as OECD countries, Non-Life Insurance Penetration and Density do not occur two-way causality on Non-Performing Loan and GDP Growth. However, a two-way causality relationship occurs in Indonesia due to geological factors and people's risk behaviour.

(235) False Negative Penile Duplex Sonography: Results of Cavernovenous Leakage Surgery in 41 Patients with Normal End-Diastolic Velocity. The Need for Venous Leak Hemodynamic Criteria Re-Evaluation?

Abstract Introduction In cavernovenous leakage (CVL), blood entering corpora cavernosa escapes too early due to abnormal venous network, for erections to develop or maintain. CVL diagnosis relies on persisting blood flow velocity in cavernosal arteries at the end of diastole (EDV), with a consensus 5 cm/s cut-off value at pharmacologically-challenged penile duplex sonography (PC-PDS). Objective We present clinical, hemodynamic characteristics, and response to surgery of 41 patients with severe ED resistant to PDE5Is, with EDV5 cm/s at PC-PDS, considered non pathologic, but with CVLs identified by gold standard pharmacologically-challenged penile CT-cavernography. Methods Prospectively collected data from 41 consecutive patients with ED resistant to PDE5Is, with cavernosal artery EDV5 cm/s (Group A), were compared to data from 130 patients with EDV&amp;gt;5 cm/s (Group B). CVLs in Group A were detected by PC-PDS on deep dorsal vein or penile superficial veins after intracavenosal injection of Prostaglandin E1 plus Papaverine. All patients had refused a penile implant and underwent CVL intervention consisting in open surgery and embolization during the same procedure. Inter-group comparison used a T-test of means, pre- and post-operative data comparison a paired t-test. Results Patients in Group A were younger than in Group B (mean age 38.2±14.0 and 45.9±11.6 years, respectively, p&amp;lt;.0022). Pharmacologic Erection Hardness Score (EHS) was higher (2.9±.7 vs. 2.4±.6, p&amp;lt;.0001), EDV velocity was less (1.6±2.2 vs. 15.1±2.2 cm/s, p&amp;lt;.0001) in Group A than B, respectively. Pre-operative IIEF5 score was higher in Group A than in B (13.3±5.3 and 9.4±4.8, respectively, p&amp;lt;.0181). Other pre-operative erection parameters were otherwise similar in the two groups (morning erection EHS and frequency, masturbation and sexual intercourse EHS, percentage of successful penetration (p&amp;lt;.498, .543, .682, .510, .289, respectively). Patients in Group A and B responded similarly to surgery, with a similar pharmacologic EHS increase at systematic three-month post-operative PC-PDS (0.77±.94 vs. .81±.67, p&amp;lt;.80). Mixing Group A and B 171 patients, at the end of the 29.8±20.4-month follow-up, a significant improvement on all clinical parameters was observed: IIEF-5 score had increased from 9.7±5.1 to 15.5±6.0 (p&amp;lt;.0001), clinical EHS during sexual intercourse from 2.0±.7 to 3.3±.7 (p&amp;lt;.0001), penetration success rate from 22.3±31.7 to 70.1±37.2% (p&amp;lt;.0001), mean EHS during masturbation from 2.11±.67 to 3.04±.75 (p&amp;lt;.0001), morning erection EHS from .95±1.24 to 2.12±1.37 (p&amp;lt;.0001), before and after surgery, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between Group A and B regarding all these parameters, demonstrating similar clinical responses to surgery. Conclusions Patients with EDV5 cm/s may have CVL evidenced by PC-PDS flow analysis directly on veins, and gold standard PC-PCTC. Their erection disability is severe. They respond well to combined open and embolization surgery, a confirmation that they suffer CVL. EDV criterium misses CVL in as much as one patient out of four with actual CVL in our series. Since false negative diagnosis has severe, life-long, patient and partner implications, hemodynamic criteria for CVL diagnosis should be debated in the field of sexual medicine. Disclosure No.

Efficacy of Different Irrigation Activation Techniques on Dentinal Tubule Penetration of the Novel AH-Plus Bioceramic Sealer

This study aimed to assess the penetration of AH-Plus (AHP) and AH-Plus Bioceramic (AHPB) sealers into dentinal tubules subsequent to different irrigation activation protocols. One hundred fifty teeth were divided into five groups according to the final irrigation protocol: conventional syringe irrigation (CSI), EndoActivator (EA), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), Er,Cr:YSGG laser, and SWEEPS. Then, the teeth were divided into two subgroups (n = 15) according to the canal sealer type. The maximum penetration depth (MPD) point and percentage of the sealer were evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Then, the data were statistically analyzed. The highest MPD values were observed in the SWEEPS groups, while the lowest value was in the CSI groups. Considering the effect of the sealer type and irrigation protocol interaction, there was a significant difference between the Er,Cr:YSGG laser, and EA groups for the AHPB sealer (p &lt; 0.05), while it was insignificant for the AHP sealer (p &gt; 0.05). The AHP and AHPB sealers statistically presented similar penetration properties. Laser-activated irrigation presented a higher sealer penetration compared to the other techniques.

Comparison of Easydo Activator, ultrasonic and needle irrigation techniques on sealer penetration and smear layer removal in vitro

The effects of Easydo Activator (EA), a new sonic irrigation system, on sealer penetration at the root apex were compared to needle irrigation (NI) and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) in this study. Forty-two single-rooted teeth were prepared and randomly divided into three groups (n = 14): group 1: NI; group 2: PUI; and group 3: EA. A solution of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was used for irrigation. Nine teeth in each group were filled with AH Plus sealer mixed with CY5 fluorescent dye and a single gutta-percha cone. The sealer penetration area, maximum penetration depth and percentage of sealer penetration at 5 mm and 1 mm from the apex were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The remaining 5 teeth in each group were subjected to test smear layer scores by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The CLSM evaluation showed that increases in the area, depth and percentage of sealer penetration were detected at 1 and 5 mm from the root apex in the PUI group compared with the NI group, and greater increases were observed in the EA group (P < 0.05). The SEM experiment showed that the lowest scores for the smear layer and debris removal were achieved by the EA group when compared with the PUI and NI groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, EA was superior to PUI and NI regarding sealer penetration at the root apex during endodontic treatment, and it could provide a new technical idea for clinical root canal therapy.