Percentage Of Polymorphic Bands Research Articles

Analysis of genetic relationship of Hainan Litchi germplasm resources by SSR marker.

22 Litchi germplasm were used as materials for analyzing their genome polymorphism by SSR markers.22 primers selected from 32 primers were used for SSR amplification.A total of 52 bands were generated,of which 49 bands were polymorphic bands.The percentage of polymorphic band(PPB) was 94.23%.According to the analysis results of POPGENE32 software,the average effective number of alleles(Ne),the Nei's average gene diversity(H) and the average of Shannon's genetic diversity(H′i) index was 1.364 3,0.296 0 and 0.417 0,respectively.The UPGAM dendrogram gotten by NTNSYS cluster analysis implied that 22 Litchi germplasm resources could be divided into 2 groups on the basis of genetic distance 0.51.The fist group included 13 cultivars.The second group included 9 cultivars.

Genetic diversity in three morphological types of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao as revealed by inter simple sequence repeat markers

Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to detect the genetic diversity in three morphological types of cultivated Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao discovered in Gansu province of China. Eight primers used for analysis generated 165 scorable bands of which 162 (98.18%) were polymorphic. The percentage polymorphic bands (PPB), Shannon's information index (I) and Nei's gene diversity (h) for 3 types ranged from 59.39%, 0.2912, 0.1901 to 78.18%, 0.3411, 0.2238 respectively, indicating each type had a high genetic diversity. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed 90.41% of the total genetic diversity existed within the 3 morphological types, whereas only 9.59% occurred among them. The UPGMA tree based on SM similarity coefficients implied that the 3 types had genetically differentiated though not obviously. The high genetic diversity suggested that each type had a potential to develop new strains or cultivars and ISSR was a potentially useful tool in the process of selective breeding of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus.

An AFLP analysis of genetic diversity and structure of Caragana microphylla populations in Inner Mongolia steppe, China

Genetic diversity and structure of five natural populations of Caragana microphylla from the Inner Mongolia steppe were estimated using AFLP markers. Five pairs of primers generated a total of 312 bands among 90 individuals, with percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) being 63% at the population level and 76% at the species level, respectively. The genetic diversity within populations was correlated significantly with the soil N:P ratio. AMOVA analysis revealed high genetic variations within populations (95.5%). The estimated number of migrants per generation (Nm) was 10.72, indicating a high level of gene flow among populations. There was no significant correlation ( r = 0.36) between genetic distance and geographical distance. These results were discussed in terms of eco-geographical variations among populations, together with the life history traits and breeding system of the species. The knowledge obtained may have important implications for better conservation and wise use of the vegetation dominate by C. microphylla.

Population genetic diversity ofPhytophthora infestansfrom China as revealed by SSRs and RAPDs

AbstractSimple sequence repeats (SSR) and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular markers were used to assess the genetic diversity of 80 isolates ofPhytophthora infestansin potato (Solanum tuberosum) from Fujian, Heilongjiang, Hebei and Inner Mongolia Provinces in China. Polymorphism was identified by 13 SSR primers and 14 RAPD primers in the isolates ofP. infestansin potato. A total of 76 bands were amplified by SSRs, with the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) being 78.9% and the similarity coefficient ranging between 0.00 and 0.42. A total of 189 bands were amplified by RAPDs, with the percentage of polymorphic bands being 95.2% and the similarity coefficient ranging between 0.04 and 0.66. Analysis of genetic diversity showed that there exists higher genetic variation in the Fujian population in comparison to the populations of Heilongjiang, Hebei and Inner Mongolia. Nei's genetic identity analysis indicates that the genetic similarity between populations of Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia is the highest and that between Fujian and Hebei is the lowest. A cluster analysis revealed that isolates from Fujian, in the south of China, are distantly related to those from Heilongjiang, Hebei and Inner Mongolia in the north, and the Fujian population is distributed among more groups than the other three, exhibiting a higher genetic diversity.

RAPD Analysis of Germplasm Resources of Kudingcha Species in Oleaceae

The random amplified polymorphic DNA marker (RAPD) was applied to detect the genetic relationships and diversity among 21 germplasm materials of Kudingcha species in Oleaceae, which involved 8 species, i.e., Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Blume, L. henryi Hemsl., L. japonicum Thunb, L. japonicum Thunb. var. pubscens Koidz, L. lucidum Ait., L. pedunculare Rehd, Osmanthus masumuranus Hayata, and L. delavayanm Hariot. 20 RAPD primers selected were applied for the amplification on the 21 germplasm materials mentioned above. 427 bands were obtained, and the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was 97.7%. The genetic similarity coefficients (GS) ranged from 0.1522 to 0.8322 with an average of 0.5466. There was a significant genetic difference among germplasm materials of Kudingcha species in Oleaceae, and UPGMA cluster based on the GS of RAPD could distinguish all test germplasm materials clearly and indicated the relationship of the 8 species mentioned above, all of which indicated that RAPD markers could be used for the studies of genetic diversity and relationship and classification of germplasm resources of Kudingcha species in Oleaceae. Analysis results of RAPD showed that L. japonicum Thunb. var. pubscens Koidz has closer genetic relationship with L. pedunculare Rehd and further genetic relationship with L. japonicum Thunb. among all tested species. The authors suggest that further research is needed to study whether L. japonicum Thunb. var. pubscens Koidz should be classified into a variata of L. japonicum Thunb, or should be considered as an independent species. The analysis results supported that L. pururascens Y. C. Yang should be combined into L. robustum (Roxb.) Blume.

ISSR, an effective molecular approach for studying genetic variability among Schistosoma japonicum isolates from different provinces in mainland China

In the present study, inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) markers were used to examine the genetic variability of Schistosoma japonicum isolates from different provinces in mainland China, using S. japonicum from Japan and S. mansoni from Puerto Rico for comparison. Of the 30 primers screened, 4 produced highly reproducible ISSR fragments. Using these primers, 107 discernible DNA fragments were generated with 105 (98.13%) being polymorphic, indicating considerable genetic variation among the examined S. japonicum isolates. The percentage of polymorphic bands among S. japonicum isolates from mainland China and Japan was 82.24%, 43.93% among mountainous type isolates and 64.49% among lake/marshland type isolates from mainland China. UPGMA analysis revealed that all of the S. japonicum samples were grouped into two clades, the first contained isolates from mainland China, and the other one contained samples from Japan. Within the cluster of S. japonicum isolates from mainland China, isolates from mountainous Sichuan and Yunnan provinces grouped together, whereas isolates from lake/marshland regions (Anhui, Jiangsu and Hubei provinces) clustered together. The results of present study demonstrated that the ISSR markers are useful for studying genetic diversity and population structure of S. japonicum isolates from mainland China.

ISSR analysis of genetic diversity in Freesia refracta germplasm.

Genetic diversity of 12 Freesia refracta accessions was detected and assessed using inter simple sequence repeat(ISSR) markers.From 34 ISSR primers,12 primers were selected to perform ISSR-PCR.5～11 DNA fragments were amplified with each of the 12 primers.Total 96 DNA bands were obtained,of which 62 bands had polymorphism,and average 5.2 polymorphic bands per primer.The percentage of polymorphic bands(PPB) was 64.6%.Computed with NTSYS-pc,the genetic distance(GD) of the 12 F.refracta accessions ranged from 0.123 to 0.907,and average 0.442.According to the UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei's genetic similarity,the 12 materials were divided into 2 groups at 0.56.The accessions with purple flowers belong to the group 1,and the others to the group 2.The results demonstrated that ISSR is a useful tool to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic relationship among F.refracta accessions,which provides a scientific basis for cross breeding and new varieties protection of F.refracta.

Genetic diversity of Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack. in Southwest China revealed by AFLP markers

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to estimate the genetic diversity of Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack. from Sichuan Province, Yunnan Province, Chongqing City and Guangxi Zhuang autonomous Region in China. 10 primer combinations were carried out on 180 different individuals sampled from 22 wild populations. Out of the 485 discernable DNA fragments generated, 441 were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was 90.93% at the species level. Observed number of alleles was 1.9093 ± 0.2875 and effective number of alleles was 1.4048 ± 0.3342. Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's Information index were 0.2494 ± 0.1657 and 0.3903 ±0.2186, respectively. Nei’s genetic distance among 22 populations ranged from 0.0996 to 0.6952. Genetic identity among populations ranged from 0.4990 to 0.9052, averaging 0.7387. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis based on Nei’s genetic distance indicated that most populations were positioned into the relevant area. The above-mentioned results suggested the level of genetic variation of P. paniceum paniceum (Lam.) Hack. was low. The high score of PPB might be caused by low frequent polymorphism distributed in different populations. A significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances of populations was revealed based on Mantel test.

Genetic relatedness among Tunisian plum cultivars by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis and evaluation of phenotypic characters

Analysis of differentiation among local and introduced plum cultivars using morphological, pomological and RAPD markers revealed considerable genetic diversity. The phenotypic analysis shows that pomological and tree growth traits were permitted to evaluate morphological variability of plum cultivars. Ten arbitrary primers used to assay 27 cultivars revealed 143 RAPD markers. The percentage of polymorphic bands (97.28) and the resolving power (Rp) (82) showed the efficiency of used primers. The revealed RAPD markers permit to distinguish all considered cultivars and resolve homonymy problem. Cluster and principal component analysis were performed to assess patterns of diversity among cultivars and showed unstructured genetic diversity. In fact, the cultivars distribution occurs undependably of their geographic origin. The overall distribution pattern of molecular variation suggests that about 94.79% of the total variance was accounted within group component of variance. The remaining 5.21% of the variation was hierarchically structured between components due to differentiation among groups. A significant correlation ( r = 0.30; P = 0.00) was verified between morphological descriptors distance and distance generated by molecular data. These results proved the importance of both morphological and RAPD markers to elucidate in part denomination problems and elucidate relationships among cultivars. Wide phenotypic and molecular diversity found in local plum germplasm indicates a considerable potential for improving this crop. The combined analysis of phenotypic and molecular markers was a valuable tool for assessing the genetic diversity in plums.

Assessment of genetic stability in tissue-cultured products and seedlings of Saussurea involucrata by RAPD and ISSR markers

To control the genetic quality during the whole process of tissue culture of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant, Saussurea involucrate Kar. et Kir., DNA polymorphisms and genetic variations were investigated using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. The genetic stability/variation in tissue-cultured products, including three calli, three adventitious shoots, regenerated plantlets and 2 year-old regenerated plantlets cultivated in the planting base in Tianshan Mountain, were assessed compared with 1 year-old and 2 year-old seedlings cultivated in the same planting base using aseptic seedlings as reference. Apparent genetic variation was detected in the 11 type of plant materials. The percentages of polymorphic bands in the RAPD and ISSR analysis were, respectively, 35% and 33%. Cluster analysis indicated that the genetic similarity values calculated on the basis of RAPD and ISSR data among the 11 type of plant materials were respectively ranged from 0.823 to 0.995 with a mean of 0.878 and 0.825 to 0.974 with a mean of 0.885, which classified the samples into three groups. The similarity coefficient also revealed that differences among three calli were not remarkable by both RAPD and ISSR analysis, and only chemical components and growth properties needed consideration in the screening of callus used for the next redifferentiation studies. But there are remarkable differences among three adventitious shoots analyzed by ISSR markers. Therefore, RAPD and ISSR markers are efficient tools in genetic variation assessment and quality control in plant tissue culture process.

High genetic diversity detected in the endemic Primula apennina Widmer (Primulaceae) using ISSR fingerprinting

Primula apennina Widmer is endemic to the North Apennines (Italy). ISSR were used to detect the genetic diversity within and among six populations representative of the species distribution range. High levels of genetic diversity were revealed both at population percentage of polymorphic band (PPB = 75.92%, H S = 0.204, H pop = 0.319) and at species level (PPB = 96.95%, H T = 0.242, H sp = 0.381). Nei gene diversity statistics (15.7%), Shannon diversity index (16.3%) and AMOVA (14%) detected a moderate level of interpopulation diversity. Principal coordinate and Bayesian analyses clustered the populations in three major groups along a geographic gradient. The correlation between genetic and geographic distances was positive (Mantel test, r = 0.232). All together, these analyses revealed a weak but significant spatial genetic structure in P. apennina, with gene flow acting as a homogenizing force that prevents a stronger differentiation of populations. Conservation measures are suggested based on the observed pattern of genetic variability.

Low genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation in the critically endangeredOmphalogramma souliei(Primulaceae): implications for its conservation

AbstractOmphalogramma soulieiFranch. is an endangered perennial herb only distributed in alpine areas of SW China. ISSR markers were applied to determine the genetic variation and genetic structure of 60 individuals of three populations ofO. soulieiin NW Yunnan, China. The genetic diversity at the species level is low withP=42.5% (percentage of polymorphic bands) andHsp=0.1762 (total genetic diversity). However, a high level of genetic differentiation among populations was detected based on different measures (Nei's genetic diversity analysis:Gst=0.6038; AMOVA analysis:Fst=0.6797). Low level of genetic diversity within populations and significant genetic differentiation among populations might be due to the mixed mating system in which xenogamy predominated and autogamy played an assistant role inO. souliei.The genetic drift due to small population size and limited current gene flow also resulted in significant genetic differentiation. The assessment of genetic variation and differentiation of the endangered species provides important information for conservation on a genetic basis. Conservation strategies for this rare endemic species are proposed.

A contribution to characterisation of genetic variation in some natural Polish populations ofElymus repens(L.) Gould andElymus hispidus(Opiz) Melderis (Poaceae) as revealed by RAPD markers

To determine the relative importance of clonal growth and sexual reproduction, the Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was used to study genetic diversity and clonal structure of six populations of Elymus repens and four populations of Elymus hispidus from Poland. These outbreeding species are virtually self-sterile and form widely spreading and long-lived rhizomes. Using 12 primers, a total of 150 unambiguous RAPD fragments were amplified and scored. Results of AMOVA showed no significant genetic distinction between morphologically distinguished varieties of E. repens and E. hispidus. E. repens had slightly higher intra-specific genetic polymorphism than E. hispidus; the percentage of polymorphic bands per population ranged from 38 to 49 and from 19 to 38 respectively. Clonal diversity measured using the Simpson diversity index (D) indicated different contributions of clonal reproduction in particular populations of E. repens (D: 0.20-0.72). Populations of E. hispidus were dominated by one or a few clones, which were generally restricted to a single population (D: 0.00-0.22). RAPD revealed that most genetic diversity resided within populations of the two studied species, suggesting that, despite their clonal character, propagation by seeds contributes considerably to reproduction of E. repens and E. hispidus.

Genetic variation within and among fragmented populations of endangered medicinal plant, Withania coagulans (Solanaceae) from Pakistan and its implications for conservation

Withania coagulans is an under-utilized, endangered medicinal plant that can be found scarcely as fragmented populations in South Asia. Theoretically, the fragmented population should show low diversity within population and higher diversity among population with low rate of gene flow. To test this hypothesis, we conducted diversity analysis of 7 populations of W. coagulans from the districts of Kohat and Karak in NWFP (North West Frontier Province), Pakistan using PBA (P450 based analogue) markers. Our results showed contrary findings from the hypothesis for fragmented population. The findings showed higher diversity within population and lower diversity among population like larger unfragmented populations even though the population size was less than 100 in all populations. Percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) in these populations was 50 to 71.95% with gene diversity (H) of 0.192 to 0.298. AMOVA (Analysis of molecular variance) test showed that there was low genetic diversity among populations (17%) and high genetic diversity within population (83%). FST value showed low genetic differentiation (0.0911) and high gene flow (Nm 2.494) among populations. Isolation by Distance Model revealed no correlation between genetic and geographic distances as well as ecotypes (soil variation) vs genetic distances. Presumably, the larger fragments, formed long time ago due to geological changes, were reduced into smaller fragments recently due to the human pressure. the fruits of the plant are exploited for commercial purposes and the whole plant is used as fodder and fuelwood thus threatening the current survival of the limited fragmented populations. Conservation measures for the species existence are also discussed and recommended.

Congruence of RAPD and ISSR Markers for Evaluation of Genomic Relationship Among 28 Populations of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle from Himachal Pradesh, India

Twenty eight populations of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle were selected to study genetic relationship using RAPD and ISSR markers from north-western Himalayas, Himachal Pradesh, India. Nineteen RAPD primers and 11 ISSR primers amplified a total of 131 and 68 scorable bands, of which 92.37% and 83.82%, respectively, were polymorphic. The mean coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) was 0.6933 and 0.6296, indicating that Nei´s gene diversity of 33.77% and 29.44% reside in all the populations. Estimated value of gene flow for RAPD (Nm = 0.11059), for ISSR (Nm = 0.1470) individually, and the combination of RAPD+ISSR (Nm = 0.1211) markers indicated that there was limited gene flow among the populations. The dendrogram obtained from UPGMA analysis revealed grouping of populations with respect to their forest division, except with Kullu forest division. The existence variation among 28 populations based on percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was proved to be coupled with geographical altitude (r = 0.474). The genetic similarity matrices generated by ISSR and RAPD markers were highly correlated (r = 0.721 at P = 0.001), showed similar estimation between the 2 systems. Both markers were equally useful in providing some understanding about the genetic relationship of different populations in Podophyllum L.

Positive correlation between vegetation dissimilarity and genetic differentiation of Carex sempervirens

Synthesizing genetic data at population level and vegetation data at community level may give insight into how ecological and evolutionary processes associated with different vegetation influence genetic diversity and differentiation of plant populations. We correlated population genetic patterns of Carex sempervirens with community vegetation patterns in abandoned subalpine grassland in the Swiss Alps. Within-population genetic diversity (percentage of polymorphic bands and Nei's gene diversity) of C. sempervirens was not significantly correlated with plant richness, evenness or Shannon's diversity index (Pearson correlation coefficient | r|<0.32, P>0.10). However, the genetic distance ( F ST) between C. sempervirens populations was significantly positively correlated with the vegetation dissimilarity between communities (Mantel's r=0.23, P<0.01). The correlation between the population genetic differentiation and the vegetation dissimilarity was not due to the parallel effects of geographic isolation or site conditions, because F ST was not correlated with the geographic distance or the pairwise differences in any of the measured site condition parameters. One likely mechanism is that different plant communities were associated with different selective forces, which, in turn, influenced the genetic differentiation between C. sempervirens populations. Another possibility is that the vegetation heterogeneity (dissimilarity) generated ecological barriers against gene flow and thus enhanced the genetic differentiation between C. sempervirens populations.

Genetic diversity analysis with ISSR PCR on green algae Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella pyrenoidosa

In the present study, genetic polymorphism and diversity in unicellular clones of Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck and Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick were studied with Inter Simple Sequence Repeats PCR (ISSR PCR). Samples including four clones of C. vulgaris and three clones of C. pyrenoidosa were purified by single-clone-choice method. For four C. vulgaris unicellular clones, the total number of the bands scored for 18 primers was 298; and the number of the polymorphic bands was 118, of which 39.6% were polymorphic. The size of PCR products ranged from 200 to 2 500 bp. The total number of bands scored for 18 primers, the number of polymorphic bands and the percentage of three C. pyrenoidosa unicellular clones was 194.83 and 30.8%, respectively. POPGENE analysis show that the average Nei genetic diversity (h*) and Shannon index of diversity (I*) in the four C. vulgaris unicellular clones was 0.2181 and 0.3208, respectively, which is slightly higher than those of the three C. pyrenoidosa unicellular clones (0.190 3 and 0.274 8), which agreed with the percentage of polymorphic bands in the mixed samples of the two species. The results suggest that ISSR is a useful method to Chlorella for intraspecies genetic analysis.

Genetic diversity and differentiation in Chinese sour cherry Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl., and its implications for conservation

In this study, the genetic diversity and differentiation of 10 natural Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl. populations were investigated using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Totally, 18 selected primers generated 150 loci, with an average of 8.33 bands per primer. The results showed that the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was pretty low at the population level (PPB = 1.13–32%), but relatively high at the species level (PPB = 84%). Besides, a high level of genetic differentiation among populations was detected based on the gene differentiation coefficient (GST = 0.7118) and the hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) (ΦST = 64.53%, P < 0.001), in line with the low inter-population gene flow (Nm = 0.2025). Moreover, Mantel test revealed a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances among the populations (r = 0.5272, P < 0.005). The high level of intraspecific genetic diversity was probably related with its life history traits, while its small population size and the resultant high levels of genetic drift and inbreeding might explain the low genetic diversity within populations. The relatively high inter-population genetic differentiation was largely attributed to its small population size, habitat fragmentation, the mode of pollen and seed dispersal, and geographic isolation. Based on the present study, conservation strategies were proposed to preserve this valuable natural germplasm resource.

Genetic differentiation in endangered Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino based on ISSR polymorphism and its implications for conservation

Studies were performed to investigate the genetic variation of 14 natural populations of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino, an outcrossing clonal plant species in China, using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Fourteen selected primers were used to amplify DNA samples from 140 individuals, and totally 194 loci were detected. The percentage of polymorphic bands (PPBs) showed that the genetic diversity was pretty high at the species level (PPB = 96.39%) but quite low at the population level (PPB = 1.03–25.26%). Shannon's information index ( I) and Nei's gene diversity ( h) displayed a similar trend to PPB. According to the hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and Nei's analysis of gene diversity, the percentages of genetic variation among populations were 88.66 and 88.94%, respectively, indicating a high level of inter-population genetic differentiation. The low levels of genetic diversity within populations and high genetic differentiation among populations were assumed to result from the limited gene flow, the clonal nature and genetic drift. Based on the genetic data, effective conservation strategies were proposed for conserving this traditional Chinese medicinal herb. Concerning the management of G. pentaphyllum, we suggested that in situ conservation be an important and practical measure for maintaining the genetic diversity and that a possibly maximum number of populations be conserved. Populations EMS and HLT, in which particularly low levels of genetic variation were characterized, should be given the priority for ex situ conservation.

Biodiversity in cultivatedPanax notoginsengpopulations1

Panax notoginseng is a cultivated ginseng species highly valued for its various pharmacological activities mostly associated with triterpenoid saponin glycosides. It would be of great interest to understand biodiversity in this ginseng species after its long history of domestication. We collected 92 random sampled 3-year-old P notoginseng plants from 4 counties of Wenshan prefecture in Yunnan province, China and documented their morphological features of plant height, stem color, number of leaves/leaflets and dry weight of tap root. Their genetic diversity was evaluated by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (fAFLP) analysis. Among the samples collected, variable morphological features were observed. For these 4 populations (Zhulijie, Shangliuhe, Bazai and Jinbuhuan) analyzed by fAFLP, percentage of polymorphic bands among the total number of 582 discrete bands were 74.05%, 45.36%, 38.83% and 51.89% respectively. Mean genetic heterozygosity were 0.166, 0.093, 0.094 and 0.125. On the other hand, Nei genetic distances among populations were all <0.03. Further analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) attributed most (93.5%) genetic diversity to within population variation. Principal coordinates analysis (PCA) did not group any population distinctively. This domesticated ginseng species still maintains a fair level of biodiversity and this conclusion is consistent with the local practice of non-selective collection of seeds for next season planting. There was no genetic drift in populations. Biodiversity of P notoginseng can be exploited to improve this important herb through breeding. Two possible strategies include inbreeding for pure lines and hybrid breeding with genetic divergent parents for hybrid vigor.