Total Body Fat Percentage Research Articles

Normal weight and waist obesity indicated by increased total body fat associated with all-cause mortality in stage 3-5 chronic kidney disease.

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) demonstrate a survival benefit with a high body mass index (BMI); this is the obesity paradox. Central obesity has a higher prognostic value than BMI, even in those with normal weight. Whether total body fat percentage (TBF%) provides more information than BMI and waist circumference (WC) remains unknown. We included 3,262 Asian patients with stage 3–5 CKD and divided these patients by TBF% and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) quartiles (Q1–Q4). TBF% was associated with BMI, WC, nutritional markers, and C-reactive protein. In all patients, BMI but not TBF% or WHtR demonstrated a survival paradox. In patients with BMI <25 kg/m2, but not in those with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, TBF% Q4 and WHtR Q4 were associated with all-cause mortality, with hazard ratios [HRs; 95% confidence intervals (CIs)] of 2.35 (1.31–4.22) and 1.38 (1.06–1.80), respectively. The HRs of TBF% Q4 for all-cause mortality were 2.90 (1.50–5.58) in patients with a normal WC and 3.81 (1.93–7.50) in patients with normal weight and normal WC (All P for interaction < 0.05). In conclusion, TBF% can predict all-cause mortality in patients with advanced CKD and a normal weight, normal WC, or both.

A Comparison Of Dynamic And Static Yoga Programs On Body Composition, Flexibility, And Balance

Essentrics is a dynamic full body stretch and strengthening workout that requires dynamic movements such as, but not limited to, ceiling reaches, side-to-side bends with lunges, and side leg lifts that may elicit improvements in body composition, flexibility, and balance. PURPOSE: To examine the benefits of 6-weeks long Essentrics (dynamic) program compared to standard (static) Yoga on body composition, flexibility, and balance. METHODS: Thirty-one participants (24 females and 7 males, age = 20.4 ± 0.2 yrs, and BMI = 22.58 ± 0.55 kg/m2) were assigned to two groups - a standard Yoga (YOG, n = 20) and an Essentrics (ESS, n = 11) group. Each group met 3 times per week for a total of 45-50 minutes per day for 6 weeks. Anthropometric measurements, body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), flexibility (sit-and-reach), and balance (lower extremity Y-balance) were assessed before and after the 6-week program. Measurements of the balance test included 3 reaches and their combined values [anterior (ANT), posteromedial (PM), posterolateral (PL), and composite reach distance (CRD)]. All reaches were averaged for the right and left side and then normalized to leg length. Data were analyzed using an ANOVA with repeated measures (p < 0.05), and a post-hoc test was performed if any significant main or interaction effects were found. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in flexibility and balance between YOG and ESS groups. However, both groups improved their balance after 6-weeks of program; PM (87.13 ± 11.64 cm to 92.25 ± 9.91 cm, p = .001), PL (82.88 ± 11.28 to 88.62 ± 9.62 cm, p = .002), CRD (225.96 ± 27.17 to 238.26 ± 22.98 cm, p = .001), normalized PM (98.31 ± 11.68 to 104.27 ± 11.14%, p = .001), normalized PL (93.60 ± 11.98 to 100.15 ± 10.70%, p = .001), and normalized CRD (255.12 ± 27.89 to 269.21 ± 25.07%, p = .001). Additionally, the flexibility improved (51.42 ± 8.24 to 53.38 ± 7.04 cm, p = .010) after 6-weeks of program. Interestingly, total body fat percentage was significantly reduced only in the YOG group (24.44 ± 6.73 to 23.51 ± 6.32%, p = .002). CONCLUSION: Regardless of the type of yoga program followed (static vs. dynamic), both improved flexibility and balance. Individuals seeking to improve balance and/or flexibility can benefit from either program.

Impact Of Limb And Total Body Composition On Drop Vertical Jump Landing Kinematics

Lower limbs containing elevated levels of adipose tissue exhibit diminished quadricep strength and power. Deficits in quadriceps function negatively influence sagittal knee mechanics during drop vertical jumping (DVJ) maneuvers. It is poorly understood how measures of limb and systemic composition impact landing performance and injury risk. PURPOSE: Determine the relationship between composition and sagittal knee kinematics during landing from a DVJ. METHODS: Thirty-six female (171.0 ± 7.6 cm; 66.5 ± 7.6 kg; 22.7 ± 1.8BMI) collegiate volleyball and soccer athletes participated in this study. Biomechanical variables of interest include sagittal knee angle (KA) obtained at two different points during landing using 3-dimensional marker-less motion capture during DVJ maneuvers. These two points were initial contact (IC) and the ending of the landing phase, defined where the center of gravity was at its lowest point (MIN). Higher negative sagittal angle values are indicative of greater knee flexion. Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to compute total body fat percentage (BF%) and bilateral limb lean mass (LLM). LLM was normalized to the total mass of the limb. Associations between landing biomechanics and compositional measures were analyzed via Pearson Product Moment correlations. RESULTS: KA at MIN in the left (-92.8 ± 8.9°) and right leg (-92.4 ± 9.5°) were associated with BF% (27.5 ± 4.3%) (Right: r = 0.430, p = 0.009; Left: r = 0.432, p = 0.008) and LLM (Right: 64.3 ± 4.3% limb mass; Left: 64.0 ± 4.6% limb mass) (Right: r = -0.416, p = 0.012; Left: r = -0.410, p = 0.013). At IC, right leg (-23.7 ± 8.4°) KA had a weak relationship to BF% (r = 0.390, p = 0.019) and LLM (r = -0.364, p = 0.029). Relationships between KA at IC in the left leg (-26.5 ± 8.3°) and BF% (r = 0.289, p = 0.088) and LLM (r = -0.311, p = 0.065) were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between BF% and LLM and sagittal KA during DVJ landing indicate that greater LLM and lower BF% may be better for injury risk and performance. Lesser knee flexion range of motion during landing may be caused by inhibited capacity to attenuate landing forces during sport performance. Greater adipose tissue within the limb and systemically may negatively influence injury risk by reducing the ability to adequately absorb forces when landing during an athletic task.

Effects of Dietary Allitol on Body Fat Accumulation in Rats.

Allitol is a rare sugar alcohol obtained by reducing d-allulose (d-psicose). However, information on the effects of long-term dietary allitol intake is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effect of allitol supplementation, as a sugar substitute, on body fat accumulation in rats compared with sucrose, rare sugar d-allulose, or erythritol. Thirty-two male Wistar rats (3 wk old) were fed experimental diets including 5% sucrose, allitol, erythritol, or d-allulose for 8 wk ad libitum. Weight gain, food intake, and food efficiency did not differ among the groups. The total body fat mass and percentage, and intra-abdominal adipose tissue weights were significantly lower in rats fed with the allitol diet than in those fed with the sucrose diet. These body fat indicators tended to be lower in rats fed with the erythritol and d-allulose diets than in those fed with the sucrose diet, but there was no significant difference. The serum glucose-lowering effect obtained in rats fed with the d-allulose diet did not appear in rats fed with the allitol diet. These results suggest that the anti-obesity effect of allitol may be equal to or greater than that of d-allulose.

Association between body mass index, trunk and total body fat percentage with urinary incontinence in adult US population.

To assess the association of body mass index (BMI), trunk and total body fat percentage with the prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence (UI) stratified by gender among a US adult population. A representative cross-sectional survey of participants aged ≥ 20 years was conducted using the data from the 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariate logistic and linear regression models were used to explore the association among the three obesity measures above with the prevalence and severity of UI. A total of 6964 individuals (4168 males and 2796 females) enrolled for the final analysis. Among males, the weighted prevalence of UI was 7.8%, with 1.3% stress urinary incontinence, 5.8% urge urinary incontinence and 0.7% mixed urinary incontinence. For females, the weighted prevalence of UI was 54.2%, with 31.9% stress urinary incontinence, 7.0% urge urinary incontinence and 15.6% mixed urinary incontinence. Multivariate logistic regression revealed increased BMI and trunk fat percentage significantly increased odds of UI (BMI: OR = 1.05 [per 1 kg/m2], 95% CI: 1.03-1.07, P < 0.001; trunk fat percentage: OR = 1.15 [per 5% increase in trunk fat percentage], 95% CI: 1.06-1.25, P = 0.002) in females. Similar trends were observed in the severity of UI (BMI: β = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.05-0.09, P < 0.001; trunk fat percentage: β = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.10-0.26, P < 0.001) by a multivariate linear regression. In males, no significant association was observed (BMI: OR = 0.99 [per 1 kg/m2], 95% CI: 0.97-1.02, P = 0.663; trunk fat percentage: OR = 0.95 [per 5% increase in trunk fat percentage], 95% CI: 0.84-1.08, P = 0.430; total fat percentage: OR = 0.94 [per 5% increase in total fat percentage], 95% CI: 0.80-1.10, P = 0.424). An increased BMI and trunk fat percentage are significantly associated with higher prevalence and severity of UI in females.

Macular Layer Thickness and Effect of BMI, Body Fat, and Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors: The Tromsø Study.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate associations between cardiovascular risk factors and the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL), and outer retina layers (ORL).MethodsIn this population-based study, we included participants from the Tromsø Study: Tromsø6 (2007 to 2008) and Tromsø7 (2015 to 2016). Persons with diabetes and/or diagnosed glaucoma were excluded from this study. Retinal thickness was measured on optical coherence tomography (Cirrus HD-OCT) macula-scans, segmented on RNFL, GCIPL, and ORL and associations were analyzed cross-sectionally (N = 8288) and longitudinally (N = 2595). We used directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) for model selection, and linear regression to adjust for confounders and mediators in models assessing direct effects. Factors examined were age, sex, blood pressure, daily smoking, serum lipids, glycated hemoglobin, body mass index (BMI), total body fat percentage (BFP), and the adjustment variables refraction and height.ResultsThe explained variance of cardiovascular risk factors was highest in GCIPL (0.126). GCIPL had a strong negative association with age. Women had thicker GCIPL than men at higher age and thinner ORL at all ages (P < 0.001). Systolic blood pressure was negatively associated with RNFL/GCIPL (P = 0.001/0.004), with indication of a U-shaped relationship with GCIPL in women. The negative association with BMI was strongest in men, with significant effect for RNFL/GCIPL/ORL (P = 0.001/<0.001/0.019) and in women for GCIPL/ORL (P = 0.030/0.037). BFP was negatively associated with GCIPL (P = 0.01). Higher baseline BMI was associated with a reduction in GCIPL over 8 years (P = 0.03).ConclusionsCardiovascular risk factors explained 12.6% of the variance in GCIPL, with weight and blood pressure the most important modifiable factors.

Clinical efficacy of oligonol® supplementation on metabolism and muscle health in middle-aged and older adults: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial

BackgroundOligonol® is a low-molecular-weight polyphenol that has biological effects on metabolism in animals. However, little is known about its roles in muscle function and muscle quality in middle-aged and older adults. Methods120 participants were enrolled for study based on 1:1 randomization. Participants in the intervention group were provided 200 mg oligonol® prepared as capsules, and 200 mg placebo (dextrin) was provided in control group. ResultsData from 103 participants (52 in the intervention group and 51 in the control group) were available for analysis. The mean age of all participants was 64.0 ± 8.2 years, and two-thirds of the participants were females. Baseline demographic characteristics, functional assessment, laboratory data and muscle parameters were similar between groups. Hip circumference decreased (p = 0.009) during the study period, and the 6-m walking speed increased (p = 0.001) in women in the intervention group. In contrast, 6-m walking speed, 6-min walking distance and handgrip strength were significantly improved in men in the intervention group, but increased total body fat percentage (p = 0.038) and decreased mid-thigh cross-muscle area (CMA) (p = 0.007) were observed in the control group. Compared to the control group, the 12-week interval change in the percentage of mid-thigh CMA was maintained in men in the intervention group but was significantly decreased in the control group (p = 0.03, 95% CI:0.002-0.05). ConclusionsOligonol supplementation (200 mg per day) significantly improved physical performance and muscle mass in men. Further studies are needed to confirm the potential favorable effects of oligonol® supplementation.

Does nutritional status influence the effects of a multicomponent exercise programme on body composition and physical fitness in older adults with limited physical function?

ABSTRACT Physical exercise effects and ageing on fitness may be influenced by nutritional status. This study investigates the effects of a 6-month multicomponent exercise training (MCT) on nutritional status and evaluates if this type of exercise could affect differently body composition and physical fitness depending on the nutritional status of older adults with decreased functional capacity. Ninety-three participants (80.4 ± 6.0 y) were divided into control (n = 45) and intervention (n = 48) groups. The intervention consisted of a 6-month multicomponent training. Comparisons between changes in body composition and fitness during the 6-months were performed between individuals at risk of malnutrition and those well-nourished, according to the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Model mixed-effect analyses were used to investigate differences after the 6 months of MCT between groups. Well-nourished participants compared with those at risk of malnutrition had higher: arm (13.4 ± 3.5 vs 14.3 ± 33.6 repetitions) and leg strength (9.0 ± 3.0 vs 11.1 ± 3.3 repetitions), maximum walking speed (31.6 ± 13.1 vs 23.7 ± 6.3s), agility (11.9 ± 5.8 vs 8.3 ± 2.1s), and aerobic capacity (31.6 ± 13.1 vs 23.7 ± 6.3 m), at baseline. After the training, those without risk of malnutrition in CON decreased their nutritional status (−1.7 + 0.7 points). Those well-nourished that performed the intervention decreased total fat mass (−1.0 ± 0.3 kg) and body fat percentage (−1.2 ± 0.4%). Both groups of training improved similarly in all tests, except for balance, in which the well-nourished showed improvements of 6.3 ± 1.9s. These results underline the usefulness of MCT in improving physical fitness regardless of nutritional status and preventing nutritional status detriment in well-nourished older adults, who are fitter and benefit more, in terms of body composition. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03831841. Highlights Multicomponent exercise programme seems to be effective in delaying detriments in the nutritional status of well-nourished people. Well-nourished older people obtain more benefits in body composition from the multicomponent exercise than those at risk of malnutrition, decreasing adiposity. The positive effect of multicomponent exercise was observed in physical fitness independently of nutritional status.

The Diagnosis and Management of Cardiometabolic Risk and Cardiometabolic Syndrome after Spinal Cord Injury.

Individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) commonly present with component risk factors for cardiometabolic risk and combined risk factors for cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS). These primary risk factors include obesity, dyslipidemia, dysglycemia/insulin resistance, and hypertension. Commonly referred to as “silent killers”, cardiometabolic risk and CMS increase the threat of cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of death after SCI. This narrative review will examine current data and the etiopathogenesis of cardiometabolic risk, CMS, and cardiovascular disease associated with SCI, focusing on pivotal research on cardiometabolic sequelae from the last five years. The review will also provide current diagnosis and surveillance criteria for cardiometabolic disorders after SCI, a novel obesity classification system based on percent total body fat, and lifestyle management strategies to improve cardiometabolic health.

Smartphone camera based assessment of adiposity: a validation study

Body composition is a key component of health in both individuals and populations, and excess adiposity is associated with an increased risk of developing chronic diseases. Body mass index (BMI) and other clinical or commercially available tools for quantifying body fat (BF) such as DXA, MRI, CT, and photonic scanners (3DPS) are often inaccurate, cost prohibitive, or cumbersome to use. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the performance of a novel automated computer vision method, visual body composition (VBC), that uses two-dimensional photographs captured via a conventional smartphone camera to estimate percentage total body fat (%BF). The VBC algorithm is based on a state-of-the-art convolutional neural network (CNN). The hypothesis is that VBC yields better accuracy than other consumer-grade fat measurements devices. 134 healthy adults ranging in age (21–76 years), sex (61.2% women), race (60.4% White; 23.9% Black), and body mass index (BMI, 18.5–51.6 kg/m2) were evaluated at two clinical sites (N = 64 at MGH, N = 70 at PBRC). Each participant had %BF measured with VBC, three consumer and two professional bioimpedance analysis (BIA) systems. The PBRC participants also had air displacement plethysmography (ADP) measured. %BF measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was set as the reference against which all other %BF measurements were compared. To test our scientific hypothesis we run multiple, pair-wise Wilcoxon signed rank tests where we compare each competing measurement tool (VBC, BIA, …) with respect to the same ground-truth (DXA). Relative to DXA, VBC had the lowest mean absolute error and standard deviation (2.16 ± 1.54%) compared to all of the other evaluated methods (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). %BF measured by VBC also had good concordance with DXA (Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient, CCC: all 0.96; women 0.93; men 0.94), whereas BMI had very poor concordance (CCC: all 0.45; women 0.40; men 0.74). Bland-Altman analysis of VBC revealed the tightest limits of agreement (LOA) and absence of significant bias relative to DXA (bias −0.42%, R2 = 0.03; p = 0.062; LOA −5.5% to +4.7%), whereas all other evaluated methods had significant (p < 0.01) bias and wider limits of agreement. Bias in Bland-Altman analyses is defined as the discordance between the y = 0 axis and the regressed line computed from the data in the plot. In this first validation study of a novel, accessible, and easy-to-use system, VBC body fat estimates were accurate and without significant bias compared to DXA as the reference; VBC performance exceeded those of all other BIA and ADP methods evaluated. The wide availability of smartphones suggests that the VBC method for evaluating %BF could play an important role in quantifying adiposity levels in a wide range of settings.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04854421.

Relationship of cardiorespiratory control and vascular compliance in competitive young athletes

Objective: To study the haemodynamic properties of the peripheral circulation and its relationship with cardiorespiratory control, during anaerobic muscle fatigue test, in young competitive athletes.&#x0D; Method: Nine adolescent of national and international competition level were recruited (age: 15.6 ± 1.9 years; male = 7) and cross-evaluated. Morphological measurements (body mass, percentage of total body fat and height), blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, mean and pulse blood pressure), respiratory measures (spirometry and pimometry), power, and fatigue were recorded through Wingate test.&#x0D; Results: Weight, height, and fat-free mass were positively correlated with the power parameters of the Wingate test (p &lt; 0.05). The respiratory parameters of forced vital capacity, peak expiratory flow, maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum sustained pressure (SMIP) were also significantly correlated with the power parameters. Additionally, the cardiorespiratory parameters of MIP and SMIP were positively correlated with pulse pressure at rest (p &lt; 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: The increase in MIP and SMIP is associated with a lower arterial compliance, which indicates that a lower vascular elasticity influences a greater diaphragmatic strength and endurance of the young athlete.&#x0D;

988-P: Higher Environmental Pollution Burden Scores Associate with Lower Insulin Sensitivity in Minority Children with Overweight and Obesity

Background: Epidemiological evidence in children suggests that environmental pollution, such as ambient and traffic air pollution exposure, is associated with type 2 diabetes risk; however cumulative exposure to various environmental pollutants has not been well examined. The objective of this study was to determine if cumulative measures of environmental pollutants were associated with insulin sensitivity (SI) , acute insulin response (AIR) and disposition index (DI) in minority children. Methods: Participants (N=135, Mage = 14.4 ± 2.9 years; 59% male; 57% Latinx and 43% Black) had a 13-time point frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Glucose and insulin values were used in minimal modelling (MinMod Millennium) for determination of SI, AIR, and DI. Self-reported mailing addresses were geocoded to identify census tract number and associated pollution burden scores (1-10) derived by CalEnviroScreen 3.0 (CES 3.0) . Multivariable linear regression was used to test relationships while considering for age, ethnicity, sex, and total body fat percentage (by DEXA) . Due to positive skewness, SI, AIR and DI were natural log transformed. Results: Higher pollution burden score was associated with lower lnSI, after adjusting for covariates (β= -0.150, 95%CI= -0.280, -0.020, p=0.024) . There was a positive, but non-significant association with pollution burden score and lnAIR (β= 0.114, 95%CI= -0.006, 2.35, p=0.063) . An inverse, but non-significant, association was observed between pollution burden scores and lnDI (β= -0.34, 95%CI= -.140, 0.71, p=0.518) . Conclusion: Using a publicly available environmental pollution risk score, we show that high environmental pollution exposures associated with lower SI, but not AIR or DI. Our findings provide further evidence of the link between ambient environmental factors and type 2 diabetes risk. Disclosure K.Barragan: None. M.Weigensberg: None. C.M.Toledo-corral: None. Funding NIH P60MD00254

Consuming a Protein and Fiber-Based Supplement Preload Promotes Weight Loss and Alters Metabolic Markers in Overweight Adults in a 12-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

BackgroundHigher protein and fiber diets promote weight management and metabolic health. ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine if greater weight loss and positive changes in metabolic outcomes could be achieved with twice-daily consumption of a high-protein and fiber-based multi-ingredient nutritional shake (HPF) compared with an isocaloric low-protein, lower fiber-based placebo (LPF). MethodsStudy procedures were conducted by an independent research organization under clinicaltrials.gov registration NCT03057873. Healthy overweight and obese adults [n = 206; BMI (kg/m2): 27–35; 70% female] were randomly assigned to HPF or LPF. All participants were prescribed an energy-restricted diet (500 kcal/d less than energy needs) and consumed a HPF (17 g protein, 6 g fiber) or LPF (1 g protein, 3 g fiber) shake 30 min before breakfast and lunch for 12 wk. Primary outcomes included body weight and total body fat percentage. Blood samples were collected at days (D) 0, 28, 56, and 84 for secondary analyses related to metabolic markers of health. ResultsAlthough weight loss occurred in both groups, HPF had greater weight loss at D84 compared with LPF (–3.3 kg vs. –1.8 kg, P < 0.05). Percentage body fat decreased in both groups (HPF: –1.33%, LPF: –1.09%; P < 0.001) with no differences between groups. Serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and oxidized LDL decreased between –5.1% to –8.3%, whereas adiponectin increased over time in both groups; these changes occurred to a greater extent in HPF compared with LPF (all P < 0.05). ConclusionsA multi-ingredient HPF nutritional supplement shake consumed as a preload before breakfast and lunch positively influenced weight management and metabolic outcomes in overweight adults compared with an LPF placebo. These findings suggest that specific nutrient factors (i.e., potentially including protein, fiber, and bioactive content) other than calorie reduction alone influence the success of a weight-loss regimen. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03057873,

Sarcopenic Obesity Versus Nonobese Sarcopenia in Hemodialysis Patients: Differences in Nutritional Status, Quality of Life, and Clinical Outcomes

Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity (SO) are linked to unfavorable prognosis in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) populations. We tested whether nonobese sarcopenia and SO, as different stages of extreme protein-energy wasting, have different prognoses. In this prospective observational study, 261 MHD patients were recruited from October 2010 to April 2012 and followed until October 2020. Two definitions were used to diagnose sarcopenia: the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People consensus and the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Biomarkers Consortium criteria. Obesity was determined as the percentage of total body fat, ≥27% for men and ≥38% for women. Data for all-cause and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, baseline nutrition markers, inflammation and oxidative stress, adipokines, body composition parameters, handgrip strength, and quality of life (QoL) scores were measured. According to European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, 115 (44.1%) patients were sarcopenic and 120 (46.0%) according to FNIH definitions. Of them, 28.4% and 34.5% were SO, respectively. Higher levels of albumin, creatinine, uric acid, leptin, phase angle, better nutritional scores, and lower adiponectin levels characterized SO patients compared with nonobese sarcopenic patients regardless of indexing method. Better QoL scores were noted in SO compared with nonobese sarcopenic patients using the FNIH sarcopenia criteria. The hazard of all-cause death, cardiovascular death, and first cardiovascular event for patients with SO was lower compared with the nonobese patients after multivariate adjustments. Statistical significance of these associations disappeared after including fat mass in multivariate models. MHD patients with SO have better nutritional status and prognosis for cardiovascular events, all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality, and possibly better QoL compared with nonobese sarcopenic MHD patients. The better prognosis appears to be entirely due to the excess fat, which is protective in sarcopenic MHD patients similar to that described in the entire MHD population.

Adiposity and risk of prostate cancer death: a prospective analysis in UK Biobank and meta-analysis of published studies

BackgroundThe association of adiposity with prostate cancer specific mortality remains unclear. We examined how adiposity relates to fatal prostate cancer and described the cross-sectional associations of commonly used adiposity measurements with adiposity estimated by imaging in UK Biobank. We also conducted a dose-response meta-analysis to integrate the new data with existing prospective evidence.Methods218,237 men from UK Biobank who were free from cancer at baseline were included. Body mass index (BMI), total body fat percentage (using bioimpedance), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were collected at recruitment. Risk of dying from prostate cancer (primary cause) by the different adiposity measurements was estimated using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. Results from this and other prospective cohort studies were combined in a dose-response meta-analysis.ResultsIn UK Biobank, 661 men died from prostate cancer over a mean follow-up of 11.6 years. In the subsample of participants with magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, BMI, body fat percentage and WC were strongly associated with imaging estimates of total and central adiposity (e.g. visceral fat, trunk fat). The hazard ratios (HR) for prostate cancer death were 1.07 (95% confidence interval = 0.97–1.17) per 5 kg/m2 higher BMI, 1.00 (0.94–1.08) per 5% increase in total body fat percentage, 1.06 (0.99–1.14) per 10 cm increase in WC and 1.07 (1.01–1.14) per 0.05 increase in WHR. Our meta-analyses of prospective studies included 19,633 prostate cancer deaths for BMI, 670 for body fat percentage, 3181 for WC and 1639 for WHR, and the combined HRs for dying from prostate cancer for the increments above were 1.10 (1.07–1.12), 1.03 (0.96–1.11), 1.07 (1.03–1.11), and 1.06 (1.01–1.10), respectively.ConclusionOverall, we found that men with higher total and central adiposity had similarly higher risks of prostate cancer death, which may be biologically driven and/or due to differences in detection. In either case, these findings support the benefit for men of maintaining a healthy body weight.

The Effects of Supervised Exercise Training on Weight Control and Other Metabolic Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis.

Few studies have investigated the dose-response relationship between exercise and weight control. This study aimed to assess the effects of different types of supervised exercise training on weight control and other metabolic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and explore the dose-response relationship between exercise volume/duration and these outcomes. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for studies between January 1980 and June 2019. Randomized control trials in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with supervised exercise training versus control treatment were included. The primary outcome was changes in body weight (kg). The secondary outcomes included changes in waist circumference (cm) and total body fat percentage (%). Forty-two randomized control trials, including 3,625 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included. Overall, exercise treatment was associated with significant reduction in body weight (weighted mean differences, -1.10kg; 95% CI [-1.58, -0.62], p < .01), waist circumference (weighted mean differences, -2.51cm; 95% CI [-3.25, -1.77], p < .01), and total body fat (weighted mean differences, -1.16%; 95% CI [-1.58%, -0.75%], p < .01). The percentage of total body fat was reduced by all types of exercise, with a significant difference between aerobic exercise and resistance exercise (p = .02) and a significant difference between combined exercise and resistance exercise (p < .01). A higher volume of aerobic exercise and a higher volume of resistance exercise were superior in reducing body weight. In conclusion, supervised exercise training improved metabolic outcomes in general, while different types and volume of exercises have their own merits.

The Effect of Protein Supplementation During Time Restricted Feeding in Overweight and Obese Adults

ObjectiveObesity in the United States continues to increase. Time restricted feeding (TRF) is a dietary intervention that has potential to serve as an effective weight loss strategy, however more data is needed to establish the effectiveness of a TRF eating pattern on health outcomes related to obesity. To our knowledge, manipulation of macronutrient distribution during a TRF intervention and the effect of TRF on sleep and mood have not been studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of protein supplementation during TRF on mood, sleep, and appetite in overweight and obese adults.MethodsOverweight and obese men and women (36.6±7.3 years; BMI: 32.8±6.5) participated in this randomized, controlled 12‐week dietary intervention. Participants were allocated to one of two groups: 1) control, TRF (n=7) and 2) TRF with whey protein supplementation (25 g/d; n=9). Protein supplements were consumed at the breaking of the fasting period each day. Anthropometrics, sleep (via Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Global Sleeping Score; PSQI GSS), total mood disturbances (TMD; via Profile of Mood States (POMS) including six affect states of depression, fatigue, anger, tension, confusion, and vigor subscales), and appetite (using visual analog scales) were assessed at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Sleep was also measured at 0 and 12 weeks via wrist Actigraphy. Body composition was measured via DXA at 0 and 12 weeks. Data was analyzed using two‐way ANOVA to assess the relationship.ResultsOverall, both interventions improved total body fat percentage (p&lt;0.05) over 12 weeks. There was a significant difference in mood between intervention groups (p&lt;0.001) and the control group total mood disturbance was significantly different (p&lt;0.05) between week 1 and 12. However, there was no change in mood with protein supplementation over the span of 12 weeks. Sleep, self‐reported via PSQI, did not change from week 1 and week 12 within or between each of the interventions. Appetite did not show a significant difference between interventions or time points.ConclusionsThis pilot study suggests that protein supplementation during TRF has the potential to improve body composition in overweight and obese individuals. However, additional research is needed to determine the long‐term effect of protein supplementation in combination with TRF on mood, sleep, and appetite.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness and its Relationship with Adiposity Indices

Introduction: The cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and obesity greatly influence the cardiovascular health. Decrease in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and increase in fat mass can be used as an early marker for cardiovascular disease risk. The objective of this study was to assess the CRF and observe the relationship between CRF and adiposity indices. Methods: A cross sectional observational study was performed in 174 students (87 males and females each) of National Medical College. The subjects were assessed for different adiposity indices; BMI, body adiposity index (BAI), total body fat percentage (BF %) and waist circumference (WC). VO2max was calculated from recovery pulse rate after Queen's College Step Test. VO2max was correlated separately with each parameter of body composition using Pearson’s correlation test. Results: The VO2max of male and female participants were 47.22 ± 9.09 and 35.67 ± 5.36 ml/kg/min respectively. The correlation of VO2max was significant with all the studied adiposity indices. WC (r= - 0.41, p&lt; 0.001) and BF% (r= -0.38, p&lt; 0.001) correlation with CRF was highly significant in male whereas in female correlation was highly significant with BMI (r= 0.49, p&lt; 0.001), WC (r= -0.40, p&lt; 0.001) and BF% (r= -0.56, p&lt;0.001). VO2max correlated best with waist circumference in male (r= - 0.41, p&lt; 0.001) and BF% in female (r= -0.56, p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: This study concludes that there is an adverse relationship between CRF and adiposity indices and females have low level of cardiorespiratory fitness.

Serum Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and 5-Year Change in Adiposity in Healthy Postmenopausal Women.

Evidence from animal studies suggests that the gradual rise in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) during reproductive senescence may contribute to the change in adiposity distribution characteristic of menopause. The potential independent role the interrelationships of FSH and estradiol (E2) may play in postmenopausal adiposity changes are not well studied. Our objective was to evaluate the associations of FSH and dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived adiposity measures, with consideration of estradiol and postmenopausal hormone therapy use. In a sample of 667 postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative Buffalo OsteoPerio Ancillary Study, we studied the associations of serum FSH and E2 levels with dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived adiposity measures via cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses (5-year follow-up). In cross-sectional analyses, FSH levels were inversely associated with all measures of adiposity in models adjusted for age, years since menopause, smoking status, pack-years, and hormone therapy (HT) use; these associations were not influenced by adjustment for serum E2. In longitudinal analyses, the subset of women who discontinued HT over follow-up (n = 242) experienced the largest increase in FSH (+33.9 mIU/mL) and decrease in E2 (-44.3 pg/mL) and gains in all adiposity measures in unadjusted analyses. In adjusted analyses, an increase in FSH was associated with a gain in percentage of total body fat, total body fat mass, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). While cross-sectional findings suggest that FSH is inversely associated with adiposity, our longitudinal findings suggest that greater increases in FSH were associated with greater increases in percentage of total body fat, total body fat mass, and SAT. Future studies are needed to provide additional insight into FSH-adiposity mechanisms in larger samples.

Differences in total and regional body fat and their association with BMI in UK-born White and South Asian children: findings from the Born in Bradford birth cohort.

Background: Body mass index (BMI) is commonly used as a proxy to determine excess adiposity, though this may underestimate fat mass (FM) in individuals of South Asian (SA) heritage. SA tend to have greater central adiposity than white people, which is associated with a higher risk of cardiometabolic disease. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to determine the differences in total and regional FM using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and to see if any differences in FM varied by BMI category in UK-born white and SA children aged ~9 years. Methods: Anthropometric measurements and DXA scans were undertaken from 225 white and 269 SA children from the Born in Bradford cohort study. Linear regression was used to assess ethnic differences in total body fat percent and total and regional FM. Results: Although mean BMI was similar, compared to white children, the proportion of SA children who were overweight or obese was ~10% higher, and the proportion with > 35% total body fat (TBF) was 22% and 16% higher in boys and girls respectively. Mean TBF% was greater in SA children compared to white children in the same BMI category. Fat mass index (FMI) was higher in all body regions in SA children in all BMI categories; as was total and truncal FMI in healthy and overweight, but not obese, SA children. Conclusions: Greater TBF% and total and regional FM in SA children suggests they may be at greater risk of future cardiometabolic disease at a BMI level below the obesity threshold. However, our sample size was small, and results may be influenced by selection bias and confounding; our findings need to be replicated in a larger study.