Percentage Of Wool Research Articles

Breeding biology of the Cyprus Coal Tit (Periparus ater cypriotes) in the coniferous Paphos Forest, Cyprus, over a 9-year period

We studied the breeding biology of the endemic Cyprus Coal Tit (Periparus ater cypriotes) using artificial nest boxes in a coniferous forest from March through May 2010 to 2018. In total, 202 breeding pairs utilized the nest boxes, with a mean number of 22.2 pairs per year. The highest number of nests was observed in 2017, with 38 occupied nest boxes, reflecting a significant fivefold increase compared to 8 occupied nest boxes in 2011. Breeding attempts were not affected by temperature or precipitation prior to and during the breeding period. Average clutch size was 6.2±1.2 eggs and average brood size 6.1±1.2 young. Additionally, 51 pairs of Great Tit (Parus major aphrodite) bred in the nest boxes with a mean number of 5.7±1.66 pairs per year. Nest composition of the two species was similar, although Cyprus Coal Tits built heavier nests, composed of double the percentage of wool and feathers (60%) compared to Great Tits (33%).

Selection of Handloom Fabrics Based on Thermo-Physiological Characteristics Using Multi - Attributes Decision Making Algorithm

ABSTRACT Dissolution of one component from multi-component yarn by suitable chemical treatment brought a significant change in structure that ultimately enhance the performance in terms of thermo-physiological behavior of fabrics. In this study, attempt has been made to develop a ranking of handloom fabric quality, which can be used for selecting fabrics based on thermo-physiological characteristics like thermal resistance, air permeability, water vapor permeability, compressibility, drying capacity, and bending rigidity. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution Method (TOPSIS) and Grey Relational Analysis Method (GRA) has been used for ranking 48 handloom samples (before and after treatment) made up of same warp yarn and different filling (for both machine and hand spun) prepared according to mixture design from different percentages of wool, polyester and poly vinyl alcohol (PVA). Ranking results obtained through TOPSIS and GRA show that after treatment of handloom fabric made up of hand spun yarn having less percentage of wool as a weft can be used in place of treated handloom fabric having machine spun yarn with higher percentage of wool. Results also indicate that dissolution of PVA component improves ranking in both fabrics either having machine spun or hand spun yarns as a weft.

Optimization of thermo - physiological properties of structurally modified wool/polyester blended fabrics using desirability function

The thermo-physiological properties of handloom fabrics produced with or without modified wool/polyester yarns in the weft has been studied. Yarn samples at different blend compositions are prepared according to mixture design at a different percentage of fibres using design expert software. The effect of percentage of different fibres, namely polyester, wool and PVA, on different thermo-physiological properties along with fabric properties obtained for different fibres after the dissolution of PVA component at yarn stage or fabric stage have also been studied. This paper also reports the potential of different fibres optimization to achieve maximum desirability for different thermo-physiological properties of treated (at yarn stage and fabric stage) and untreated fabrics with the help of desirability function. Treated fabrics at both stages show better thermo-physiological comfort properties as compared to untreated fabrics. In general, after dissolution of the PVA component both at the yarn stage or at the fabric stage, the treated fabric gives a higher value of thermal resistance, compressibility, drying capacity and water vapour permeability, while a lower value of air permeability and bending rigidity in comparison with untreated fabrics. Results of optimization for treated (at yarn stage and fabric stage) fabrics show higher overall desirability that can be achieved by using less percentage of wool fibres in case of treated fabrics (either at yarn stage or fabric stage).

Transient behavior of non-toxic natural and hybrid multi-layer desiccant composite materials for water extraction from atmospheric air.

Producing clean water via renewable solar energy and available low-cost natural resources is one of paramount issues for the near future sustainable cleaner production theme to promote civilization. This work investigates the transient behavior of a solar-driven clean water extraction system from air by various desiccant natural and hybrid composite materials. Different single composite desiccant materials, hybrid single composite desiccant material, and hybrid multi-layers composite desiccant materials were examined using an efficient design of a solar glass box with four glass faces and square base setup. Nine different single composite desiccant materials were compared for water production from atmospheric air considering jute, wool, cotton, and maize starch host materials. The effect of CaCl2 solution concentration on the hybridization of such materials was also investigated to examine and optimize their water productivity efficiency. Thirteen hybrid multi-layer starch-based composite desiccant material types were utilized. Different layer combinations and weight percentages of hybrid composite desiccant materials were optimized based on the performance in the single hybrid composites stages including wool/CaCl2/starch, jute/CaCl2/starch, and cotton/CaCl2/starch. Results have indicated that the transient behavior of water productivity of composite desiccants increased as the wool percentage by mass in the composite has been increased. The transient behavior of water productivity of both single and hybrid multi-layer composites reached its maximum at 1:00 o'clock PM. The quality of extracted water was analyzed using total dissolved solids (TDS) test and found to be within the excellent category of clean water suitable for human being. Water generated from the samples that contain only natural fibers and starch was the cleaner and non-toxic.

Feather waste as a thermal insulation solution: Treatment, elaboration and characterization

The adoption of sustainable behaviors in terms of reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions leads us to search for green, biodegradable, renewable and abundantly available materials. Chicken feather waste is an abundant by-product and its valuation offers a potential solution to these problems. The aim of this work is to improve energy efficiency in construction by developing new insulation materials based on feather waste. Feathers are hazardous, odiferous waste and unfit for direct valorization. It was necessary to carry out different treatments (ethanol, acetone, sodium dodecyl sulfate, hydrogen peroxide and conventional detergents) in order to evaluate their effectiveness in eliminating various foreign bodies resulting from the slaughter, storage or transport of these wastes, also their effects on the physicochemical properties of these residues. The second part of this work is devoted to the development and characterization of new insulation materials, which answers to the energy efficiency regulations in the building in the form of needle-punched nonwoven. The results of the treatments showed efficacy at concentrations between 1 and 2%, but the best results were attributed to treatment with the detergent imopon DPL-V and sodium dodecyl sulfate with no significant differences in structure and the chemical composition; this finding was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The treated fibers were then separated from the rachis manually and inserted into the industrial manufacturing line, with different percentage of wool and cotton waste have been added. Six samples have been developed and characterized in terms of physical and thermal properties. The developed samples have a competitive characteristic in terms of thermal conductivity with values between 0.0313 and 0.04465 W/(m.K). Thus, these insulators will provide an alternative solution for building insulation and environmentally friendly materials.

Proposed Cone Calorimeter for Woven Carpet

It is necessary to achieve the best specifications in carpets that provide safety to human health in establishments and buildings. This can be achieved by reducing the emissions of toxic gases from combustion via controlling the carpets composition. This research presents a study on carpets behavior when burning samples with different mixing specifications to determine the combustion products by conducting a test using cone Calorimeter to determine the effect of different structures of the carpet on combustion products. The study includes the effect of both the quality of the material used and their different densities and thicknesses. The research provides an analysis of carpet combustion products from different emissions, such as the amount of carbon monoxide CO, the amount of carbon dioxide CO2, smoke density, heat of combustion, and the heat released rate. It is clear that the rate of heat released is uneven in samples with different percentages of mixing. The samples with higher mixing percentage of synthetic fibers give lower temperature while the samples with higher wool percentage give higher temperature. The temperature of combustion increases gradually with the increase of the percentage of wool while the density of the smoke decreases which achieves the required safety of carpets. In addition to this, the research proves the increase of both CO and CO2 as the percentage of synthetic fibers in products which confirms the necessity to avoid the adverse effects of these emissions on human health.

Study of some physical wool characterization in Arabi ewes in Erbil Governorate

This study was carried out at Private flock in Murtkah District - Erbil Governorate. Samples of wool were taken from mid-side of 72 Arabi ewes during May, 2017. to study the effect of ewes age and the sex of the lambs on the physical wool characteristics The overall means of raw fleece weight, clean fleece, fiber diameter, crimps, staple length and fiber length were 1653.75 g, 79.06%, 28.24 micron, 1.33 cm, 9.36 cm and 16.03 cm respectively. The percentages of the fibers of each of Fine, Coarse and Kemp were 52.42, 38.89 and 8.68% respectively. and S/P ratio 1.27. Age of ewe effects appeared to be significant on raw fleece weight and coarse fiber (p ≤ 0.05), also on fine fiber and (S/P) ratio (p ≤ 0.01) only, while the effects of sex of lamb were non-significant on all physical wool properties except the percentage of kemp fiber (p ≤ 0.05). Although the maximum R-square increased very little gradually in the equation to predict fleece weight depending on body weight and dimensions, the simplest equation includes body weight could be considered the most significant (P<0.01) and more reliable than others to predict fleece weight (The equation is: fleece weight = 353.41 + 31.84 (body weight). The multiple regression equations were calculated to predict clean wool percentage, staple length, fiber length, crimps, fine fiber percentage, coarse fiber percentage, and S/P ratio from fleece weight, body weight and dimensions and the maximum R-square for all characteristics were very small. Fiber diameter could be predicted using the formula of multiple regression includes body weight and length and chest depth according to the maximum R-square (P<0.01). While Kemp fiber percentage could be predicted using the formula includes body weight, fleece weight and Shoulder height. Only the simple regression equation of Fleece weight on body weight was significant (P<0.01) with R-square (0.19). The correlation coefficient was done among all studied characteristics and ranged between -0.69 (p<0.01) (between fine fiber and coarse fibers) and 0.94 (p<0.01) (between fine fiber and S/P ratio). It was concluded that wool properties of Arabi sheep were not at standard level especially in both fine and Kemp properties and need to be improved

Thermal inertia and thermal properties of the composite material clay–wool

Developing ecological insulation of unfired building materials will not only reduce energy consumption of bill houses but will assure also sustainability, especially for Bensmim region which is a poor area, cold and the main activity of its inhabitant is the elevation of sheep, so the wool is a very abundant and affordable material. For this purpose, a series of experimental studies were performed on the composite clay–wool in different percentage of wool. The first step in this work is the physic-chemical characterization of clay using the fluorescence X method. The second step is the thermal characterization of clay alone and the composite clay–wool using the asymmetrical hot plate and flash methods. The third step in the work is the verification of thermal conductivity using different theoretical models. The fourth step in this work is the study of thermal Inertia of different wall's thickness of the materials: clay, clay–3%wool and clay–5%wool. By asserting all of the depth of heat flow diffusion, the delay of temperatures, the delay of heat flow density and the damping factor for different wall's thickness for the three materials. The obtained results indicate that those developed composites show off interesting characteristics in term of insulation and thermal Inertia. Those results attend above 11h of delay on (temperature, heat flow density), 0.27 of damping factor and 0.19Wm−1k−1 of thermal conductivity. Also, a comparison of heating energy need was conducted to a whole building model demonstrating that the composite clay–wool presents the best energy efficiency of envelope building.

Preparation of a novel recyclable cocatalyst wool–Pd for enhancement of photocatalytic H2 evolution on CdS

In recent years, the research of photocatalyst splitting of water to hydrogen by using semiconductor has been developed rapidly. CdS are attractive photocatalytic materials for the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy under visible-light irradiation. In this paper, a kind of recyclable cocatalyst that the wool supported palladium cocatalyst was synthetized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) studies and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The optimal weight percentage of wool–Pd was found to be 3.0 wt %, which resulted in a high visible-light photocatalytic average H2-production rate of 1555 μ mol/h. It showed that the recycled cocatalyst wool–Pd could improve the efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen production because of introducing oxidation cocatalyst PdS and reduction cocatalyst Pd. This study indicated that the prepared recyclable cocatalyst wool–Pd not only could improve the efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen production, but also eco-friendly and recyclable.

Seasonal Hair Follicle Cycle of Camelus dromedarius

This experiment was conducted to identify the annual changes in hair follicle activity, changes at the follicular level and to characterize some of the fibre-follicle characteristics of camels at different ages. A total of 28 camels were allocated at random on the basis of age to one of four groups (2, 4, 6 and older than 8 years). All groups of camels were fed a maintenance level of ration throughout the experiment. To determine hair follicle cycle and other follicle characteristics samples of skin were taken using a trephine from the right midside of animals at approximately 28 day intervals for a period of 12 months. Using a small hand clipper, 15 g of fibre sample was taken from the left midside region to determine fibre characteristics. Analysis of variance was performed using a one-way SAS package and the means and the standard deviations of means were generated with this program. Mean S/P ratio, primary and secondary and total follicle densities of all groups of camels were 6.85 +/- 0.75, 3.76 +/- 0.63, 22.29 +/- 3.57 and 25.33 +/- 3.85, respectively. Mean fibre diameter, percentage of medullated and non-medullated fibre and clean wool percentage of all groups were 18.98 +/- 1.64, 18.10 +/- 1.65, 81.89 +/- 6.98 and 77.58 +/- 4.58, respectively. Mean percentage of active primary follicles significantly (p < 0.05) decreased to lowest in February to a minimum of 83.1%, then significantly (p < 0.05) increased over spring. Secondary follicle activity decreased over winter and spring to a minimum of 60% in February.

An Experimental Study of the Needled Nonwoven Process

This part of the series deals with the measurement of fiber damage caused by needle punching. A critical step in the experimental determination of fiber damage is to unravel fibers from needled nonwoven fabrics. This is achieved by using a feed web containing water-soluble fibers and a small percentage of wool. After needling, the fabric is put in hot water to dissolve the water-soluble fibers, leaving unconnected loose wool fibers. Damage due to needling may be in two forms, complete fiber breakage and fiber weakening. Fiber breakage is measured in terms of fiber length reduction, while fiber weakening is measured in terms of the reduction of fiber bundle strength. Needle-loom and feed web conditions, such as needling density, depth of needle penetration, needle design, web thickness, and methods of feeding the web to the needle loom, are investigated for their influence on fiber damage.

The accumulative effect of Finnsheep breeding in crossbreeding schemes

Finnsheep (F) was used in a crossbreeding project to improve overall productivity of the DLS breed. Productive and reproductive traits of seven crossbred combinations ranging from 1/8F to 7/8F breeding were compared to those of the two parental breeds. Suffolk rams were used to mate all ewes (361) for five parturitions (1312 records). Ovulation rate (OR) and litter size (LS) at birth for all the groups increased progressively as F breeding increased. The 4/8F ewes weaned the heaviest litters. Percentage of ova lost per ewe mated ranged from 18 % to 29 %. Preweaning mortality rate was highest in F ewes. Total kg of lambs weaned per ewe exposed was highest in 4/8F followed by F whereas that of DLS was lowest. The 4/8F exhibited 25 % heterosis (H) in kg of lambs weaned per ewe exposed. The linear regressions of OR (b = .24), of LS at birth (b = .14) and at weaning (b = .08) on proportion of F breeding in crosses were significant. The regressions were quadratic for percent ova lost and lamb mortality at weaning. The crosses showed positive H in grease fleece weight (GFW), the highest being expressed by the 4/8F and 5/8F crosses. Significant linear relationships were observed between F breeding and GFW (2nd shearing), fiber thickness and variability in both fiber length and fiber thickness, whereas the relationships of F breeding with GFW (3rd and later shearings), clean wool percentage and fiber length were quadratic. Most of the crosses exhibited positive H particularly in clean wool percentage and in staple and fiber length. H was often highest in the 4/8F cross. Genetic group of dam had a significant effect on age at slaughter, leg, loin and kidney fat as a percent of the carcass, lean, fat and bone percent of the 12th rib and fat thickness over loin-eye muscle. A significant linear relationship existed between most of these carcass measurements and the proportion of F breeding in the lambs’ dam.

THE ACCUMULATIVE EFFECT OF FINNSHEEP BREEDING IN CROSSBREEDING SCHEMES: WOOL PRODUCTION AND FLEECE CHARACTERISTICS

Wool fibers grown on 2 cm2 of skin were removed from the shoulder region of 273 female yearlings born at La Pocatiere Experimental Farm over a period of 3 yr. The yearlings represented nine genetic groups, Finnsheep, DLS (a population of 1/2 Dorset, 1/4 Leicester, 1/4 Suffolk) and seven combinations ranging from 1/8 to 7/8 Finnsheep breeding. The traits studied were staple length, fiber density, clean wool percentage, fiber length and thickness and their variability. Grease fleece weight (GFW) was recorded at first shearing on the 273 yearlings and on an additional 90 female yearlings. GFW was subsequently recorded at yearly intervals up to the 5th shearing. GFW of Finnsheep (F) was 2.3 kg for yearlings and averaged 2.0 kg for older ewes compared to 2.3 and 2.8 kg for the DLS, respectively. The crosses showed positive deviations from the expected means of their parental breeds, the highest was expressed in the [Formula: see text] and 5/8F crosses, GFW exceeded in many crosses that of the better parental breed. The relationship between GFW and the proportion of Finnsheep in the genetic group was linear in second shearing and curvilinear for later shearings. Significant linear relations were also observed in fiber thickness and variability in both fiber length and fiber thickness, whereas significant curvilinear relations were observed in clean wool percentage and fiber length. Compared to DLS, Finnsheep had a higher fiber density (1950 vs. 1551 cm−2), fibers were longer (19.1 vs. 15.8 cm) more variable in length (SD = 4.66 vs. 2.96 cm), finer (20.5 vs. 25.5 μm, and uniform in fiber thickness (SD = 4.8 vs. 5.9 μm), these differences being statistically significant. Most of the crosses exhibited positive heterosis particularly in clean wool percentage, staple and fiber length. The highest heterosis was often manifested in the [Formula: see text] cross. Key words: Wool production, fleece characteristics, crossbreeding, heterosis, Finnsheep, DLS sheep

Durable-Press, Wool/Cotton Blend, Double-Knitted Fabrics hrink-Resisted with Ozone

Treatment with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) reduces shrinkage in 70 30 and 50 50 wool cotton blend fabrics (a 74% reduction occurs in the latter), but an ozone pretreatment is necessary to confer an accetal le degree of shrink resistance to these fabrics. Ozone treatment of 100% cotton does not affect its laundering shrinkage, and the shrinkage resistance imparted to this fabric by DMDHEU is not altered by ozone pre or post treatment. Ozone treatment alone improves the durable-press (DP) properties of all fabrics, but creases are poor and fuzziness is high in all but the 100% cotton fabrics. DP properties are not improved by DMDHEU treatment alone in 100% wool fabric, but they are slightly improved in the 70/30 wool cotton, somewhat improved in the 50 50 wool cotton, and markedly improved with the 100% cotton fabric. With the 70/30 and 50/50 wool cotton fabrics there is marked improvement if the ozone and DMDHEU treatments are combined. Some improvement also occurs with 100% cotton. Ozone in creases the strength of 100% wool fabric and decreases the strength of DMDHEU treated 100% cotton. However, ozone does not significantly alter the strength of 100% cotton. However, ozone does not significantly alter the strength of 100% cotton (except with a long 150 s treatment) or the blend fabrics, whether or not they were treated with DMDHEU. Ozone increases the total reflectance (brightness) of fabrics increasingly with increased cotton content. DMDHEU increases the yellowness of the wool and wool blend fabrics due to HCHO release; the larger the percentage of wool in the blend, the greater the amount'of yellowing. The copper number of ozonated 100% cotton is 1.5, implying fission of some of the glucosidic inkages. Photomicrographs of the surface of ozone treated cotton fibers and Congo Red-stained fiber sections show that ozone reacts primarily at the fiber surface.

Wool characteristics of Iraqi Awassi sheep

The physical wool characteristics of 268 Iraqi Awassi ewes were studied in 1963, as well as the relationship between some of these traits. The overall average grease fleece weight, clean wool percentage, staple length, fibre length, fibre diameter and degree of crimp were 3·77 lb., 84·85%, 16·47 cm., 17·37 cm., 33·32/t and 4·18 crimps per 2 cm. respectively. These attributes class the Awassi wool as a carpet wool.Age proved to have no significant effect on any ofthe traits examined. Significant positive correlations were found between grease fleece weight and fibre length and between number of crimps and fibre diameter, while a significant negative correlation was found between clean wool percentage and fibre length.