Percentage Of Plant Survival Research Articles

Sustainable management of peanut damping-off and root rot diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani using environmentally friendly bio-formulations prepared from batch fermentation broth of chitinase-producing Streptomyces cellulosae.

Soil-borne plant diseases represent a severe problem that negatively impacts the production of food crops. Actinobacteria play a vital role in biocontrolling soil-borne fungi. The target of the present study is to test the antagonistic activity of chitinase-producing Streptomyces cellulosae Actino 48 (accession number, MT573878) against Rhizoctonia solani. Subsequently, maximization of Actino 48 production using different fermentation processes in a stirred tank bioreactor. Finally, preparation of bio-friendly formulations prepared from the culture broth of Actino 48 using talc powder (TP) and bentonite in a natural as well as nano forms as carriers. Meanwhile, investigating their activities in reducing the damping-off and root rot diseases of peanut plants, infected by R. solani under greenhouse conditions. Actino 48 was found to be the most significant antagonistic isolate strain at p ≤ 0.05 and showed the highest inhibition percentage of fungal mycelium growth, which reached 97%. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images analysis showed a large reduction in R. solani mycelia mass. Additionally, many aberrations changes and fungal hypha damages were found. Batch fermentation No. 2, which was performed using agitation speed of 200rpm, achieved high chitinase activity of 0.1163 U mL- 1 min- 1 with a yield coefficient of 0.004 U mL- 1 min- 1 chitinase activity/g chitin. Nano-talc formulation of Actino 48 had more a significant effect compared to the other formulations in reducing percentages of damping-off and root rot diseases that equal to 19.05% and 4.76% with reduction percentages of 60% and 80%, respectively. The healthy survival percentage of peanut plants recorded 76.19%. Furthermore, the nano-talc formulation of Actino 48 was sufficient in increasing the dry weight of the peanut plants shoot, root systems, and the total number of peanut pods with increasing percentages of 47.62%, 55.62%, and 38.07%, respectively. The bio-friendly formulations of actinobacteria resulting from this investigation may play an active role in managing soil-borne diseases.

Role of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Trichoderma koningii in Reducing Root Rot Disease of Tomato Causing by Fusarium solani

Two isolates of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium solani the causative of tomato root rot disease named Fs1 and Fs2 were isolated from tomato plants infected with root rot disease. Results showed that both examined isolates had significant effects on the percentage of seed germination of tomato and damping-off disease. Thus, isolate Fs1 was more effective than isolate Fs2, as it recorded a percentage of germination and damping-off 56.6 and 71.6% respectively, compared to the control treatment, which recorded 100 and 0% respectively. It was found that the use of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 ppm had a significant effect on the fungal radial growth, dry weight (DW) and sporulation of F. solani. Antifungal activity of H2O2 appeared even at the lowest concentration (50 ppm), which inhibited radial growth to 49.33%, and decreased the dry weight to 498 mg, and the sporulation to 3.75×106 spores. Additionally, the results indicated significant inhibitory effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the bioagent Trichoderma koningii on F. solani growth. It was noticed that H2O2 has compatible effects with T. koningii, where the antagonistic ability of T. koningii against F. solani increased when the concentration of H2O2 had increased. The results revealed that the treatment F. solani + H2O2 (200 ppm) + T. koningii significantly reduced the percentage of damping-off and plant survival to 9.40 and 5.39% respectively, in comparison with the control treatment and F. solani alone treatment, which reached 20.22, 14.48, 34.32 and 67.41% respectively.

Evaluation of the Success of Planting in the Rehabilitation of a Watershed Area in Sei Lesan Protected Forest, Indonesia

The high level of community activity in using river watershed land has resulted in the exploitation of land around the watershed which has resulted in a decline in soil quality and caused land degradation along the river flow, therefore areas along the river flow require land reclamation so that the natural balance around the watershed is maintained. Reclamation is an activity that aims to repair or organize the use of land that has been disturbed as a result of inappropriate environmental processing business activities so that it can function and be efficient according to its intended purpose. The research aim is to evaluate the level of success of planting in the rehabilitation process of PT Berau Coal in the Lesan River Protected Forest. The research was carried out in the Sei Lesan Protected Forest Area in the Segah Watershed, Kelay Sub Watershed in Kelay District, Berau Regency, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia from July to August 2022. This research used systematic sampling with the random start method, namely plot measurement, The first measuring plot is created randomly and subsequent measuring plots are created systematically with a sampling intensity of at least 5%. The results of the research show that the level of plant growth in watershed rehabilitation activities at PT Berau Coal Watershed Rehabilitation was declared successful with a plant survival percentage value of 78.24%, and the planting results in the PT Berau Coal Block C watershed rehabilitation area were very good with a percentage of healthy plants of 76.08%.

Study of Success Level of Reclamation Plant on the Post-mining Land of PT. Kitadin Site Embalut

Coal mining activities in Indonesia are generally or usually carried out using an open pit mining system which results in negative impacts such as loss of forest vegetation, loss of animals and plants (flora and fauna), as well as damage and loss of soil layers around the coal mining area. To overcome the problem of land damage or changes due to mining is to carry out reclamation. The research aims to determine the reclamation process on post-coal mining land and to assess the level of success of reclamation of revegetation. The research was carried out from mid-April 2023 to the end of May 2023 in the post-mining land revegetation reclamation area of ​​PT Kitadin Site Embuat which is located in Emputar Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. The research results show that (1) the reclamation process on PT Kitadin's post-coal mining land begins with land use activities (filling cover soil, spreading root zone soil, and controlling erosion), revegetation activities, and other forms of reclamation activities; and (2) revegetation of the PT Kitadin Site Embulant at the Homogeneous Educational Forest and Heterogeneous Educational Forest locations was declared successful with a plant survival percentage reaching 94.5%, however, the soil pH parameter was declared unsuccessful because the soil pH value at the Homogeneous Educational Forest location was only 4.80 (classified as acid).

Effects of Different Vesicular - arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM) Fungi on the Seedling Growth of Tecomella undulata

Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. (family Bignoniaceae) is a tree found in desert parts of India, and Arabia. The cultivation of high-quality seedlings is vital for establishing a successful plantation and the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the soil plays a vital role in the nursery phase. A study conducted during the periods of 2021-22 and 2022-23 scrutinised the effect of four distinct species of Glomus spp. (G. mosseae, G. intraradices, G. fasciculatum and Glomus hoi) on Tecomella undulata seedlings in AMF-inoculated soil. The inoculation involved applying of 400-500 sporocarps/kg of soil during sowing and the evaluation encompassed growth and survival parameters. Results revealed that among the 4 Glomus species, soil inoculated with Glomus fasiculatum at 180 days after sowing, significantly increased the root colonization percentage with (50.69 and 46.71 %) in year (2021-22) and (2022-23) compared to the uninoculated control. Additionally, seedlings exhibited significantly higher no. of spores per 100g of soil, when treated with (Glomus fasiculatum) inoculated soil, which was statistically at par with soil inoculated with (Glomus intraradices) at (103.67 and 98.65). During both the experimental year, in terms of germination percentage, root length and root: shoot ratio were found non- significantly with (44.45 %), root length at 360 DAS, (26.67 and 25.74) respectively, root shoot ratio at 360 days after sowing. While, plant survival percentage (30.63 and 25.41%) at 90 DAS. Whereas, at 360 DAS, collar diameter (6.14 and 10.07 mm), shoot length (33.36 and 32.19 cm), plant biomass (8.31 and 8.05 g), leaf area (196.29 and 185.46 cm 2) was observed significantly higher in treatment T3 (Glomus fasiculatum) which was statistically at par with treatment T1 (G. intraradices). It is concluded from study that Glomus fasiculatum were found best for growth and survival of seedlings followed by Glomus intraradices as compare to control.

Combining Biometric, Biochemistry, and Photosynthetic Measurements to Analyze the Performance of Two Black Pepper Cultivars Under Water Deficit

ABSTRACT Low water availability affects plant photosynthesis, growth, and yield. In this study, physiological and biometric traits were evaluated in black pepper cultivars (Kottanadan and Bragantina) growing under water deficit conditions, according to a randomized block design, with two factors [two pepper cultivars and six water deficit levels]. Nine replicates were used for each treatment. The plant survival percentage was 90% and 10% in Kottanadan (after 12 WDD) and Bragantina (after 10 WDD), respectively. Relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic pigments, and JIP-test parameters were reduced in Bragantina pepper cultivar with water deprivation, except the basal quantum yield of the process non-photochemical in PSII (Fo/Fm), which increased with water deficit. Shoot and root dry matter accumulation, leaf number, and root volume were reduced at 10 and 12 WDD in Bragantina and Kottanadan pepper cultivars, respectively. The results obtained in this study showed that the two pepper cultivars differed strongly in their responses to the water deficit. The Kottanadan pepper cultivar showed an advantage over the Bragantina considering their high photochemical performance maintained until 12 WDD, showing better stability and efficiency in utilizing excitation energy under low water availability.

Effect of Indole Butyric Acid and Zinc Sulphate in Different Media on Rooting of Olive Cuttings

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an oil fruit crop with the physiological potential to survive and produce in rain-fed areas. In Pakistan, it is grown in upper Punjab and Baluchistan due to their climate suitability for better production. Due to the increasing trend of olive oil, peoples show more interest in planting disease-free plants for better oil production. The successful nursery of olives mainly depends on growth substrates with rooting hormones like Indole butyric acid. A recent study was conducted to observe the influence of growing substrate and combination of IBA with zinc sulphate during the vegetative stage of two cultivars of olive. Semi-hardwood olive cuttings were treated with indole butyric acid (IBA) at a level of 3000 ppm with zinc sulphate at 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm and cultured on various types of soil in pots under plastic tunnel conditions under completely randomized design with three factors and each treatment replicated thrice. Both varieties with all treatments significantly affect all traits. The maximum number of shoots were recorded in the media that contain sugarcane press mud with 3000ppm IBA and 3000ppm zinc sulphate that showed the maximum number of shoots (5. 66), branches (6. 66), shoot length (17. 01), number of roots (5. 33), root diameter (0. 23), plant survival percentage (73. 66) and root length (16. 86). In contrast, the minimum number of shoots (1. 0), branches (1. 00), shoot length (3. 77), number of roots (1. 00) root diameter (0. 01), plant survival percentage (44. 33), root length (4. 92) were observed in control media in cultivar Ottobrattica with the treatment of IBA at 3000 ppm+ zinc sulphate 2000 ppm. Results from all treatments revealed a favorable correlation between medium and IBA when combined with zinc sulphate for all measured growth parameters. The 50% sugarcane press mud, 50% silt soil with IBA 3000 ppm+ zinc sulphate 2000 ppm proved to be the best approach for better germination of olive cuttings in pots. The resulting outcomes play a significant role in the better germination percentage under dry climatic conditions. Analysis of variance was used to examine the data obtained (Statistix 8.1). The least significant test (LSD) was used to compare significant means at a 5% probability level.

Growth, Physiology, and Productivity of Bouteloua gracilis and Cenchrus ciliaris Using Moisture Retainers under Different Planting Methods

The extensive raising of livestock on grasslands is a relevant economic activity in northern Mexico. These are regions of high climatic uncertainty and have extreme weather events, which requires the exploration of technological innovation to mitigate the negative impacts on these agroecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate two grass species using two planting methods and two types of soil moisture retainers and to determine their response based on growth and some physiological and productive attributes. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in a split–split plot arrangement with six replications. The main plots were planted with two grass species: Bouteloua gracilis and Cenchrus ciliaris; the subplots were differentiated by two grass planting methods: seeding and seedling transplanting; the sub-subplots were differentiated by the soil moisture retainers used: (1) application on the soil of 10 t ha−1 of corn harvest residue (CHR) as organic cover on the soil surface, (2) application of hydrogel at 20 kg ha−1 mixed in the soil rhizosphere because it must be in contact with the root and soil due to its chemical composition, and (3) control, no application of any type of input. The seedling transplant method with the application of CHR significantly increased (p < 0.05) the plant survival percentage, on average by 31.5% in both grasses, in relation to the direct method seeding and the control. C. ciliaris showed a higher photosynthetic rate and, therefore, higher forage productivity than B. gracilis. The hydrogel only showed a moisture retention effect in the soil during the first 20 days after the transplant or sowing of the grass seed; after this period, there was no longer any effect as a water retainer in the soil. The soil cover with CHR was confirmed as a good moisture retainer with greater productivity of rangeland forage in degraded soils in arid areas.

Effect of Water Stress and Nano Selenium on Growth and Multiplication of Strawberry Shoots (Fragaria X ananassa Duch) in Vitro

The experiment was conducted in the plant tissue culture laboratory of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University. For the purpose of evaluating the tolerance of celery cultivar Festival to water stress in vitro using three concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (4, 0.2 mg L-1) and three concentrations of nano selenium (Se) (4, 2, 0 mg L-1) in the growth and multiplication of strawberry shoots. The apical meristem taken from the purlins of the aforementioned cultivar, which was obtained from Najaf Research Department - Agricultural Research Department - Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture, was cultivated in the MS medium (Murashige and Skoog) supplied with (1 mg L-1BA + 0. mg L-1). IBA + 80 mg L-1adenine sulfate) for 4 weeks, Then the percentage of surviving plants, the average number of shoots formed, their lengths, the number of leaves, and their fresh and dry weights were calculated as indicators of their response and tolerance to water stress. The results showed a significant reduction in the percentage of plant survival, the number of branches and their lengths, the number of leaves, and their fresh and dry weights when the concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the multiplication medium was increased. The lowest values were recorded at a concentration of 4 mg L-1compared to the highest results when the control treatment was 0 mg L-1. As for the nano selenium, the highest values were recorded at a concentration of 4 mg L-1compared to the lowest results when the comparison treatment was 0 mg L-1.

The Impact of Salinity, Putrescin, and Melatonin Interactions on Green Bean Vegetative Indicators

This study aims to assess the effect of salt stress by using concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 40, 20, 60) mmol. L-1. Putrescine (0.2 and 0.4) mmol. L-1 and Melatonin (0.2, 0.4) mmol. L-1 and their overlap in some physiological and phenotypic traits of a green bean plant. The experiment was carried out using a complete randomized design (CRD) as a two-factor experiment (putrescine and melatonin x sodium chloride salt concentrations). The results were statistically analyzed with 10 replications that included 20 root tips for each treatment, and the averages were compared using the least significant difference at the 0.05 probability. The results showed that the effect of salt stress led to a significant decrease in most of the studied traits, a concentration of 60 mmol. L-1 led to a decrease in the percentage of plant survival by average branch length, number of shoots, dry weight percentage, and chlorophyll content. Also, adding melatonin significantly increased most of the studied traits using concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4 mmol. L-1 compared to adding putrescin (0.2), as the average branch length increased by increase, the number of shoots, the survival rate of plants, the dry weight, and the percentage of chlorophyll. The experiment’s results also showed a significant effect of the interaction between salt stress and melatonin on most of the vegetative growth characteristics of green beans. The effect of putrescine led to a decrease in vegetative indicators due to its high concentration in the medium used in the experiment.

TINGKAT KEBERHASILAN KEGIATAN REHABILITAS DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI (DAS) DI PT BORNEO INDOBARA LOKASI DESA ARTAINKECAMATAN ARANIO KABUPATEN BANJAR PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

PT Borneo Indobara as the holder of a Borrow-to-Use Forest Area Permit and has obligations as the executor of rehabilitation activities. Forest development activities through rehabilitation, especially on critical land in watershed areas (DAS) are one of the efforts that can be made to reduce the adverse effects of forest degradation. Watershed management is a series of efforts made by humans to rationally utilize watershed natural resources in order to fulfill their daily needs and improve their standard of living. Analyzing the success of the activity by looking at the percentage of growth of watershed rehabilitation plants at PT. Borneo Indobara, Artain Village, Evaluate the implementation of activities in the field with the Technical Design on plant growth factors, Analyze the types of plants with the requirements for plant growth, Make recommendations in the Technical Design activities on plant growth factors. The average yield of growth (height and diameter) of plants in 45 land units was 0.67 in height and 0.625 in diameter, 33 in 0.53 in height and 0.475 in land units, 0.57 in 52 in height and 0.505 in diameter. The percentage of survival on land unit 45 was 65.56%, land unit 33 was 64.17%, land unit 52 was 66.36%. Based on the analysis of plant survival percentage, it shows that the average survival percentage of plants is still below 65%, this means that the selected watershed rehabilitation plants need to be evaluated. sea sengon, mahogany, johar, pioneer species of trembesi which are relatively adapted to thin solums. Plant recommendation models are proposed for reclamation plant improvement starting from technical design, to field application so that reclamation plants can show high plant success.

Genetic analysis and screening of Indian landraces of rice for submergence tolerance in target production environment (TPE)

Complete submergence is one of the most important abiotic stress constraining rice production in India. From the past few decades effect of this stress has intensified and is anticipated to increase in coming years as a result of global climate change. Rice has developed many adaptive mechanisms to grow well in flood ecosystems however, too much water for long time at any stage of plant growth can lead to serious injuries like decaying of plant parts, lodging and reperfusion causing total crop loss. Because of these conditions, farmers usually rely on traditional landraces that can survive through this stress, despite the fact that these tends to be very low yielding. In the present study, 660 rice landraces along with checks were subjected to screening for submergence tolerance at vegetative stage in target production environment. Identification of tolerant genotypes was based on the survival percentage of plants and recovery by which they grown new tillers and leaves. Principle component analysis revealed three principle components accounted for 99.9 per cent of total variation. Regeneration percentage of tillers found to be the most discriminating character and possess additive gene action. Confirmation through cluster analysis grouped the tolerant and susceptible genotypes in the respective clusters. Results of screening showed that, out of 660 accessions, three accessions viz., IC388692, IC377169 and IC205953 have highest tolerance to 14 days of submergence and the survival ability was similar to the tolerant checks FR13A and CO 43-Sub1. Apart from the above three accessions, eight accessions viz., IC216378, IC126210, IC114413, IC386238, IC133584, IC114971, RL-1312 and RL-3055 scored 1 for faster regeneration of tillers denoting the ability to have good tolerance for submergence stress.

Effect of Pectimorf on the rooting ability, and morpho-physiological trials of national cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) under different substrates

Cocoa is an economical cash crop that is formerly planted worldwide. Cuttings are a method of vegetative propagation suitable for maintaining desirable characteristics in cocoa trees. A greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate the optimal concentrations of Pectimorf® (0, 10, 50, and 100 mg L-1) for rooting ability and seedling establishment as well as some physiological trials of 4 months EETP-800 national cocoa cuttings grown under two different substrates (S1: 80% soil + 20% sand and S2: 70% soil + 20% sand + 10% rice husk). The data showed that in most cases there are no significant differences in vegetative growth and root characteristics as well as gas exchange parameters between the two substrates. On the other hand, the application of Pectimorf® concentration enhanced all tested traits compared to untreated plants. The most effective in this regard was 100 mg L-1, that giving the highest value of all trials. As for the interaction effect, the result also shows that the application of Pectimorf® concentration in special at 100 mg L-1 among two substrates had an additive effect on plant growth, gas exchange, and survival percentage compared to non-treated cuttings. The application of 100 mg L-1 Pectimorf® with S2 substrate produced stronger seedlings with a higher survival percentage. This protocol can be used commercially for cocoa propagation commercially.

Performance Evaluation of Different Tomato Lines Grown Organically in Catarman, Camiguin, Philippines

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is considered an important crop, but local producers face difficulties in choosing the appropriate variety due to its diversity and ecological adaptability. In an effort to provide an alternative option of varieties and selection of suitable varieties, this research was conducted to evaluate the comparative performance of sixteen tomato varieties (11 AVRDC lines, five check varieties) at Tangaro, Catarman, Camiguin from January to April 2014 using randomized complete block design with three replications under field conditions. It was found out that plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to first harvest, plant vigor, percent survival, fruit yield, number of fruits, fruit weight, marketable yield, and resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) showed significant differences among the various tomato varieties under trial except for the fruit size. Maximum plant height (65.30 cm) at 60DAT was recorded in T11 (AVTO 1002) followed by T8 (AVTO 1130). Most check varieties produced first flowers earlier compared to AVRDC lines, with T15 (CV4 M) at 20.67 days and consequently mature early by having its first harvest (56DAT) at least two days earlier except for T1 (AVTO 1009), T2 (AVTO 1003) and T3 (AVTO 9803). T12 (CV1 TD) exhibited a vigorous plant stand compared to AVRDC lines T2 (AVTO 1003) and T8 (AVTO 1130), which showed a weak stand at the first harvest. Checked varieties T12 (CV1 TD) has the highest percentage of survival, while T7 (AVTO 0101) and T10 (AVTO 9001) showed a percent plant survival statistically comparable to other check varieties. T14 (CV3 MF1) produced the most number of fruits, while T5 (AVTO 1004) produced the least. The highest computed yield per hectare was observed from T14 (CV3 MF1), while the lowest yield was computed from AVRDC line T9 (AVTO 1008). AVRDC lines T1 (AVTO 1009), T2 (AVTO 1003), and T3 (AVTO 9803) are most susceptible to TYLCV, while checked varieties were more resistant. Considering the overall performance, it was found out that the checked varieties performed well. AVRDC lines T10 (AVTO 9001) and T4 (AVTO 1173) were also promising for their growth and yield performance and resistance to TYLCV. However, the potential of these varieties is needed to be further tested for verification under different growing seasons to elicit substantial conclusions.

Weed Management Practices Affects Vegetative Growth and Graft Survival of Apple cv. Silver Spur/M9-T337 Nursery Plants

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different weed management practices on vegetative growth and graft survival of apple nursery. The experiment was laid out at the Experimental Farm, Division of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India during the year 2020. Seven weed management practices i.e. T1 (manual weeding), T2 (pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i. ha-1), T3 (pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i. ha-1 + manual weeding), T4 (paddy straw mulch - 6cm thick), T5 (black polyethylene mulch - 200 micron), T6 (weed free) and T7 (weedy check) were tested in apple nursery (cv. Silver Spur grafted on M9-T337). The experimental design used was Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. Observations on vegetative growth parameters of nursery stocks (plant height, number of branches & number of leaves per plant, leaf area, rootstock girth and scion girth) and graft survival was recorded. Plant growth and graft survival percentage of apple nursery plants was significantly affected by weed management practices. Black polyethylene and paddy straw mulches resulted superior plant growth and both the treatments were statistically at par for all the vegetative growth parameters. Plant height (87.81cm), number of branches (0.4) and number of leaves (45.04) per plant and leaf area (23.63 cm-2) was maximum with black polyethylene much, while scion girth (3.26 cm) and rootstock girth (4.38 cm) was maximum with paddy straw mulch, Significantly maximum graft survival (90.60%) were recorded with black polyethylene. Hence, Black polyethylene (200 micron) found to be most effective weed management practice for obtaining higher graft survival of apple nursery plants with better plant growth characteristics.

Comparative Evaluation of Selected Grass Species for Agronomic Performance, Forage Yield, and Chemical Composition in the Highlands of Ethiopia

The study was conducted to determine the effect of different grass species (Brachiaria mutica, Desho, and Napier) and harvesting stages on agronomic performance, forage dry matter yield, and chemical composition. The grass species used were Desho (Pennisetum pedicellatum), Brachiaria (Brachiaria mutica), and Napier (Pennisetum purpureum), and the harvesting stages considered were 60, 90, and 120 days after establishment of grasses, respectively. The data collected included the following: percent plant survival (PS), plant height (PH), number of tillers per plant (NTPP), number of leaves per plant (NLPP), leaf length per plant (LLPP), leaf width per plant (LWPP), number of nodes per plant (NNPP), leaf-to-stem ratio (LSR), dry matter yield (DMY), and chemical composition of the grass species. Samples of grass species were harvested at different ages after establishment, weighed, and dried, and then, ground subsamples were taken for determination of dry matter (DM), ash, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude protein yield (CPY), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL). Results showed that morphological characteristics, forage dry matter yield, and chemical composition of the forage grasses were significantly affected by interactions of species ( P < 0.001 ) and harvesting dates. The highest mean PH (115.2 cm), DMY (11.8 t/ha), and %CP (11.6) were recorded from Brachiaria mutica grass which was followed by Napier grass with mean PH of 87.25 cm and mean DMY of 9.8 t/ha. The %CP content of Desho and Napier grasses declined by 24%, while %CP content of Brachiaria grass declined by 26% with increased harvesting stages. Therefore, among tested grass species, Brachiaria mutica grass was recommended followed by Napier and Desho grass for on-farm evaluation and demonstration in the study area at all harvesting ages. Farmers engaged in forage grass production could seriously consider the harvesting stage as the grasses responded differently to the chemical composition.

POTENTIAL USE OF ANIMAL MANURES IN MANAGING PHYTOPHTHORA WILT OF CHILLI CAUSED BY PHYTOPHTHORA CAPSICI

Phytophthora wilt of chilli, caused by Phytophthora capsici, is a major concern for many growers because an effective management method has not been identified yet. In agriculture, animal manures have primarily been focussed on the supply of nutrients to the crops but their use for suppression of soil borne diseases is not well investigated and understood. In this study, we examined the efficacy of five different animal manures (poultry, cattle, goat, pig and sheep) at four levels (1, 5, 10 and 20% volume/volume) added to potting mix for management of Phytophthora wilt of chilli. The preliminary study revealed that the quantity of 5 g per pot (500 mL) of P. capsici-colonised millet-seed inoculum was effective for the development of Phytophthora wilt in chilli seedlings grown in coir-based potting media. The main greenhouse experiments were conducted in randomised complete design with five replications. The results showed that all types of manures were effective in increasing the survival rate of chilli by reducing the incidence of Phytophthora wilt. In the first planting all manures caused at least two-fold increase in plant survival compared to the inoculated control. The chilli plant survival was much higher in the second planting when seedlings were planted after six week of incorporation of manures and seven weeks after inoculation of potting mix. Among manures, the highest plant survival percentage at the final assessment was found in pots amended with 20% v/v poultry manure in both the first (66%) and the second (86%) plantings. For sustainable and effective management of Phytophthora wilt of chilli, this study recommends application of poultry manure to growing media two months before planting of chilli seedlings.

Production of potato (Solanum tuberosum) pre-basic seed through tissue culture in Katibougou, Mali

Abstract. Abdoulaye M, Blay ET, Eleblu JSY. 2021. Production of potato (Solanum tuberosum) pre-basic seed through tissue culture in Katibougou, Mali. Cell Biol Dev 5: 90-104. In Mali, the main problem limiting the productivity and production of potatoes is the non-availability of quality seeds in adequate quantities and at affordable prices. This study proposes two experiments on the techniques adopted in Mali's IPR/IFRA plant biotechnology laboratory to meet quantity and quality improvements. That evaluation of the effects of 3 concentrations of coconut water and 2 of potassium nitrate on potato plantlets growth in vitro and of 2 physiological ages and 3 substrates on potato in vitro plants' establishment, post in vitro growth, and mini tubers production in vivo. The first experiment was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 12 treatments replicated 4 times. The second was a factorial experiment with 2 factors (physiological ages: 2 levels and substrate: 3 levels) in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 6 treatments replicated 4 times. The first experiment showed that the culture medium M7 (MS+40 mL/L of coconut water +250 mg of potassium nitrate) had promoted all plant growth parameters (shoot emergence, plant height, number of nodes, leaves and roots, and plant fresh and dry weight) after 30 days of in vitro culturing. The lower concentrations of coconut water (40 mL) and potassium nitrate (250 mg) per liter of MS medium had significant and positive effects on all the in vitro growth parameters after 30 days. The second experiment showed that the plantlet weaning age of 25 days and the post-flask culture substrate S1 (only soil) provided the best plant survival percentage at 20 days after transplanting in vivo. The substrate S2 (soil and cow dung 2:1) positively affects plant stem length, stem diameter, fresh and dry biomass formation, tuber yield, tuber numbers per plant, and tuber grading size B (tubers with a diameter of less than 28 mm). The substrate composition S1 (only soil) has significantly affected the weight loss (12.50%) of tubers stored within 8 weeks. The weaning age was 45 days, and the substrates S2 (soil and cow dung 2:1) and S3 (soil and cow dung 1:1) significantly reduced the number of sprouts per tuber and sprouts number per eye on tubers. In addition, the results indicate that for the better and more rapid growth of potato plantlets in vitro culture, the coconut water concentration used as a supplement to MS medium should be 40 mL per liter of medium. The proportion of cow dung used in substrate composition should not exceed the soil and cow dung ratio 2:1 for maximum post-transplanting plant re-establishment rate in vivo and rapid maturity of mini-tubers.

Seed, plant, and soil treatment with selected commercial Bacillus-based and Streptomyces-based biofungicides and chemical fungicides and development of Phytophthora blight on chile pepper

There is a need to identify combination treatments with high efficacy against Phytophthora capsici, a serious pathogen of chile pepper (Capsicum sp.) and other vegetable crops in New Mexico and worldwide. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of seed, plant, and soil treatment with selected commercial formulations of Bacillus and Streptomyces, and chemical fungicides (mefenoxam) on infection of chile pepper by P. capsici. The area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was evaluated under seed treatment used in conjunction with soil treatment, and plant treatment used in conjunction with soil treatment. There was no significant interaction (P > 0.05) between seed treatment and soil treatment, and between plant treatment and soil treatment. Soil treatment with mefenoxam reduced AUDPC over 50% compared to control (untreated). Percent plant stand and percent plant survival were greater in soil treated with mefenoxam, Streptomyces lydicus, and S. griseoviridis than in untreated soil.

Assessment of mutagenic sensitivity in blackgram variety CO 6

The present study was conducted to examine the mutagenic effect of 60Co gamma rays and a combination of 60Co gamma rays with EMS in blackgram variety CO 6. Based on the LD50 dose, the seeds were treated with three different doses of gamma rays (200, 300, 400 Gy) and recurrent doses of 20 mM and 30 mM EMS were treated with gamma ray irradiated seeds for combination treatments. The M1 generation was evaluated in the field for the following parameters viz., germination percentage, plant survival percentage, plant height at 30 DAS and maturity, pollen fertility and seed fertility. A dose-dependent decrease was noticed for all the characters under this study in M1 generation. Overall, the maximum reduction was noticed at a higher dose of 400 Gy gamma rays and 400 Gy + 30 mM EMS mutagenic treatments. Among the mutagenic treatments, a combination of 60Co gamma ray + EMS exhibited the maximum effect with a higher percentage of reduction in all the traits while increased pollen sterility was found to be associated with a corresponding increase in dose/concentration of mutagenic agents. A significant positive correlation was observed between viable mutation frequency and biological damage caused by mutagens in M1 generation. Hence, the higher doses of 60Co gamma rays (300 and 400 Gy) and 60Co gamma rays +EMS (300 Gy+ 30; 400 Gy+ 20 and 400 Gy+ 30 mM) proved to be efficient in increasing the mutation frequency towards desirable directions. Key wordsBlackgram, combination treatment (60Co gamma rays + EMS), 60Co gamma rays, mutation breeding.