Percentage Of Water Content Research Articles

Design of Measurement of Water Content with Capacity Method to Determine Old Categories to Save Tapioca Flour

In this study, water content measurements were carried out using a physical method using a capacitive sensor. Measurement with these two methods aims to get the most efficient method for tapioca flour's water content value. The samples used were six samples of tapioca flour from the way good factory. Each sample was measured using a thermogravimetric method and a capacitive sensor measuring instrument three times per sample. The measurement results produce a polynomial graph with a coefficient of determination of 0.9702. The graph shows that the higher the water content, the higher the value detected by the capacitive sensor. The thermogravimetric method used as a reference takes 6 hours to get results, and the physical method takes less than one minute. To compare measurements, measurements were made using the thermogravimetric method to measure the percentage of water content in tapioca flour. This study indicates that the physical measurement method with a capacitive sensor instrument requires a shorter time than the thermogravimetric method. And the higher the water content, the shorter the storage time.

Development and Characterizations of Pullulan and Maltodextrin-Based Oral Fast-Dissolving Films Employing a Box-Behnken Experimental Design.

Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by severe headaches, visual aversions, auditory, and olfactory disorders, accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Zolmitriptan (ZMT®) is a potent 5HT1B/1D serotonin receptor agonist frequently used for the treatment of migraine. It has erratic absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), but its oral bioavailability is low (40–45%) due to the hepatic metabolism. This makes it an ideal candidate for oral fast dissolving formulations. Hence, the current study was undertaken to design and develop oral fast-dissolving films (OFDFs) containing ZMT for migraine treatment. The OFDFs were formulated by the solvent casting method (SCM) using Pullulan (PU) and maltodextrin (MDX) as film-forming agents and propylene glycol (PG) as a plasticizer. The strategy was designed using Box–Behnken experimental design considering the proportion of PU:MDX and percentage of PG as independent variables. The effectiveness of the OFDF’s was measured based on the following responses: drug release at five min, disintegration time (D-time), and tensile strength (TS). The influence of formulation factors, including percent elongation (%E), thickness, water content, moisture absorption, and folding endurance on ZMT-OFDFs, were also studied. The results showed a successful fabrication of stable ZMT-OFDFs, with surface uniformity and amorphous shape of ZMT in fabricated films. The optimized formulation showed a remarkable rapid dissolution, over 90% within the first 5 min, a fast D-time of 18 s, and excellent mechanical characteristics. Improved maximum plasma concentration (C max) and area under the curve (AUC 0–t) in animals (rats) treated with ZMT-OFDFs compared to those treated with an intra-gastric (i-g) suspension of ZMT were also observed. Copolymer OFDFs with ZMT is an exciting proposition with great potential for the treatment of migraine headache. This study offers a promising strategy for developing ZMT-OFDFs using SCM. ZMT-OFDFs showed remarkable rapid dissolution and fast D-time, which might endeavor ZMT-OFDFs as an auspicious alternative approach to improve patient compliance and shorten the onset time of ZMT in migraine treatment.

FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI GRANUL DISPERSI PADAT EKSTRAK KITOSAN CANGKANG KEPITING BAKAU (Scylla serrata) DENGAN PERBANDINGAN KITOSAN:PVP K-30 1:2

Background: Mangrove crab shells (Scylla serrata) contain chitosan which functions as an anticholesterol. Chitosan is insoluble in water but soluble in acids such as acetic acid. In the process of increasing the solubility, a solid dispersion system is made. The solid dispersion is then formulated into granules. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the physical properties of the solid dispersion chitosan granules (FI) and the physical mixture granules (FII). Methods: The method used for the manufacture of solid dispersions is solvent evaporation using PVP K-30 (1:2) as a carrier. The solid dispersion will be made in the form of granules by wet granulation method which will then evaluate the quality of the granules. Results: From this study, the granule flow rate FI=12.89 g/second, and FII=24.58 g/second. The angle of repose of the granules FI=22,13o, and FII=9,46o. The compressibility and Hausner granule FI ratio were found to be 20% and 1.25; while FII obtained 9.90% and 1.11. The percentage of water content of FI granules is 6.38%, and FII is 2.04%. Conclusion: The formulation in this study was able to produce granules that met the requirements, and there was a significant difference between the physical properties of FI and FII granules.

Mechanical and water absorption behavior of thermoset matrices reinforced with natural fiber

AbstractIn this work, we investigate the effect of the Posidonia Oceanica fiber (POF) rate and matrix type on the mechanical properties and water absorption behavior of the produced composites by compression molding process. The obtained results show that the stiffness, strength and hardness of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR)/POF composite increase with POF reinforcement rates. Further, the choice of matrix plays in important role on the flexural properties of the composites. At equal percentage of POF (20 wt%), UPR/20POF composite shows the best flexural modulus compared to Epoxy/20POF composite. By contrast, the maximum deflection of UPR/20POF is approximately three times less important than the Epoxy/20POF composite. In addition, in the case of UPR/POF composite, water absorption tests revealed that the percentage of water content was found to increase with POF content. It was observed that the water absorption pattern of the all formulation of the composites was found to approach the Fickian diffusion behavior. It was also proven that the moisture resistance of UPR/20POF composite is greater than Epoxy/20POF composite. Compared to literature, composite reinforced with higher load of POF (UPR/30POF) exhibits higher dimensional stability, which explains their importance when it will be used for application in humid environment.

Effectiveness of Large Soil Grain Sizes in Studying Impulse Characteristics of Soil

There have been many published studies analysing the impulse characteristics of soil and various soil properties. Some of these published results are found to be largely different and inconsistent from one study to another. Soil properties may be complex in nature, and its characteristics under high impulse conditions are influenced by many factors, which result in inconsistency in the results. Nevertheless, it has been known that under high impulse conditions, ionisation in the soil would occur due to air discharges in the air voids within the soil, and interfaces between the soil and the ground electrodes. It is also possible that the expansion of the ionisation zone, leading to the occurrence of breakdown in soil, gives better conduction in soil, producing longer streamers and higher magnitudes of current. However, limited study on the impulse breakdown characteristics of soil is found, which was believed to have been due to voltage/current magnitudes that are not high enough to cause the occurrence of soil breakdown. It is important to determine the factors that will cause breakdown to occur in soil when subjected under high impulse conditions since this will give more effective grounding systems when subjected to high impulse conditions. This paper shows that the soil grain size contributes to the most pronounced factor in influencing the soil characteristics under high impulse conditions, in comparison to any other factors. This paper considers thirty-two soil samples containing various percentages of water contents, subjected to high impulse conditions. The soil samples are housed in a hemispherical environment with two different active electrodes, and pre-breakdown and breakdown characteristics of various soils, configurations and percentage of water content are studied.

Dielectric properties assessment of honey by using non-destructive dielectric spectroscopy

<p>In this research the dielectric constant of three types of Malaysian honey has been investigated using a non-destructive measurement technique. The objective of this research is to assess the dielectric constant of the three types of honey in Malaysia using a non-destructive measurement technique known as an open-ended coaxial probe in the frequency range from 100 MHz to 10 GHz frequency. Analysis on the effect water concentration in honey on the dielectric constant and the effect of temperature on dielectric constant of honey has been conducted. The three types of honey that have been chosen to be investigated in this project are stingless bee honey, wild honey and commercial (organic) honey and together their water adulterated samples. For this research, the probe had been set up by setting a range of frequency from 100 MHz to 10 GHz and needs to be calibrated with three calibration methods namely open, short and reference water. From the result it was found that the higher the temperature of the honey and the higher percentage of water content in the honey, the dielectric constant is increased. The dielectric constants of all honeys decreased with increasing frequency in the measured frequency range and increased with increase percentage of water content and temperature.</p>

Long-Term Water Balance Evaluation in Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials.

The complex role of water in glass ionomer cement (polyalkenoate) dental restorative materials has been studied, but much of the present understanding concerning water balance within these materials is based on very early studies and short-term experiments. This study evaluated the nature of the water species of six conventional and four resin modified glass ionomer restorative materials over 3 years using thermogravimetric analysis techniques. Materials were prepared, placed in crucibles, and stored in physiologic phosphate buffered saline and evaluated at 24 h, 1 week, and then at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months. All materials demonstrated a significant increase in unbound water percentage content but except for the resin modified materials, the enthalpy required to remove the unbound water species did not significantly change over 36 months. Also, bound water content percentage and removal enthalpy was established at 24 h, as no significant increase was noted in both bound water content and removal enthalpy over the course of this evaluation. This study suggests that unbound water species may increase with time and is loosely held except for the resin modified materials. Protective coatings placement and re-evaluation are prudent to prevent unbound water loss.

Preparation and Characterisation of Cellulose Nanocrystal/Alginate/Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate (CNC/Alg/PEGDA) Hydrogel Using Double Network Crosslinking Technique for Bioprinting Application

In this study, we aimed to prepare and characterise hydrogel formulations using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), alginate (Alg), and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA). The CNC/Alg/PEGDA formulations were formed using a double network crosslinking approach. Firstly, CNC was extracted from oil palm trunk, and the size and morphology of the CNCs were characterised using TEM analysis. Secondly, different formulations were prepared using CNCs, Alg, and PEGDA. The mixtures were crosslinked with Ca2+ ions and manually extruded using a syringe before being subjected to UV irradiation at 365 nm. The shear-thinning properties of the formulations were tested prior to any crosslinking, while the determination of storage and loss modulus was conducted post extrusion after the Ca2+ ion crosslink using a rheometer. For the analysis of swelling behaviour, the constructs treated with UV were immersed in PBS solution (pH 7.4) for 48 h. The morphology of the UV crosslinked construct was analysed using SEM imaging. The extracted CNC exhibited rod-like structures with an average diameter and length of around 7 ± 2.4 and 113 ± 20.7 nm, respectively. Almost all CNC/Alg/PEGDA formulations (pre-gel formulation) displayed shear-thinning behaviour with the power-law index η < 1, and the behaviour was more prominent in the 1% [w/v] Alg formulations. The CNC/Alg/PEGDA with 2.5% and 4% [w/v] Alg displayed a storage modulus dominance over loss modulus (G′ > G″) which suggests good shape fidelity. After the hydrogel constructs were subjected to UV treatment at 365 nm, only the F8 construct [4% CNC: 4% Alg: 40% PEGDA] demonstrated tough and flexible characteristics that possibly mimic the native articular cartilage property due to a similar water content percentage (79.5%). In addition, the small swelling ratio of 4.877 might contribute to a minimal change of the 3D construct’s geometry. The hydrogel revealed a rough and wavy surface, and the pore size ranged from 3 to 20 µm. Overall, the presence of CNCs in the double network hydrogel demonstrated importance and showed positive effects towards the fabrication of a potentially ideal 3D bioprinted scaffold.

CURCUMIN MICROENCAPSULATION USING CHITOSAN–ETHYL CELLULOSE–GMS MIXTURE FOR PRESERVATION OF MUCOADHESIVE PROPERTIES AND CONTROLLED RELEASE KINETIC

Objective: This research aimed to prepare curcumin microcapsules by the spray drying method and to evaluate their characteristics. Methods: The microcapsules were prepared by the spray drying method. The generated microcapsules were evaluated for organoleptic, morphology, particle size, the percentage of curcumin and water content. Furthermore, the release of curcumin from the microcapsules was tested in vitro and compared to uncoated curcumin powder. In addition, the mucoadhesive properties of uncoated curcumin powder and curcumin microcapsules were also evaluated. Results: The results showed that the microcapsules had spherical shape with particle size in the range of 100–1009 µm and water content of 9.34% (w/w) (FIII) and 8.09% (w/w) (FVI). The release of curcumin from its uncoated powder and the microcapsules FVI within 8 h were 8.87% and 26.32% (w/w), respectively. It was found that the mucoadhesive properties of microcapsules FVI were better than those of FIII and uncoated curcumin powder. Microcapsules FVI rendered the cumulative amount of curcumin remaining on the intestinal mucosa of 55% (w/w) within 3 h. Conclusion: Accordingly, curcumin microcapsules generated by spray drying could be further formulated into various solid dosage forms for a better therapeutic effect.

Հայկական և իրանական ցորենի սորտերի չորադիմացկանության համեմատումը ըստ՝ Wdhn13 և WCS726 դեհիդրին գեների էքսպրեսիայի և ջրի հարաբերական պարունակության տոկոսի

In order to compare the level of drought resistance of fifteen Armenian and Iranian wheat varieties, the seeds were tested for 28 hours under drought stress and non-stress (controlled) conditions. Polyethylene Glycol 6000 (PEG6000) was used to preparing artificial drought conditions. Also we evaluate relative water content (RWC) and also expression level of Wdhn13 and WCS120 DHN genes by using reverse transcription PCR. According to the results, Navid, Sabala, Zare, and Voskehask varieties were highly resistant. The process of gene expression in these varieties began in the early hours, when the percentage of water content was still high. Reaching the peak in the 24th hour, it later began to decline slowly. In the second place were Azar 2, Sateni 22, and Akhtamar which could not maintain the high level of expression was decreased in the 24th hour. Sardari, Alvand, Pishgam, Nairi 68, and Armyanka 60 were in the third place, as the expression level decreased in those varieties already in the 18th hour. And Mihan, D92 և G31 were evaluated as sensitive varieties, because the expression of their genes began when the percentage of water content began to decrease. In these varieties, the decrease was noticeable already in the 12th hour. These two experiments together allow us to determine the resistance of varieties and by studying the mechanism of proteins for abiotic stresses, give us the ability to create resistant genotypes, improve the resistance of the genotypes, and obtain high yield characteristics.

Physical characteristics and nutritional value of cassava analogue rice with fortified protein tempeh and the addition of xanthan gum for healthy dieters

Food diversification is an initiative to diversify local foods in order to gain a wider range of nutrients. One kind of food diversification is the creation of analogue rice. Cassava has a high starch content and can be used to replace rice as a carbohydrate source. The purpose of this research is to assess the influence of tempeh flour fortification and the inclusion of xanthan gum produced with cassava flour on the physical properties and nutritional value of alternative analogue rice products for healthy dieters. The stage of this research was making cassava flour; the stage of making composite flour with the formulation of cassava flour 30-45 percent wt, tempeh flour 5 - 20 percent wt, xanthan gum 2 percent; analogue rice synthesis stage; and testing the characteristics of analogue. The results showed that the ratio of cassava flour: tempeh flour: xanthan gum (30%:20%:2%) was the best ratio to produce analogue rice, which contained 9.24 percent water content; ash 2.44 percent; fat 6.31 percent; protein 18.38 percent; carbohydrates 54.39 percent; fibre 9.24 percent, water absorption value 243.32 percent, swelling power 6.7 g/g, and bulk density 0,4214 g/ml, and rehydration time 6,10 minutes.

Techniques of the Smart Textile Utilization as Soilless Board in Vertical Cultivation

Vertical cultivation is the most important method in the future spatially in smart agriculture systems. The fourth different thickness soilless textile was used as the board to cultivate water-cress (Eruca Sativa). The vacuum pump model VRI V3 Dual Stage Vacuum Pump was constructed and used in the preliminary experimental test. It’s run to measure the water content and water absorption percentage for soilless board under lab conditions. Different tests were evaluated for the absorption sample after elapsed time 0.08, 0.17, 0.25, 5, 24 and 120 hours. Soilless board textile with thickness 32 mm, 26 mm, 21 mm and 16 mm made from the following material: woven fabric of Cotton. The four mattresses of smart textile as soilless vertical cultivation, measuring 40 cm width 60 cm length were created; it has filler from soft sawdust, a mixture of red (beech) and white (Swedish) wood. The result of preliminary test illustrated that the soilless board may be able to keep the amount of water for more than 72.3% after 5 days from edit water to soilless board. The soilless smart with 32 mm thickness gave highly growths of water-cress compared with the other smart mattress.

PHYSIOLOGICAL ANSWERS to METAL TRIGGERED EFFECTS in CROPS

Environmental pollution is one of the most important concerns for today's people. The increasing population growth in the world, together with the industrial revolution and its side effects, brings along the risk of reaching healthy food for every newborn and existing population. Contamination and/or accumulation of heavy metals, known as the source of oxidative stress, in foodstuffs and the environment directly affects human health. Since plants are often the first recipients of heavy metals from different environments (such as air, water and soil), it is not surprising that this results in scary scenarios for all living organisms. Therefore, to determine and dispose of the possible downsides in human diet which relates to heavy metals, we examined whether physiological parameters are reliable indicators of oxidative stress in different crop plants. Either with single or combined CdCl2 and PbCl2 treatments, germination percentage, root and shoot lengths and water contents were measured in the roots and shoots of Triticum aestivum cv. Gerek and Hordeum vulgare cv. Çıldır varieties in this study. According to obtained results, it is concluded that heavy metal treatments trigger the oxidative stress in plants, as all parameters measured are dramatically decreased.

Preliminary test: Evaluation and selection of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) varieties resistant to drought and powdery mildew

Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) and (Oidium neolycopersici) are two harmful fungi that invade the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plant and grow in dry conditions. Under the influence of polyethylene glycol 6000 at a concentration of 12%, the total seedlings fresh weight, total seedlings dry weight, seedling growth rate of one seedling, seedling length, and tissue water content percentage for three tomato varieties were assessed. Despite the superiority of the (Mobil) tomato variety in terms of numerical values, the results revealed no significant differences between varieties. As a result, (Mobil) has greater vigor under environmental drought stress of lower osmotic stress than other tomato varieties. More work is required to evaluate the research selection of varieties resistant to biotic stresses in dry areas, such as powdery mildew disease.

Differential Microstrip Sensor for Complex Permittivity Characterization of Organic Fluid Mixtures.

A microstrip highly sensitive differential sensor for complex permittivity characterization of urine samples was designed, fabricated and tested. The sensing area contains two pairs of open-stub resonators, and the working frequency of the unloaded sensor is 1.25 GHz. The sensor is easily implemented on an affordable substrate FR-4 Epoxy with a thickness of 1.6 mm. A Teflon beaker is mounted on the sensor without affecting the measurements. Numerically, liquid mixtures of water and urine at different percentages were introduced to the proposed sensor to evaluate the frequency variation. The percentage of water content in the mixture varied from 0% (100% urine) to 100% (0% urine) with a step of 3.226%, thus giving 32 data groups of the simulated results. Experimentally, the mixtures of: 0% urine (100% water), 20% urine (80% water), 33% urine (66% water), 50% urine (50% water), 66% urine (33% water), and 100% urine (0% water) were considered for validation. The complex permittivity of the considered samples was evaluated using a nonlinear least square curve fitting in MATLAB in order to realize a sensing sensitivity of about 3%.

Energy Condition of Subsistence‐Harvested Fishes in Arctic Coastal Lagoons

AbstractIn Arctic Alaska, Indigenous and rural residents depend on wild‐harvested foods for sustenance and the subsistence lifestyle is integral to their culture. Marine and diadromous fishes, which often occupy coastal lagoon habitats, are relied upon for subsistence harvest, particularly Pacific salmon, whitefishes (Coregoninae), cods (Gadidae), and flounder species (Pleuronectidae). However, little research has been conducted that assesses the energetic condition of these fishes, which are harvested by the tens of thousands annually. The effects of accelerating climate change and human development on the metabolic rates, diet, body condition, and energy density of fish is of great concern because these effects will, in turn, affect the people who depend on these species for food security. Consequently, we characterized energy density and percentage of lipid, water, and protein content of 10 fish species in four coastal lagoons within Cape Krusenstern National Monument, Alaska. We found that whitefishes, particularly Bering Cisco Coregonus laurettae and Least Cisco C. sardinella exhibited the highest energy density, percentage of lipid, and percentage of protein content, significantly greater than that of marine cod and flounder species, Fourhourn Sculpin Myoxocephalus quadricornis, freshwater Pond Smelt Hypomesus olidus, and values from other regional species that have been in published literature. Additionally, when the relative mean abundance and body weight of each species was taken into account, total energy value by availability in the lagoons was highest for whitefishes when compared with marine taxa and the freshwater Pond Smelt. Given the impending effects of climate change and coastal construction in the region, it will be important to monitor the energy condition of lagoon fishes to ensure their quality and availability for subsistence harvesters.

A case study of the Suez Gulf: Modelling of the oil spill behavior in the marine environment

The marine environment is a dynamic and diversified network of habitats and species. The more oil explorations occur in the marine environment, the more strategies of preparedness and response to oil spills should be designed.Once the oil is introduced to the marine environment, it undergoes a series of natural processes known as 'weathering.' For a successful response operations and protection, it is critical to precisely estimate the behavior of the spilled oil.Twenty-four simulated scenarios were created (12 Regular and 12 Worst Cases Scenarios) and run into the licensed Canadian SL-Ross predictive mathematical oil spill model, which successfully was used as a decision support and response tool to investigate the oil spill trajectory, beaching of oil, and its fate from the expected oil drilling rig source near Ras Gharib area in the Red Sea Region.Twenty-four oil spill trajectories maps were developed, which predicted all possibilities and probabilities of oil spill movements. Accordingly, the oil spill trajectories varied not only in magnitude and directions, but also in the shoreline interaction time (hrs.).The weathering processes are shown in ten graphs, which provided output data regarding the change in the spill's total area of slick (km2), the volume of slick (bbl.), the emulsion water content percentage, the rate of evaporation percentage, and the rate of natural dispersion percentage.

Irrigation control and image acquisition for rice cultivation in UAE desert soil

Precision water management and crop growth monitoring are essential where water is a scarce, especially in desert soils. The purpose of the study was to control the irrigation and real-time image acquisition for monitoring the rice cultivation inside the net house under the UAE desert soil. An automated data acquisition system was constructed, installed, and tested in the experimental site at Al-Foah, Al-Ain. Soil water content sensors were placed in the different depths of desert soils, and an automatic irrigation logic was implemented to maintain the average of 30% desired water content level in desert soils. The irrigation rate was controlled based on the sensor data and the on/off of the pump and valves. When the average soil water content percentage level exceeds 30%, the pump and solenoid valve automatically turned off and vice versa. A Raspberry Pi operating system was used to control the irrigation, and a Raspberry Pi camera system was used to capture the real-time images for monitoring the rice growth and development. A web server was developed to upload and display the sensor values and images using python programing language through the embedded Wi-Fi network service. The web-based monitoring system was allowed to monitor the rice field situation from anywhere and download data from the site. The existing irrigation technique would help to grow the rice in UAE desert soil environments.

A Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Soil Moisture Monitoring in Precision Agriculture.

The use of precision agriculture is becoming more and more necessary to provide food for the world’s growing population, as well as to reduce environmental impact and enhance the usage of limited natural resources. One of the main drawbacks that hinder the use of precision agriculture is the cost of technological immersion in the sector. For farmers, it is necessary to provide low-cost and robust systems as well as reliability. Toward this end, this paper presents a wireless sensor network of low-cost sensor nodes for soil moisture that can help farmers optimize the irrigation processes in precision agriculture. Each wireless node is composed of four soil moisture sensors that are able to measure the moisture at different depths. Each sensor is composed of two coils wound onto a plastic pipe. The sensor operation is based on mutual induction between coils that allow monitoring the percentage of water content in the soil. Several prototypes with different features have been tested. The prototype that has offered better results has a winding ratio of 1:2 with 15 and 30 spires working at 93 kHz. We also have developed a specific communication protocol to improve the performance of the whole system. Finally, the wireless network was tested, in a real, cultivated plot of citrus trees, in terms of coverage and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) to check losses due to vegetation.

Effect of water content in ethanol on spray formation at subcooled and flash-boiling conditions

Direct-injection spark-ignition engines can be more sensitive to fuel type as the time available for spray formation and mixing is rather limited. The challenge is further complicated by fuel stock which includes a significant bio-derived component in some markets to manage fuel sustainability. The thermophysical properties of bio-components like ethanol differ markedly from typical hydrocarbons found in gasoline like iso-octane. Moreover, the production of anhydrous ethanol fuel involves separating water and ethanol by distillation and dehydration in an energy intensive process. This study presents results from an optical investigation into the spray formation process of hydrous ethanol fuels with 4–15% water content per volume in direct comparison to anhydrous ethanol and iso-octane. Injection tests were carried out with 20–110°C fuel temperature at 1.0 bar and 0.5 bar gas pressure to mimic thermodynamic conditions of cold-start and fully-warm engine at low-load and wide-open-throttle operation. High-speed spray imaging was conducted along with droplet sizing by phase Doppler anemometry. The thermophysical properties of all fuels, including vapour pressure, density, viscosity and surface tension, as well as distillation curves, were obtained over a range of temperatures and the respective Reynolds, Weber and Ohnesorge numbers were considered in the analysis. At 20°C iso-octane and anhydrous ethanol exhibited similar spray plume penetration, whilst increasing water content in ethanol reduced spray penetration. At higher temperatures up to 90°C, anhydrous ethanol showed lower penetration than iso-octane whilst the hydrous fuels still exhibited lower penetration than anhydrous ethanol in sequence of increasing water content. At 110°C, the ethanol fuels showed signs of plume merging and spray collapse, particularly at 0.5 bar gas pressure, with clear differences from iso-octane. The degree of plume merging and collapse was stronger with increased water content. The cone angle for the hydrous fuels was higher than that of pure ethanol, with the 4% water content ethanol that was close to the azeotropic point showing wider cone angle at temperatures higher than 20°C, being distinctly higher at 90°C. Iso-octane had consistently smaller droplet Sauter mean diameter than the ethanol fuels. As the percentage of water content in ethanol increased there was an increase in droplet sizes at all conditions.