Percentage Of Neutral Lipids Research Articles

Comparison of ovum lipid provisioning among lake whitefish, walleye and northern pike co-habiting in Bay of Quinte (Lake Ontario, Canada)

We compared size, total lipid contents, percent of lipids as neutral lipids and fatty acid profiles of ova from Bay of Quinte (Lake Ontario) populations of lake whitefish and northern pike to previously reported data from Bay of Quinte walleye. We also assessed how the relationships between ovum lipid fatty acid composition and maternal size or age varied among these species. Ovum size, total lipid content and percent neutral lipid differed among the three species and in general were not influenced by maternal size or age. The highest percentage of neutral lipid occurred in walleye ova and the lowest in northern pike. Principal components analysis revealed significant separation of fatty acid profiles among the three species, with greater differences in the neutral lipids than in the polar lipids. Lake whitefish were more distinct from the walleye and northern pike than the walleye and northern pike were from each other in the neutral lipids. Lake whitefish ova had higher percentages of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in both lipid fractions than those of the other two species. In direct contrast to the previously observed trends in walleye, percentages of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid decreased while those of EPA increased with maternal size in the lake whitefish. None of the major fatty acids in northern pike ova varied significantly with maternal size or age. Our study reveals that the Bay of Quinte populations of the three species have different patterns of allocation of fatty acids to ova as they grow and age.

Industrial Applications of Selected JFS Articles

Industrial Applications of Selected <i>JFS</i> Articles

Macronutrients and micronutrients of soybean oil bodies extracted at different pH.

In this study, the macronutrients and micronutrients of pH 6.8, 8.0, 9.5, and 11.0 extracted soybean oil bodies (OBs) were examined, revealing that soybean OBs might be used as a natural carrier for bioactive components (unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipid, tocopherol, and phytosterol). pH 6.8 extracted OBs (dry basis) contained 85.88% neutral lipid, 8.18% protein, and 5.85% polar lipid (mainly phospholipid) by gravimetric analysis. The percentage of neutral lipid was increased, while those of protein and polar lipid were decreased with increasing pH. Tocopherol (about 75 mg/100 g neutral lipid of OBs) was not affected, while phytosterol was decreased (136 to 110 mg/100 g neutral lipid of OBs) with increasing pH. The detectable total monosaccaride (galactosamine, glucosamine, and glucose) content of extracted OBs was low and also decreased (35.80 to 6.13 mg/100 g neutral lipid of OBs) with increasing pH. The protein of extracted OBs had higher percentage of essential amino acids than soybean protein isolate with tryptophan and methionine as limited amino acids. The fatty acid composition of extracted OBs was rich in linoleic acid (about 59%), oleic acid (about 20%), and α-linolenic acid (about 7%). Oil bodies (OBs) from soybean and other plant seeds are greatly examined owing to their potential utilizations in food ingredients. The determination of its macronutrients and micronutrients would be very meaningful for its efficient utilization in the future.

Lipid Changes in the Midgut of White Grub Adults Of Leucopholis lepidophora (BL)

The total lipids (TL), neutral lipid (NL) and phospholipids (PL) with their constituents were studied in midgut of white grub adults of Leucopholis lepidophora by employing thin layer chromatography (TLC) and bioassay technique. The midgut of male adults exhibits three fold more neutral lipids than the female adults midgut. The percentage of neutral lipids were 90.54 and 88.27, whereas NL:PL ratio were 10:1 and 7:1 respectively. Neutral lipids consisted of triacylglycerol (TG) as the major component, monoacylglycerol (MG) and diacylglycerol (DG) in moderate concentration, whereas cholesterol (CHO), cholesterol ester (CE) and free fatty acids (FFA) in low concentration. Phosphatidyl-choline (PC) and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE) were major phospholipid constituents. Phosphatidyl-inositol (PI), lysophosphatidyl- choline (LPC), sphingomyelin (SPG) phosphatidyl-serine (PS), and phosphatidiec acid (PA) in low amound. The physiological significance with their constituents were discussed in relation with midgut.

Comparison of the lipid class and fatty acid composition between a reproductive cycle in nature and a standard hatchery conditioning of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas

The lipid composition of Crassostrea gigas was analyzed during the reproductive phase in natural as well as under artificial conditions. The lipid content increased and accumulated in the gonads, but to a higher extend in the naturally conditioned animals. The percentage of neutral lipid in total lipid of the gonad plus mantle was stable, high (>70%) and equal under both conditions, underscoring that the lipid reserves were preferentially located in that organ. The composition of the polar lipid classes was stable with little variations. The fatty acid (FA) composition of the neutral lipids in all organs is influenced by diet. However, there is a different response according to organs. A high dietary impact occured in the digestive gland whereas the muscle was less affected. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) level of the neutral and polar lipids in the gonads changed little despite the dietary conditions but the respective proportions of (n-3) and (n-6) PUFA differed drastically as a result of diet composition. There was clear evidence in all organs for a specific accumulation of 22:6(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) in the polar lipids under both conditioning diets. The proportions of 22:6(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) from neutral and polar lipids of oysters conditioned artificially were significantly lower than of those that were naturally conditioned.

Effect of nutrient deprivation on lipid, carbohydrate, DNA, RNA, and protein levels in Vibrio cholerae

The response of Vibrio cholerae to low nutrient levels was determined by measuring the concentrations of lipids, carbohydrates, DNA, RNA, and proteins over a 30-day starvation period. Ultrastructural integrity was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Total lipids and carbohydrates declined rapidly within the first 7 days, while DNA and protein exhibited a more constant decline over the 30 days of starvation. In contrast, RNA showed little decrease upon starvation. Although neutral lipids were lost, the percentage of neutral lipids did not decline as rapidly as the phospholipids. Detectable levels of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate disappeared completely by 7 days. Carbohydrate profiles revealed the relative loss of the five-carbon sugar ribose and N-acetylglucosamine and a relative increase in the total six-carbon sugars, especially glucose. Morphologically, ribosomes appeared to exhibit no structural change, while inclusion bodies and mesosomelike structures disappeared completely, and cell wall and membrane integrity was lost. The data suggest that V. cholerae differs somewhat from other marine vibrios in its response to low nutrients but shares some characteristics in common with them. The data also suggest that certain lipids and carbohydrates may provide the endogenous energy sources needed for dormancy preparation and cell maintenance under nutrient starvation.

Lipid class and fatty acid composition of eggs from the Atlantic halibut ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus)

Lipid class and fatty acid analyses were carried out on ripe roe of halibut caught in North Norway. The percentage of neutral lipids was c. 30% while the main polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine (62%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (7%). The phospholipids were very unsaturated, with high concentrations of ( n−3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially 20:5 ( n−3) and 22:6 ( n−3).

Effect of Hypophysectomy on Lipid Composition in the Immature Rat

Studies of the effect of hypophysectomy on the composition of the lipids of hearts, kidneys, livers, epididymal fat pad and testes of immature rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain are reported. Hypophysectomized weanling rats (3 weeks of age) were killed in groups of six at selected intervals over a 44-week period and compared to normal animals of the same age fed the same diet. Feed consumption, growth and weights of organs of both hypophysectomized and normal animals were measured. The hypophysectomized animals grew to only about one-third the size of normal animals. The hearts, livers, kidneys and epididymal fat pads of the hypophysectomized animals consisted of approximately the same percentage of the body weight as those of the normal animals. In contrast, the testes of the hypophysectomized animals were only about one-tenth the weight of those of the normal animals. After 18 weeks, most of the hypophysectomized animals exhibited shaggy coats, scaly tails and feet, characteristic of the dermal symptoms of an essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency. The effect of hypophysectomy, 3 weeks after the operation (6-week-old animals), was reduction in the total amount of testicular lipid with a pronounced change in its composition, namely, an increase in the percentage of neutral lipids and a corresponding decrease in the percentage of phospholipids. As the animals became older, this trend was reversed. There was a decrease in the percentage of neutral lipid and a relative increase in the percentage of phospholipids. Changes also occurred in fatty acid composition of the organs of the hypophysectomized animals. In general, these changes consisted of an increase in the percentage of linoleic acid and corresponding lower percentages of arachidonic (C20:4) and docosapentaenoic acids (C22:5), indicating impairment in the interconversion of unsaturated fatty acids.

An interpretation of the transition in composition of soluble lipoproteins.

A RECENT examination1 of a wide range of soluble lipoproteins has shown that a transition in the proportions of protein, phospholipid and neutral lipid occurs in the region where these three components are present in about equal amounts. This transition is clearly evident when the percentage of neutral lipid (Y) is plotted against the proportion of phospholipid in the protein–phospholipid complex (X). Curves fitted to the experimental points for 42 lipoproteins by least squares showed that two linear equations : represented the data more adequately than a cubic equation fitted to all the points. However, both types of equation show evidence of the transition since the discontinuity between the linear equations and the point of inflexion in the cubic occur in the same region. From other experimental evidence1,2 it was suggested that lipoproteins represented by equation (1) may have a structural integrity approaching that of a protein molecule, while those conforming to equation (2) evidently have a lipid core. A difference in structure, however, does not indicate why this transition occurs where the components are present in equal proportions. The balance of non-polar forces between the water-soluble protein-phospholipid complex and neutral lipid was examined and appears to provide a possible explanation for the transition.