Oil Percentage Research Articles

Influence of physical, biological cohesions, oil and grease on the incipient sediment motion in sewerage pipes

Sediment with varying sizes is transported through runoff, finding ways into sewerage pipes and deposited at low-velocity sections. As wastewater is high in organic content, biofilm formed on the deposited sediment, cementing the deposition and resulting in difficulties in the removal from pipes. High concentration of oil and grease in domestic wastewater promotes strengthening the cementing process of the deposited sediment. The presence of silt in the sediment distribution promotes physical cohesion, whereas biofilm through Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) provides microbial cohesion. Thus, this study attempts to investigate the incipient sediment motion of sediment mixture with a different fraction of fine sand-silt, presence of biofilm through variation of EPS concentration, 0–0.1% and percentage of oil and grease (O&G) at 0–10%. The analysis showed that physical cohesion is more critical than microbial cohesion, with the presence of O&G posing the least significant on the changes of incipient sediment motion.

Investigation the effect of geotextiles on the absorption of oil contamination and soil geotechnical properties

Oil-contaminated soil is detrimental to the ecosystem. There are various methods for purifying and controlling oil-contaminated soil. Among these, the use of oil absorbent geotextiles is considered a new method, and its performance requires more research. The separating by geotextiles has the advantages such as absence of chemicals in the separation process, less energy, simple control and implementation. This study presents an environmentally friendly sustainable solution using spacer geotextile layers to absorb crude oil and improve the geotechnical properties of contaminated soil. The variables include contamination percentage, number of fibrous substrate layers, soil overhead load pressure and duration of exposure to contaminated soil. The response variable is the internal friction coefficient of soil obtained from the direct shear test. By comparing soil samples containing geotextiles with samples without geotextiles, it was concluded that spacer geotextile layers could increase the internal friction coefficient of the soil and thus lead to improved soil properties. Increasing the number of geotextile layers, loading and the presence time of geotextile layers in the soil had increased the internal friction angle. But as the oil percentage in the soil increases, the internal friction angle of the soil decreases. Also, in this study, a linear regression model has been used to investigate the effect of existing parameters and the model was in good agreement with the experimental data.

Effect of Seeding Rate and the Spraying with Licorice Extract in Oil Percentage and Active Ingredients of Caraway (<i>Carum Carvi</i> L.)

Effect of Seeding Rate and the Spraying with Licorice Extract in Oil Percentage and Active Ingredients of Caraway (<i>Carum Carvi</i> L.)

Impact of green antioxidants on decreasing the aflatoxins percentage in peanut oil seed (Arachis hypogaea L.) during storage.

The present study conducted an experimental investigation to impede the degradation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds and enhance their quality while being stored. The efficacy of eco-friendly chemicals such as ascorbic acid, salicylic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid in seed preservation was evaluated over a period of six months. After a period of six months of storage in a greenhouse, an examination was conducted on peanut seeds that had undergone treatment. Rhizoctonia was observed after Cephalothorax, whereas Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium were the prevailing fungi throughout the storage period. The optimal outcomes were obtained from the conversion of acetic acid to propionic acid. The study observed a decline in seed oil, protein, carbohydrates, germination percentage, energy, index, length, vigour index, dead and rotten seeds, rotted seedlings, and surviving healthy seedlings, with an increase in storage duration ranging from zero to six months. The application of 100% propionic acid to peanut seeds throughout the storage duration resulted in decreased occurrences of deceased seeds, decaying seeds, and deteriorated seedlings. Peanut seeds that underwent treatment with green chemical agents of moderate and high intensity were found to be free of aflatoxin B1. The highest levels of chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids, and total phenols were observed in seeds stored in greenhouses and treated with 100% propionic acid and acetic acid extract. The application of propionic acid 100%, acetic acid 100%, salicylic acid 4 g/l and ascorbic acid 4 g/l proved to be the most effective treatments for peanut seeds, exhibiting the lowest total aflatoxin level of 0.40. The correlation coefficient between shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight was found to be 0.99, whereas the correlation coefficient between root dry weight and shoot length was 0.67. The seed chemical analysis, seedling characteristics, and germination characteristics were subjected to clustering analysis, resulting in the formation of two distinct groups. The first group consisted of germination percentage and energy levels across all time points (0-6 months), while the second group consisted of the remaining characteristics. The findings of this research propose the utilisation of 100% propionic acid as a viable method for preserving peanut seeds and preventing their deterioration during storage. The application of 100% acetic acid has been found to be effective in enhancing the quality of seeds and minimising losses.

Effect of Black Caraway Oil on Prolonging the Storage Life of Flaxseed Oil

The study was conducted for the purpose of prolonging the shelf life of flax oil by replacing different percentages of flax oil with black caraway oil. Flax oil was replaced with black caraway oil with of 10,5,2.5%, as well as a Comparison sample without addition. The samples were kept at a temperature of 25-30 °C for a period of 1 day, 3, 5 and 8 weeks. The results of estimating the fatty acids of flax oil showed a high content of alpha-linolenic fatty acid, as It reached 50.88%. As for oleic and linoleic acid, they reached 15.18,16.20%, respectively, while the percentages of linolenic, oleic and linoleic acid in black caraway oil were 0.22, 24.51, 55.2%, respectively. The results of estimating the effective compounds also showed that black caraway oil contains many effective compounds, and the compound, Phellandral, recorded the highest percentage, which amounted to 2.54%, and the paeonol compound recorded the lowest percentage, which amounted to 0.13%. As for the development in the pH, peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values of the samples, it was less in the oil sample with a 10% replacement ratio, as it reached 6.80, 3.33 mEq / kg fat, 0.051 mg Malone Dehyde / kg, respectively and the highest in the control treatment oil was 5.75, 5.25 mEq / kg fat, 0.085 mg Malone Aldehyde / kg, respectively, after 8 weeks of storage at a temperature of 30-25 ° C.

Molecular composition of naphthenic acids in a Chinese heavy crude oil and their impacts on oil viscosity

Most heavy crude oils underwent biodegradation and generated a significant amount of naphthenic acids. Naphthenic acids are polar compounds with the carboxylic group and are considered as a major factor affecting the oil viscosity. However, the relationship between the molecular composition of naphthenic acids and oil viscosity is not well understood. This study examined a “clean” heavy oil with low contents of heteroatoms but had a high content of naphthenic acids. Naphthenic acids were fractionated by distillation and caustic extraction. The molecular composition was characterized by high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. It was found that the 2- and 3-ring naphthenic monoacids with 15–35 carbon atoms are dominant components of the acid fractions; the caustic extraction is capable of isolating naphthenic acids with less than 35 carbons, which is equivalent to the upper limit of the distillable components, but not those in the residue fraction; the total acid number of the heavy distillates is higher than that of the residue fraction; the viscosity of the distillation fraction increases exponentially with an increased boiling point of the distillates. Blending experiments indicates that there is a strong correlation between the oil viscosity and acids content, although the acid content is only a few percent of the total oil.

Morphological, physiological and biochemical response of Lallemantia species to elevated temperature and light duration during seed development

Seed weight, storability, and germinability can depend on maternal plant's environment. However, there is slight information about the effect of light and temperature on seed quality of Lallemantia species. The purpose of this research was to determine the properties of physio-biochemical of maternal plant, seed quality, and seed chemical composition of Lallemantia species (Lallemantia iberica and Lallemantia royleana) under temperature (15 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C) and photoperiod (8 hd-1, 16 hd-1, and 24 hd-1) maternal plants environment. Increasing temperature and photoperiod caused a reduction in leaf chlorophyll, stomatal movement, total soluble sugar, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes activities, and an increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content of seeds. However, the highest weight, germination, vigor index, and longevity, seed chemical compositions were obtained in offspring which matured under 25 °C for 16 hd-1. The highest germination, oil, and relative percentage of fatty acids (oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), and linolenic acid (LNA)) were obtained in L. iberica seeds. On the contrary, longevity, mucilage, and sucrose were more abundant in L. royleana seeds. Overall, this research has clearly shown that temperature and light quality and quantity of maternal plant's environment have an immensely effect on producing of seeds with high-quality. However, it is necessary to investigate the impact of the epigenetic mechanisms of the maternal plant on the offspring in future studies.

Spectroscopic measurement and dielectric relaxation study of vegetable oils

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the qualitative characterization of nine different pure vegetable oil samples using dielectric spectroscopy which is a vastly resourceful and reasoned technique in the temperature range 0 ℃ to 25 ℃. Time-domain reflectometry technique is applied up to the microwave frequencies of 50 GHz for the first time for qualitative characterization of the selected vegetable oil samples with a special focus on the variances of dielectric properties like dielectric permittivity (ε′), dielectric loss (ε″), relaxation time concerning temperature and other physiochemical properties of the vegetable oil specimens.The experimental methodology involves the use of time-domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements up to the scale of 50 GHz done to analyse the aspects like lower and higher scales of values towards the static dielectric permittivity (εs) and relaxation time (τ) (ps) to further meaningfully compare and correlate this values with the fatty acid profiles of each of the nine vegetable oil samples to reason and draw comparative inferences about the quality aspects of vegetable oils. Microwave TDR studies provide an effective, alternate, simple, rapid, and viable way to exercise quality control and actuate data regarding the quality status of vegetable oils. Variances of dielectric permittivity (ε′) concerning dielectric loss (ε″) are graphically interpreted using the Cole Davidson model. The static dielectric permittivity (εs) was further recertified and measured accurately by using a precision LCR meter. Thermodynamic properties of all the nine vegetable oil samples like enthalpy (ΔH) (kJ/mol) and entropy of activation (ΔS) (J/mol ∙ K) are also calculated to further insight the dependence of dielectric properties of these oil samples concerning temperature.This dielectric spectroscopic study affirms the association of the quality aspects of these nine vegetable oil samples with their dielectric properties by providing meaningful correlations, comparatives and concurrencies of dielectric properties concerning the physiochemical properties which are a part of fatty acid profiles of these samples, which is a novel aspect of this study. The Cole-Cole plot underlines the tendency of realignment of dipoles as per the applied field. The complex permittivity spectra indicate the dwindling nature of molecular alignment including a slow decline to average coinciding values depending on the molecular bonding pattern of vegetable oil samples. The activation energy (ΔH) in (kJ/mol) is calculated for all the samples which are indicative of endothermic nature which experimentally proves that high energy is required for rotation of unsaturated oil sample molecules with low relaxation times.The highlight of the current dielectric spectroscopic study is that it conclusively divides the nine vegetable oil samples into two groups based on the dielectric property of relaxation time. The vegetable oil samples with higher relaxation times were measured in ps [soyabean oil (398.5), groundnut oil (412.5), flaxseed oil (318.4), and castor oil (305.3)] and the oil samples with lower relaxation times [safflower oil (37.91), sunflower oil (30.6), walnut oil (22.4) and sesame oil (38.4)] and correlate this dielectric aspect with the aspect extent of the presence of oleic acid: C18H34O2, linoleic acid: C18H32O2, linolenic acid: C18H30O2 and ricinoleic acid C18H34O3 alongside the percentage of unsaturation present in the fatty acid profile of each sample. Saturated fatty profile of coconut oil (percentage of saturation 82.5) with low relaxation time (41.8) ps and its concurrency concerning the extent of percentage presence of lauric acid C12H24O2 (52 ps) myristic acid: C14H28O2 (21 ps) is also correlated. The current dielectric spectroscopic study further highlights and compares the variances of dielectric permittivity of the nine vegetable oils samples with the percentage of unsaturation /saturation to infer upon the correlation with the fatty acid profile of these oil samples.

Effect of Sulfur and Spraying with Boron on some Yield Characteristics Oil Percentage and Total Oil Yield of Sunflower Crop Helianthus annuus L.

A field experiment was carried out during the autumn season 2021 in one of the agricultural fields of Qayyarah sub-district located in the south of Nineveh Governorate, to know the effect of adding sulfur and spraying boron on the growth, yield and quality of Helianthus annuus L.sunflower crop. The experiment was applied using Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D.), with three replicates, The experiment was a study of two factors: four levels of sulfur (0, 800, 1600, 2400) kg S.H-1 and three concentrations of boron (0, 50, 100) mg B.L-1, show results The experiment showed that the level of sulfur 1600 kg.ha-1 had a significant effect on the fertilization rate, if it was given The highest rate for the trait was 88.26% compared to the comparative treatment that gave the lowest rate for the trait reached As for the level of 2400 kg.ha-1, it had a significant effect on 85.95% each of the characteristics of the plant yield The individual, the total seed yield, the percentage of oil and the total oil yield were given the highest rate for these The traits were 97.88 g.plant 1 and 6.98 tons.ha, 40.50% and 286.98 kg.ha, respectively Comparing them with the lowest average for the same traits at the comparison treatment level. As for the effect of boron, it has an effect Concentration 100 mg B.L - significantly in the characteristic of the percentage of fertility and gave the highest rate for the character reached89.85% compared to the lowest characteristic rate of 85.14%. While the effect of the concentration is 50 mg B.L Significantly in the traits of individual plant yield, total seed yield and percentage of oil for seed Sunflower yield, which gave the highest rate of these traits, was 90.50 g. Plant-1, 6.46. ton.ha, 250.85 kg.ha-1 and 37.89%, respectively, compared to the lowest average for the same traits with the effect of The focus of the comparative treatment.

Graphic analysis of compatible organic solutes treatments × trait interaction on sunflower

Abstract Compatible solutes control cell osmotic balance and compatible the cells’ metabolism whereas nano-particles have been introduced to increase crop production with inadequate knowledge. This investigation is done to evaluate the effects of application of salicylic acid, glycine betaine and nano titanium dioxide on sunflower. Measured traits were plant height (PH), leaf length (LL), chlorophyll content (CHL), number of seeds per head (NSH), 1000-seed weight (TSW), day to maturity (DM), husk percentage (HP), kernel weight (KW), percentage of empty achenes (PEA), head number per plant (HNP), grain yield (GY) and oil percent (OIL). Results indicated that the first two principal components accounted 92% of total variation of the treatment by trait (T × T) interaction and were used to generate a T × T biplot. All treatments were identified as the vertex treatments in polygon of TT biplot and the nano titanium dioxide treatment had high values for all traits expect PEA, HP and TSW. The nano titanium dioxide was identified as ideal treatment and GY and HNP were identified as ideal traits. The positive correlations between HNP and GY, and between OIL and KW; and near zero correlations between TSW and HP, and between TSW with DM as showed. Application of compatible organic solutes (glycine betaine and salicylic acid) had not any considerable improvement on traits while application of nano-titanium dioxide indicated considerably enhanced the yield and most traits of sunflower.

Is the activity of antioxidant enzymes, some biochemical properties and essential oil content affected by salinity stress in different species of mint?

Mint is one of the important medicinal plants with important properties in industry, medicine, and pharmacy. Salinity stress is one of the limiting factors for plant growth that also affects plants' physiological and biochemical properties. In this study, effects of salinity on biochemical and enzymatic properties of 18 ecotypes of mint from six different species, were studied. The experimental results showed that salinity and increased with increasing stress integrity influenced enzymatic properties, proline content, electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and essential oil content. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis grouped the studied species on the basis of biochemical characteristics. Based on biplot results, piperita and rotundifolia showed better stress tolerance, but longifolia was identified as salt sensitive. The experimental results also showed that six species of the mint had diverse reactions in terms of biochemical properties at different levels of salinity stress.

Assessing anti-transpiration potential of beeswax waste on Calendula officinalis under drought stress conditions

Beeswax waste, as a novel biostimulant, may be involved in anti-transpiration process in plants exposed to drought stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-transpiration effect of beeswax waste in comparison with chitosan, a known anti-transpiration substance. The treatments consisted of two drought stress conditions [no stress, 90% field capacity; and stress, 40% field capacity (FC)] together with four exogenous foliar applications [control (water), beeswax waste extract (BWE), chitosan, and BWE +chitosan]. Plants subjected to irrigation with 40% FC displayed a significant reduction in plant yield and physiological traits. In drought stress, foliar application with BWE and BWE + chitosan increased shoot dry weight, flower number and weight, net photosynthesis (Pn), essential oil percentage and yield, and decreased membrane permeability compared with water and chitosan spraying. Under drought stress, foliar treatment with BWE and chitosan decreased stomatal conductivity by about 8% and 31%, and transpiration (Tr) by 7% and 22%, respectively compared with water spraying. Under these conditions, the leaves sprayed with BWE and BWE + chitosan exhibited a lower temperature compared with water and chitosan treatments. Furthermore, foliar spraying with BWE + chitosan, BWE and chitosan increased the water use efficiency (WUE) by 104%, 92% and 56%, respectively, compared to control. Foliar application with BWE, chitosan and BWE + chitosan improved ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activity and osmoregulation parameters (increased proline, proteins and soluble sugars) as plant adaptive mechanisms to drought. In conclusion, BWE can mitigate the drought stress similarly to chitosan, a better known anti-transpiration agent.

Essential oil Percentage of Celery and Parsley and Their Components as Affected by Method Extraction

Medicinal and aromatic plants often used as natural medicines because of their remedial properties. Product of plant origin has become an exciting area of research in drug discovery and development. Medicinal and aromatic plants mainly exploited for essential oil extraction for many applications in industries. This study aims to evaluate two extraction methods on essential oil percentage and components of celery and parsley seeds. Celery essential oil percentage gave insignificant effect according to the two used methods, meanwhile parsley essential oil percentage appeared significant values, and the main components of the two plants decreased with extracted by evaporator, (limonene of celery and Myristicin of parsley). Limonene was decreased from 71.32% with hydro distillation to 42.04% with evaporator hydro distillation, myristicin was lower from 77.58% to 53.69% according to the previously methods. Monoterpene hydrocarbons decreased in two plants with evaporator hydro distillation, but oxygenated compounds were increased and the decrease was very low in both two plants, meanwhile sesquiterpene hydrocarbons cleared decrease in celery and increase in parsley. According to previously, recommended by application the two methods (hydroditilation of water and evaporator) for essential oil extraction of both of celery and parsley seeds.

Expansive Soil Swelling Test of Small Scale Laboratory Model on Sambungmacan Soil, Central Jawa

Soil is one of the most important elements in any civil engineering work, almost all construction activities are related to soil. One of the most common soil problems is expansive soil. This type of soil has a high potential to expand when compared to other types of soil. This research aims to find out how expansive the tested soil is and how it reacts when wetting. The test in this research is experimental, where the expansive soil test is modeled in a rectangular test box with a soil volume of 0.08 m3. The swelling and expansion pressures were measured using proving rings and dials, each totaling five units. The expansive soil used came from Sambungmacan Subdistrict, Sragen Regency, Central Java. The results of the property index test of Sambungmacan soil have a plasticity index percent value of 49.33% and a liquid limit (LL) of 90.16%. The test results showed that the maximum swelling reached 28.3% of the initial soil height of 200 mm and the maximum soil swelling pressure reached 103.23 kPa with a moisture content of 22.62%. The maximum pressure that occurs in each proving ring is at an average moisture content of 31.81%. The results of this study also show the effect of every 1% moisture content will produce a percent soil swelling of 0.40% to 1.08% and the average percentage of swelling pressure that occurs is in the range of 4.65 kPa to 10.26 kPa at every 1% swelling.

Assessing Drought Tolerance of Newly Developed Tissue-Cultured Canola Genotypes under Varying Irrigation Regimes

Drought is a major abiotic stress that greatly affects canola growth, production, and quality. Moreover, water scarcity is projected to be more severe and frequent as a result of climate change, in particular in arid environments. Thereupon, developing drought-tolerant and high-yielding canola genotypes has become more critical to sustaining its production and ensuring global food security with the continuing population growth. In the present study, ten canola genotypes comprising six developed tissue-cultured canola genotypes, two exotic genotypes, and two commercial cultivars were evaluated under four irrigation regimes. The applied irrigation regimes were well-watered (100% crop evapotranspiration, ETc), mild drought (80% ETc), moderate drought (60% ETc), and severe drought (40% ETc) conditions. Drought-stress treatments (80, 60, and 40% ETc) gradually reduced the chlorophyll content, relative water content, flowering time, days to maturity, plant height, number of pods, number of branches, seed yield, and oil percentage, and increased proline, phenolic, anthocyanin, and glycine betaine contents. The evaluated genotypes exhibited varied responses to drought-stress conditions. The developed tissue-cultured genotypes T2, T3, and T1, as well as exotic genotype Torpe, possessed the highest performance in all evaluated parameters and surpassed the other tested genotypes under water-deficit conditions. Overall, our findings elicited the superiority of certain newly developed tissue-cultured genotypes and exotic ones compared with commercial cultivars, which could be exploited in canola breeding under water-deficit conditions.

The Impact of Irrigation Intervals and NPK/Yeast on the Vegetative Growth Characteristics and Essential Oil Content of Lemongrass

The growth and quality of medicinal plants are greatly affected by environmental stress, with over half of the world’s agricultural land facing water shortages. This research was conducted over two seasons in 2018 and 2019 and aimed to investigate the influence of varying irrigation intervals and partial replacement of mineral fertilizers with biofertilizer (yeast) on the growth, yield, and essential oil content of lemongrass. The study also looked at the effect of the partial substitution of NPK fertilizer with yeast on lemongrass’s ability to withstand water deficit stress. The results showed that water deficit and reducing NPK levels led to a decline in growth characteristics and relative leaf greenness, which was accompanied by an increase in proline content and essential oil percentage. These findings suggest that lemongrass is sensitive to drought and requires adequate nitrogen fertilization. However, extending the irrigation intervals led to an improvement in essential oil content. To achieve high essential oil yield and maintain productivity while considering environmental factors, it is recommended to reduce mineral fertilizer to 50–75% NPK combined with biofertilizer, and space irrigation intervals every 10–15 days. Further research is needed to improve the growth of lemongrass in water-deficient conditions, particularly on newly reclaimed soils.

Growth and quality of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) as influenced by various plant extracts

Lemon balm (Melissa officinals) is one of the most valuable medicinal plants in herbal medicine. Bio-stimulants are likely to gain popularity as an alternative strategy for providing plants with nutrients, vitamins, and hormones that increase yield and quality. Field trials were conducted during two successive seasons, 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, to assess lemon balm's growth and essential oil response to natural plant extracts with various concentrations. Lemon balm plants were exposed to moringa leaf extract (1, 2, 3 %), pomegranate peel extract (0.5, 1, 1.5 %) and banana peel extract (1, 2, 3 %) as a foliar spray. Growth characters (plant height, fresh and dry weights /plant) and chemical contents (NPK and total carbohydrates) were recorded. Moringa extract at 3% surpassed, in most cases, other plant extracts in improving the vegetative growth traits of lemon balm. Banana peel extract was more effective in increasing oil percent than moringa or pomegranate extracts. Besides, all extracts caused increase in N,P,K and carbohydrates over control while they yielded volatile oil without significantly altering the quality.

Beneficial Role of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Physiological and Phytochemical Responses of Mentha piperita L under Salinity Stress

MWCNTs (Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes) are nanomaterials that can enter the soil through various sources. Our understanding of the effects of MWCNT on plant growth is not yet complete and needs to be further studied. In this study, the possible effects of MWCNTs (0, 50 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml) on the growth, physiological, and phytochemical performance of Mentha piperita plants under 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl stress in greenhouse conditions were investigated. Changes in the essential oil of M. piperita were analyzed by GC. The most physiological and photosynthesis characteristics of M. piperita seedlings were negatively affected when plants were grown at different concentrations of NaCl. With increasing the salt concentration to 200 mM, a significant decrease was observed in the fresh and dry weight of the plant and the number of plant branches. The presence of both doses of MWCNTs significantly enhanced relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, growth indices, and essential oil percentage. Also, the plants treated with both MWCNTs and NaCl showed higher antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide catalase and peroxidase content under salinity stress. Among the different concentrations of carbon nanotubes, 200 μg/ml has a potential effect on physiological and biochemical parameters in plants under salinity stress. It is proposed that MWCNTs can significantly improve growth and salt tolerance in M. piperita plants by promoting water uptake, antioxidant enzyme activity, and photosynthesis performance. It can be concluded that MWCNTs improved the stress condition for the plant and reduced the plant's metabolic response to stress.

Design and Assessment of a Microemulsion-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery System for Meloxicam; Examination of Formulation Ingredients

Background: The goal of creating meloxicam-loaded microemulsion formulations was to increase meloxicam permeability through the skin. Using pseudo-ternary phase diagram construction and full factorial design, eight formulations with three independent variables (water percent, oil percent, and surfactant/co-surfactant percent) were selected to be prepared. 
 Methods: This research evaluated the formulation's characteristics, including particle size, viscosity, and release profile. FT-IR and DSC techniques were also utilized to investigate the effect of microemulsion components on rat abdomen skin, and the permeability of meloxicam-loaded microemulsions via rat abdomen skin was also evaluated by calculating permeability parameters such as Jss, Dapp, Tlag, ERflux, ERD, and ERP. 
 Results: When compared to a saturated aqueous solution of meloxicam as a reference, the findings showed that all microemulsion (ME) formulations considerably increased meloxicam permeability through rat skin. Water percent had a direct and significant relationship with Jss, and oil percent had a direct and significant relationship with Dapp, according to analysis regression. 
 Conclusion: ME components also caused alterations in the skin's lipoprotein bilayers, which might enhance formulation permeability through the skin.

The Emulsion Stability, Antioxidant and Color L, a, b Content on Reduced Fat Mayonnaise Using Virgin Coconut Oil

Mayonnaise is the most favorite product that made from yolk and vegetable oil so it contain of 70-80% fat. The risk of high fat intake is deteriorating health so the percentage oil on mayonnaise have to decrease as reduced fat mayonnaise (RFM). Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is one of the various type vegetable oil that can used to make mayonnaise, and there have been several reports describing health benefit. This study was to determine the best percentage of the VCO based on emulsion stability, antioxidant and color L,a,b. The method used experimental laboratory and Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with fourth treatments and fourth replication. It consisted using VCO 70%, 60%, 50% and 40%. The result of this research gave significantly effect (P<0.01) on emulsion of stability, antioxidant and color test. The conclusion of this research was best formulation of RFM using VCO based emulsion stability, antioxidant and color test is 60% it was 80.50±0.57; and 20.65±0.55.