Muscle Percentage Research Articles

N04 Impact of phase angle on nutritional assessment and disease activity in patients with Ulcerative Colitis

Abstract Background An increase in the prevalence of Ulcerative Colitis (UC) has been reported, especially in Latin America, malnutrition occurs in up to 70% of patients with active disease. The complete assessment of nutritional status is the best method to make an adequate diagnosis since it considers 4 parameters, anthropometry, biochemistry, clinical, and dietary, however, it is very extensive and there are other methods such as bioelectrical impedance (BIA), which is a non-invasive way to estimate the percentage and amount of fat, muscle, water and phase angle (PhA). Moreover, PhA has been proposed as a marker of cell integrity which may be a substitute for complete nutritional assessment. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PhA in the nutritional diagnosis of patients with UC. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in patients with UC and healthy controls. Body composition was measured in both groups to obtain the PhA. U Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the data. Patients were classified according to their PhA, considering a normal value of >6.1° and a low value of >6.1°. Results The study included 60 UC and 120 controls, 65% were women, and 35% men, the PhA was lower in UC compared to the controls, in addition to the fact that patients with active disease had a lower PhA compared to patients with remission (5.6±0.9 vs 6.06±0.8, p<0.05). In our study, patients with a low PhA had a lower amount of weight (Active: 60.5±13.6 vs 70.3±.8, p=0.018, Remission: 57.1±11.4 vs 69.4±8.7, p=0.006), dry lean mass (Active: 13.8±3.6 vs 18.2±.6, p=0.009; Remission: 13.1±2 vs 19.7±5.3, p<0.001), total body water (Active: 27.4±6.2 vs 32.9±4.6, p=0.028; Remission: 25.3±3.8 vs 34.4±9.2, p=0.003), and intracellular water (Active: 51.9±3.2 vs 55.1±3.3, p=0.042; Remission: 49.3±10.7 vs 55.8±3.6, p=0.025 ) regardless of disease activity. In this population, we can observe that the inflammation markers (ESR, CRP) were increased in accordance with the activity of the disease associated with PhA, which is consistent with what has been reported in the literature. Conclusion The PhA is modified in patients with UC compared to healthy patients, even more so when they have active disease. Women with active UC are those at risk of malnutrition and cardiovascular risk measured by PhA and CCI. PhA is effective in diagnosing malnutrition in patients with UC regardless of conventional parameters for evaluating nutritional status (Figure 1).

The effects of age of castration on carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid profile of finishing South African Mutton Merino lambs

This study compared the effect of either keeping South African Mutton Merino (SAMM) ram lambs intact, or castrated with age applicable methods on their carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat (SCF) and intramuscular fat (IMF). Ten lambs per treatment were castrated early at one week of age (EAR) with an elastrator band (4.4 kg ± 0.78 kg: mean ± SD), another 10 lambs at eight weeks of age (late castration - LAT) with a burdizzo (23.6 kg ± 2.26 kg: mean ± SD), whereas another ten lambs were left intact (CON). The two castration methods used were based on cost, ethical prescriptions and to mimic commercial operations. The lambs were housed individually in 30 pens (1.404 m2) for the duration of the study. Animals were housed on an elevated slatted wooden floor in the same metabolic building with an extractor fan to promote ventilation. At the start of the feeding trial, the age of the lambs was on average two and a half months with a live weight of 24.3 kg ± 4.10 kg (mean ± SD). The lambs were fed a standard commercial finishing diet for 67 days and slaughtered when they reached approximately 44.2 kg ± 6.35 kg (mean ± SD) live weight. After slaughter, carcass characteristics (cold carcass) and meat quality were evaluated. The left 3-rib cut was dissected (9th through 11th rib) and the muscle percentage for CON lambs was higher compared to both EAR and LAT lambs. Therefore, CON lambs produced leaner carcasses compared to EAR and LAT lambs. Castration status had no effect on meat Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), consumer sensory analysis nor colour. For proximate composition, CON lambs had higher moisture compared to LAT lambs while LAT had higher dry matter compared to CON lambs. Both, EAR and LAT lamb’s meat had higher organic matter compared to CON lamb’s meat, but these differences were negligible. For IMF in the longissimus thoracic et lumborum muscle, CON lambs’ meat had higher total PUFA, α-linolenic acid, total PUFA n-6, linoleic acid, PUFA:SFA ratio and PUFA:MUFA ratio than meat from both EAR and LAT lambs. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and total PUFA n-3 were both higher for meat from CON lambs than LAT lamb’s meat, while palmitic acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were higher for EAR lamb’s meat than CON lamb’s meat and EAR lambs than LAT lamb’s meat, respectively. For SCF, CON lambs had higher heptadecenoic acid and linolelaidic acid than LAT lambs. The calculated atherogenicity index (AI) of SCF was higher for LAT lambs compared to CON lambs. Limited effects of castration age on the possible health benefits of SAMM lamb meat were proven in the current study. It is however suggested that for a higher production response and carcass muscle content, to either keep SAMM rams intact or at least postpone castration for as long as possible.

Features of anthropometric indicators as a phenotypic characteristic of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia syndrome

Aim: To determine the association of anthropometric indicators with the severity of dysplastic phenotype in the age group of 14–18 years.Material and Methods. An anthropometric survey of 382 volunteers was conducted according to the recommendations of Norton, Kevin on 54 indicators. Anthropometric numerical data of individual traits, as well as the calculated percentage and absolute amount of fat, muscle and bone components, and, accordingly, the coefficients of the predominance of ecto-, meso- and endomorphic components in the somatotype structure and indices were processed by methods of variational statistics to obtain averages. The analysis of indicators of physical development of adolescents (height for age, body mass index (BMI) for age) was carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations of the World Health Organization on the Z-score system using the software “WHO AnthroPlus” v.1.0.4. for children 5–19 years old. The degree of severity of the phenotypic signs of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD) was formed according to the point system, taking into account the presence of professional sports in the daily life of volunteers in the past and present.Results. The minimum severity of the dysplastic phenotype was registered in 20% of cases, the average – in 25% of the examined, pronounced signs of UCTD were observed in 55% of boys and girls. In the structure of anthropometric data, the indicators characterizing UCTD were revealed, especially with a pronounced degree of manifestation: high growth, an increase in chest circumference, the ratio of hand to height, foot to height and arm span to height (p < 0.05). Among the surveyed with pronounced signs of UCTD, 59% were engaged in professional sports, namely high-static, medium-dynamic disciplines (gymnastics, figure skating, volleyball, light and weightlifting). In the vector analysis of the components of the catfish examined with an average degree (7–14 points) and a pronounced UCTD phenotype (more than 14 points) are characterized by large endomorphy and mesomorphy indices (p < 0.05). With an increase in the severity of the UCTD phenotype, an increase in the number and change in the quality of associations of the average score of the scale of phenotypic manifestations with anthropometric parameters was registered.Conclusion. The wide prevalence of phenotypic signs of UCTD in a representative sample of children and adolescents in Tomsk was revealed. The relationship between the frequency of the main signs of UCTD and physical activity has been established. The constitutional features of the physique of persons with preclinical manifestations of UCTD are determined. Associations of the degree of severity of the UCTD phenotype with anthropometric parameters have been recorded. Taking into account the fact of genotypic conditioning of the physique and the hereditary nature of the dysplastic phenotype, as well as the data obtained, an anthropometric examination with the identification of the somatotype can be offered as a screening of UCTD.

High serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with greater lean tissue mass and skeletal muscle mass:a cross-sectional study on young healthy Japanese women.

Studies have shown that low serum 25(OH)D levels in young women may affect not only their own health but also the health of next generation through pregnancy and childbirth. The aim of this study is to assess the serum 25(OH)D levels in young Japanese women and to determine the factors influencing the changes in their serum 25(OH)D levels. Herein, 83 healthy young Japanese women were included. Early morning fasting blood samples, habitual food intake survey, eating habits survey, and anthropometric measurements were used to analyze the relationship between the serum 25(OH)D levels and nutrient intake, intake of food groups, dietary habits, and body composition. The findings revealed that about 50% of the study participants had an adequate intake (AI) of vitamin D (8.5 µg), whereas about 88% of the study participants were vitamin D deficient and about 12% were insufficient in serum 25(OH) levels. No significant association was observed between the serum 25(OH)D levels and nutrient intake or intake of food groups. Furthermore, higher serum 25(OH)D levels were associated with higher percentages of muscle and lean tissue, indicating that regulating the serum 25(OH)D levels helps maintain muscle mass and lowers the risk of sarcopenia and locomotive syndrome. J. Med. Invest. 71 : 260-266, August, 2024.

Ab. No. 118 Test-Retest Reliability of Commercially Available Bio-Electrical Impedance-Based Body Composition Analyzer in India

Introduction: The purpose of the study is to determine the consistency of body composition measures using a commercially available bioelectrical impedance-based body composition analyzer in India. Body composition assessment has application in several clinical populations including but not limited to those with obesity, cancer, renal failure, endocrine disorders. DEXA is considered gold standard but impractical to use in regular clinical practice. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is emerging as a simpler alternative, especially in field settings and routine clinical practice. Its use is also recommended in current sarcopenia diagnostic guidelines. Many low-cost BIA devices are available but their reliability and validity information are seldom available. Such information can improve their relevance and utility in clinical settings. Methods: Forty apparently healthy adults (Age: 28±7.5 years; 78% women, BMI: 26.1±4.4). Following necessary approvals, body composition was assessed using four-point full body impedance analysis with Omron HBF-702T device on two occasions (1-4 days apart). The timing of measurement, food and fluid intake were not standardized to mimic clinical scenarios. Paired T-test determined significant difference between two assessments. Test-retest reliability was determined by ICC using two-way mixed methods model for consistency between measurements. Results: There was no clinically and statistically significant difference between two consecutive measurements (Mean difference of - Skeletal Muscle Percentage: 0.06%; Body Fat Percentage: 0.12%; RMR: 8.5 Kcal/day). All parameters exhibited excellent test-retest reliability (ICC & Cronbach’s Alpha: Skeletal Muscle Percentage – 0.97 & 0.98; Body Fat Percentage – 0.93 & 0.96; RMR – 0.94 & 0.97. Conclusion: The tested device exhibited excellent test-retest reliability for skeletal muscle, body fat percentage, and resting metabolic rate despite testing in non-standardized routine clinical setting. Implications: Bio-electrical impedance-based body composition analyzers could be a reliable way to measure body composition in clinical practice. However, each equipment’s reliability and validity needs to be established prior to clinical use.

Effects of a novel synbiotics-enzyme complex as a replacement for antibiotics on growth performance, slaughter and meat characteristics, immune organ index, and intestinal morphology of broilers.

Antibiotic use in broilers is being discouraged globally due to the challenges it poses. This study was conducted to assess the effects of supplementing broilers with a Symbiotic-Enzyme complex (SEC) containing prebiotics (mannose oligosaccharides), probiotics (Clostridium butyricum and Bacillus subtilis), and enzymes (glucose oxidase, and α-galactosidase) as an alternative to antibiotics on growth performance, carcass and meat quality traits, mortality, linear body measurements, intestinal morphology and immune organ indexes. A total of 864 mixed-sex 1-day-old arbor acres (AA+) broilers were allocated to 8 experimental groups replicated 9 times with 12 chickens per replicate. These included 6 treatment groups with SEC inclusion levels of 0.025, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10%, respectively, and two control groups: a negative control group containing a basal diet only and the positive control group (Antibiotics group) containing a basal diet and antibiotic oxytetracycline added at 0.2%. Growth performance was measured on day 21 and 42, and the mortality, carcass, meat quality traits, linear body measurements, intestinal morphology, and organ size indexes were measured on day 42. The results indicated that supplementing broilers with 0.1% SEC resulted in insignificant (P > 0.05) increases in average daily feed intake (ADFI), significant (P < 0.05) increases in the average daily gains (ADG), and significant (P < 0.05) reduction in a feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) in all the phases compared to the control and antibiotics groups. Supplementation of broilers with 0.1% SEC inclusion levels also significantly (P < 0.05) increased the body slope length, chest width, chest depth, keel length, and shank circumference. Furthermore, broilers on diets containing 0.1% SEC inclusion level also had significantly (P < 0.05) higher dressed, semi-evisceration, evisceration, and breast muscle percentages. Including SEC at 0.1% also significantly (P < 0.05) increased villus height and villus-to-crypt ratio (V/C) but reduced crypt depth in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum compared to the control groups. SEC inclusion at 0.1% significantly (P < 0.05) increased the spleen, bursal, and thymus indexes, respectively. Supplementation of broilers with 0.1% SEC can be used as an antibiotic alternative because it increases the F/G, improves the carcass and meat quality, increases the body conformation, improves the small intestines' functions, and immune organ size.

The Influence of Body Composition on Sagittal Plane Posture among Elementary School-Aged Children.

Proper posture, characterized by the appropriate alignment of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar segments of the spine, enables these regions to maintain their normal curvature. Body composition is recognized as one of the factors that can influence overall postural alignment of the spine. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the parameters of body composition on the prevalence of postural disorders in the sagittal plane. The cross-sectional study was conducted on 152 children of both genders (78 boys), at a mean age of 11 years ± 6 months. In order to evaluate postural disorders, the Formetric 4D System, a tool manufactured by Diers, Schlangenbad, Germany was used. Based on its output data, the following variables were obtained: hyperkyphosis, hyperlordosis, kypholordosis, flatback, and normal alignment of the body in the sagittal plane. The evaluation of body composition parameters was conducted using the InBody 770 device. To determine how body composition influences the postural status of the spinal column, a discriminant analysis was employed. The results showed that approximately 65.8% of children exhibit various types of postural disorders when assessing the alignment of the spine in the sagittal plane. The most prevalent disorder observed was hyperkyphosis, affecting 34.2% of the subjects, followed by kypholordosis at 16.4%. Moreover, the results demonstrated that body composition significantly influences body posture (p = 0.004). An increase in fat mass corresponds to a deviation from normal body posture, whereas an increase in the percentage of skeletal muscle mass and fat-free mass is associated with a reduction in postural abnormalities in the sagittal plane. Considering the results, it is clear that body composition parameters serve as more reliable predictors of the influence on body posture compared to simply calculating the body mass index. Furthermore, it can be concluded that there are consistent patterns of influence by specific body composition parameters, including fat mass, percentage of skeletal muscle, and fat-free mass, on body posture among children from various climates. These results underscore the significance of implementing strength exercises in children, particularly during periods of rapid growth and development, as a means of preventing and correcting postural disorders.

Metabolomics analysis to interpret changes in physiological and metabolic responses to chronic heat stress in Pekin ducks

Heat stress (HS) is a major environmental threat that affects duck production in subtropical and tropical regions, especially in summer. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and metabolic responses of Pekin ducks to chronic HS conditions via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using a paired-fed (PF) experimental design. On the basis of equivalent feed intake (HS vs. PF), HS significantly reduced growth performance and the percentage of leg and breast muscles, however, markedly increased the percentage of abdominal fat and breast skin fat. Serum metabolomics results revealed that heat-stressed ducks showed enhanced glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways, as demonstrated by higher glucose 6-phosphate and 6-phogluconic acid levels in the PF vs. HS comparison. HS decreased hepatic mRNA levels of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation-related genes (MCAD and SCAD) compared to the PF group, resulting in acetylcarnitine accumulation in serum. Moreover, HS elevated the concentrations of serum amino acids and mRNA levels of ubiquitination-related genes (MuRF1 and MAFbx) in the skeletal muscle and amino acid transporter-related genes (SLC1A1 and SLC7A1) and gluconeogenesis-related genes (PCK1 and PCase) in the liver compared to the PF group. When compared to the normal control group (NC), HS further decreased growth performance, but it elevated the abdominal fat rate. However, increased mRNA levels of ubiquitination-related genes and serum amino acid accumulation were not observed in the HS group compared to the NC group, implying that reduced feed intake masked the effect of HS on skeletal muscle breakdown and is a form of protection for the organism. These results suggest that chronic HS induces protein degradation in the skeletal muscle to provide amino acids for hepatic gluconeogenesis to provide sufficient energy, as Pekin ducks under HS conditions failed to efficiently oxidise fatty acids and ketones in the mitochondria, leading to poor growth performance and slaughter characteristics.

Effects of Protease and Sex on Skin, Bone and Muscle Yields and Percentages of Major Primal Cuts in Broilers

Summary This study aimed to assess the effects of different dietary levels of the protease enzyme and sex on skin, bone and muscle yields and percentages of breast, drumsticks and thighs as the most valuable carcass parts of broilers. A total of 300 one-day-old, mixed-sex broiler chickens (Cobb 500) were randomly divided into 3 dietary treatments with different levels of protease supplementation (group C: a standard diet without Ronozyme ProAct; group E-I: a diet with 200 mg/kg Ronozyme ProAct and a 4% crude protein reduction compared to the standard diet; and group E-II: a diet with 300mg/kg Ronozyme ProAct and a 6% crude protein reduction compared to the standard diet). All diets were maize- and soybean meal-based. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the 49-day feeding trial. The results obtained indicate that the dietary treatments had no significant effect on skin, bone and muscle yields and percentages of the drumsticks, thighs and breast (P &gt; 0.05), except for the breast muscle weight in the female chickens (especially between the E-I and E-II groups), and the drumstick bone percentage in the males between the C and E-2 groups (P &lt; 0.05). In all three groups, the male chickens exhibited higher weights of skin, muscle and bone in breast, drumsticks and thighs than the female chickens, and the differences were not significant only in the skin weight of drumsticks and thighs (P &gt; 0.05). The females had a higher yield of muscle tissue in breast and drumsticks, a higher percentage of skin in drumsticks and thighs, and a lower percentage of bone in drumsticks and thighs than the males (P &lt; 0.05). Major differences resulted from the effect of broiler sex, whereas the dietary treatments containing 3 levels of protease supplementation had a very small effect on the yields and percentages of skin, bone and muscle in breast, drumsticks and thighs.

Кореляційні зв’язки між функціональним станом організму та конституційними характеристиками складу маси тіла юнаків гірських районів Закарпаття

Aerobic and anaerobic productivity of the body are integral indicators of physical health. assessment of physical health based on indicators of aerobic and anaerobic productivity makes it possible to characterize it not only qualitatively, but also quantitatively [3]. The ability to demonstrate aerobic capabilities largely depends on the content of muscles, which are the main consumer of oxygen in the body [10]. Fat does the role of a regulator of metabolic processes in the body and is the main source of energy during long-term work of low intensity, which is performed due to aerobic energy supply mechanisms of muscle activity. To clarify the degree of influence of somatotype components and components of body weight on the functional capabilities of young men living in the mountainous districts of Zakarpattia, we conducted a correlation analysis. Researches was conducted in 124 young men of the post-puberty period of ontogenesis aged 17 to 21 years, residents of the mountainous districts of the Zakarpattia region. Physical health status was assessed by indicators of the aerobic productivity of the body, namely, the maximum oxygen consumption was measured (VО 2 max ) using the bicycle ergometry method. To evaluate the level of aerobic productivity, the Ya. P. Pyarnat’s rating scale was used [14]. Indicators of anaerobic productivity of the body were studied by: measuring the power of anaerobic alactic energy supply processes by the Peak Power Output in 10 s (WAnT 10 ); the power of anaerobic lactic energy supply processes by the Peak Power Output in 30 s (WAnT 30 ), using the Wingate anaerobic test described by Yu. M. Furman et al. [15]. The anaerobic lactic productivity of the organism was measured by the Peak Power Output (PPO) in 1 min using A. Shogy and G. Cherebetin’s method [16]. The component body mass composition was determined using the impedance method with the application of Somatotype was determined by the Heath-Carter method, which provides a three-component (fat, muscle and bone) anthropometric assessment [17]. Omron BF511 Body Composition Monitor to estimate the percentage of fat mass (subcutaneous and visceral fat) and the percentage of skeletal muscle [18]. The statistical processing of the material was carried out in Excel 7.0 and SPSS version 10.0 using Student’s t-test to find out the reliability of the difference between the average values. In young men, divided by somatotype, it was established that in representatives of the endomesomorphic somatotype, higher values of the fat component largely cause lower values of VO 2 max rel. to (r = -0.706; p &lt; 0.001), correspondingly lower level of aerobic performance. Higher values of BMI in young men of endomesomorphic and mesomorphic somatotypes cause higher values of the absolute VO2 max indicator, as indicated by the correlation (r = 0.727; p &lt; 0.001 and r = 0.880; p &lt; 0.001, respectively). The degree of development of the components of the somatotype does not have a significant impact on the aerobic performance of young men of different morphological types, which is confirmed by a correlation that does not exceed the average degree. Among young men of different somatotypes, there is no correlation of body composition, BMI with the power of anaerobic lactate energy supply processes, or the strength of the connection does not exceed the average. It was found that higher BMI values significantly cause a higher level of anaerobic lactate productivity of the body only in representatives of the endomesomorphic somatotype, as indicated by a strong direct correlation (r = 0.740; p &lt; 0.001) with the WAnT30 absolute indicator. A strong negative influence of percentage fat content in the body on the capacity of the anaerobic lactate productivity of the body in young men of the mesoectomorphic somatotype, which is evidenced by negative correlation (r = -0.445; p &gt; 0.05) with the PPO rel. Higher values of BMI cause a lower level of anaerobic lactate productivity of the body in young men mesoectomorphic and endomesomorphic somatotypes, which is confirmed by a strong negative correlation with the PPO rel. (r = -0.594, p &lt; 0.01; r = -0.430, p &lt; 0.01 respectively). In addition, in young men of the endomesomorphic somatotype, higher values of BMI cause higher values of the absolute index of PPO (r = 0.628; p &lt; 0,001).

Prevalence of Obesity and Lifestyle Risk Factors Following Two Years' COVID-19 Related Service Closure at Wellness Center, Primary Health Care.

COVID-19 lockdown has affected health behaviors and daily life in unprecedented ways. This study aimed to assess (i) the prevalence of lifestyle behaviors including physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep, and stress levels during the COVID confinement, and (ii) evaluate anthropometric measures, body composition, cardiopulmonary and muscular endurance among regular Wellness Center attendees, following two years' service closure. A cross-sectional study was undertaken between 1st June 2022 and 30th January 2023. A structured validated questionnaire was utilized to retrospectively collect data related to the closure period, and quantitative objective measurements were obtained at the time of data collection. A total of 100 adults with a mean age of 49.6 ± 10.5 years, mostly female (80%) and Qatari (76%) participated in the study. The results revealed high rates of low physical activity (47%), sedentary behavior (62%), poor sleep (58%), and stress levels (61% moderate and 5% high). Results also confirmed high prevalence of obesity (57%) marked by BMI and body circumferences, fat mass (34 ± 10.5 kg)/fat percentage (42.7 ± 7.2%) and muscle mass (20.6 ± 5.4 kg)/muscle percentage (25.4 ± 3.9%) above and below normal levels, respectively. The average cardiopulmonary (mean VO2 MAX was 15.5 ± 11 mL O2kg-1min-1) and muscular endurance (pushups per min 19 ± 8.9, L-sit 46 ± 35 secs, plank 42.7 ± 27.8 secs) were distinctly below normal levels for age and sex. The findings indicate that physically active adults have experienced adverse lifestyle behaviors during the COVID-19 lockdown. Obesity, unfavorable body composition, low cardiopulmonary and muscular endurance were evident. More emphasis should be put on the development of targeted intervention strategies to promote positive lifestyle behaviors during any potential future crises.

BODY COMPOSITION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SPORTS INJURIES IN YOUNG FEMALE ACROBATIC GYMNASTS

The risk of injury is associated with elite sport. There is evidence that body composition may affect injury risk. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of injuries, and to determine the relationship of body composition with the incidence, typology and severity of injuries in female acrobatic gymnasts. The sample included 92 female acrobatic gymnasts aged between 9 and 20 years (13.66 ± 2.66 years), 33 tops (11.06 and 1.41 age) and 59 bases (15.11 and 2.00 age). Body measurements (fat percentage, muscle percentage and the sum of 6 skinfolds), and body mass index (BMI) and their categorization into underweight, normal weight and overweight, were measured. Data about injuries were collected through a self-completed questionnaire at the end of the season, where it was recorded whether they had suffered injuries, the type of injury (joint, ligament, tendon or bone) and its severity (minor, moderate or severe). A descriptive, comparative and relational analysis of the studied variables and between groups was carried out. The results obtained in this study indicate a higher percentage of uninjured gymnasts, but also a high percentage of injured gymnasts, with ligament injuries being the most frequent. As for the relationship with body composition and BMI, no significant relationships were observed in the incidence, typology or severity of injuries suffered by these athletes. It only seems to affect tendon injuries in the bases, with the injured gymnasts having a higher BMI, fat percentage and the sum of six skinfolds.

Study of the anthropometric indices of muscle mass in different sports modalities of all genders.

Muscle mass is one of the main components of an athlete's body weight. Its development is related to the biomechanical gesture and the strength required to physical activity. The aim of the study was to assess musculoskeletal development by means of anthropometric indices in sports with different demands. The sample comprised 780 subjects (58.2% male), age 23.8 ± 4.7 years. Six sports were included: olympic shooting, long-distance running, hockey, kayaking, artistic gymnastics, and weightlifting. Muscle mass (MM) was estimated by Lee's equation (Lee et al. 2000), in kg, as a % of weight, in kg in relation to height squared (MMI, kg/m2) and by allometric muscle mass index (AMMI, kg/mb, Canda 2022) relative to height (H), arm span (A-S), sitting height (S-T), biacromial breadth (BIAC) and tibial height (T-H). The mean, male vs. female, was: MM, 33.6 ± 4.4 kg vs. 23.1 ± 2.8 kg; 45.9 ± 3.7% vs. 39.7 ± 3.7%; MMI, 10.92 ± 1.35 vs. 8.63 ± 0.89; AMMIH 12.92 ± 1.57 vs. 11.04 ± 1.12; AMMIA-S, 14. 00 ± 1.61 vs. 12.10 ± 1.24; AMMIS-T, 38.69 ± 4.41 vs. 28.96 ± 2.88; AMMIBIAC, 154.76 ± 15.08 vs. 95.89 ± 9.23; AMMIT-H, 79.14 ± 9.93 vs. 54.65 ± 5.92. Males achieved higher values (p < 0.01) in all variables and modalities. ANOVA (p < 0.001) gave differences between modalities in all indices. Weightlifting had the highest mean in kg and indices, while the highest muscle percentage was found among artistic gymnastics. The lowest mean in kg and indices was in long distance races and in percentage in Olympic shooting. Allometric indices can be useful tools for the assessment and estimation of muscle mass regardless of the size of the athlete and in relation to the modality practiced.

Characteristics Associated with Bone Loss after Spinal Cord Injury: Implications for Hip Region Vulnerability.

In individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), bone loss progresses rapidly to the area below the level of injury, leading to an increased risk of fracture. However, there are limited data regarding SCI-relevant characteristics for bone loss and the degree of bone loss in individuals with SCI compared with that in non-SCI community-dwelling adults. Data from men with SCI who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the National Rehabilitation Center (2008 to 2020) between 12 and 36 months after injury were collected and analyzed. Community-dwelling men were matched 1:1 for age, height, and weight as the control group, using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008 to 2011). A comparison of the SCI and the matched control group revealed significantly lower hip region T-scores in the SCI group, whereas the lumbar spine T-score did not differ between groups. Among the 113 men with SCI, the paraplegia group exhibited significantly higher Z-scores of the hip region than the tetraplegia group. Participants with motor-incomplete SCI showed relatively preserved Z-scores of the hip region compared to those of the lumbar region. Moreover, in participants with SCI, the percentage of skeletal muscle displayed a moderate positive correlation with femoral neck Z-scores. Men with SCI exhibited significantly lower bone mineral density of the hip region than community-dwelling men. Paraplegia rather than tetraplegia, and motor incompleteness rather than motor completeness were protective factors in the hip region. Caution for loss of skeletal muscle mass or increased adiposity is also required.

Impact of wartime stress factors on the metabolic status of the civilian population

Materials and methods. As part of the longitudinal study, 29 civilians were examined; all of them remained in their place of residence during the war, were not directly in the combat areas and did not receive physical damage. Body composition was determined by the method of bioelectrical impedance using Composition Monitor BF511, Omron, including body fat percentage (FAT, %), skeletal muscle percentage (MUS, %), visceral fat level (VIS, %). Hematological and biochemical investigations were conducted according to the standard methods. The enzyme immunoassay with appropriate sets of reagents was used to determine serum levels of insulin, C­reactive protein, sirtuin­1 (SIRT1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF­α), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). The saliva cortisol levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay as well. Molecular genetic studies included determination of the relative length of telomeres of blood leukocytes. Results. The mean age of the examined subjects was 53.05 ± 12.06 years, women made up 55.2 % (n = 16). The average time between the prewar visit and the wartime visit was 12.1 ± 2.4 months. When assessing the anthropometric status of the increase in the body mass index, waist circumference and hips: (26.82 ± 3.58 vs 29.67 ± 3.92 kg/m2, p = 0.0184; 84.93 ± 15.58 vs 100.03 ± 12.57 cm, p = 0.0021; 98.57 ± 6.69 vs 106.75 ± 6.73 cm, p = 0.0004), respectively. The most significant changes occurred in the VIS indicator (8.77 ± 3.44 vs 12.88 ± 4.57, p = 0.0003). The significant changes of other parameters were not observed during the study. Correlation analysis of stress indicators (cortisol, DHEA and their ratio) with clinical anthropometric and metabolic indicators, demonstrated their probable association with body composition (cortisol/DHEA &amp; MUS, cortisol/DHEA &amp; FAT), lipid metabolism disorder (cortisol/DHEA &amp; total cholesterol, cortisol/DHEA &amp; low­density lipoprotein cholesterol) and the number of leukocytes (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions. Among the civilian population, persons who remained in their place of residence during the war showed negative changes in anthropometric status compared to the pre­war period. The impact of a psychotraumatic factor on the anthropometric status, body composition and lipid metabolism in persons who did not change their place of residence during the war is confirmed by the highly probable relationship of the stress indicator (cortisol/DHEA ratio) with the corresponding indicators. Among the civilian population, in persons who did not change their place of residence during the war, no reliable changes in the parameters related to aging (telomeres, SIRT1) compared to the pre­war period were demonstrated.

Effect of Genotype and Sex on Chemical Composition, Physicochemical Properties, Texture and Microstructure of Spent Broiler Breeder Meat

The aim of this research is to compare the carcass composition and meat quality characteristics of spent Cobb 500 and Ross 308 broiler breeders. A total of 28 carcasses were evaluated—7 female and 7 male carcasses from each genotype. Dissection was performed, and the percentages of neck, wings, skin with subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat, residual components, breast and leg muscles were calculated relative to the eviscerated carcass weight. The breast and leg muscles were evaluated for their chemical composition, color attributes (Lab), acidity (pH24), and electrical conductivity (EC24). Analysis of the structure and texture of the pectoralis major muscle was performed. The genotype of the birds had an impact on the eviscerated carcass weight, percentage of skin with subcutaneous fat, leg muscles, wings, and neck. Broiler breeder genotypes differed in terms of the chemical composition of the breast and leg muscles, except for the water content in the breast muscle and the collagen content in both the breast and leg muscles. The breast muscles of Cobb 500 exhibited lower cooking loss, pH24, redness, and yellowness, while the leg muscles of Ross 308 had lower EC24 but higher cooking loss and lightness values. The pectoralis major muscle of Cobb 500 was firmer and more tender, with a smaller cross-sectional area of the muscle fiber and a smaller vertical (V) diameter of the muscle fiber. Males were characterized by a greater carcass weight and a higher percentage of leg muscles, neck, and carcass remains. On the other hand, females had a higher percentage of breast muscles, skin with subcutaneous fat, and abdominal fat. The sex of the birds affected the chemical composition of the breast and leg muscles, with the exception of the water content in the breast muscles and collagen content in the breast and leg muscles. The breast muscles of females were characterized by higher values of yellowness, although they also exhibited lower pH and cooking loss. In terms of texture analysis of the pectoralis major muscle, the meat of females was characterized by higher tenderness and firmness. However, the analysis of the structure showed that males had a thicker perimysium and endomysium. Regardless of broiler origin and sex, significant differences were found between the breast and leg muscles in terms of the assessed physicochemical features (pH24, EC24, cooking loss), color attributes (Lab) and chemical composition (protein, intramuscular fat, and collagen contents). Genotype and sex interactions were significant for the chemical composition of the breast muscles (protein, fat, collagen) and leg muscles (fat), as well as for the yellow color saturation of the breast muscles and springiness of the pectoralis major muscle. The study produced results that showed the meat and carcasses of spent hens and roosters to be suitable for processing due to their favorable chemical composition, high nutritional value and good technological properties, as assessed based on the results of meat texture and structure.

The effect of fat distribution and nutritional behavior on balance and equilibrium of acrobatics and tumbling athletes

Acrobatics and Tumbling (A&amp;T) is an emerging sport in the United States; balance and equilibrium are critical components of performance in this sport. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify if body composition, fat distribution, and nutritional behavior affect the balance and vertical jump of A&amp;T athletes. Body mass index (BMI), whole body percentage of fat and skeletal muscle, and fat distribution of top and base A&amp;T athletes from Fairmont State University were assessed using an impedance device (In Body 570). Nutritional behavior was assessed by a 3-day food log. Balance was measured by the time of holding a handstand in seconds. BMI, whole body, and truncal fat percentage were higher in base athletes when compared to tops (p˂0.05). When associating balance with the variables, skeletal muscle mass was positively associated with balance (r=0.49, p˂0.05), and the percentage of fat and fat accumulation in the lower limbs were negatively associated (r=-0.47 and -0.48, respectively p˂0.05). When the association was tested within the position, the percentage of skeletal muscle mass and fat was only associated with balance in top athletes. Thus, training strategies to increment skeletal muscle mass and decrease body fat should be the focus to improve the balance of top A&amp;T athletes.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRY ATTRIBUTES AND CARDIOVASCULAR FITNESS AMONG MALE UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA FUTSAL ATHLETES

Anthropometry attributes are among the contributing factors needed to ensure the good performance of athletes. Anthropometry attributes can also be used as an indicator for other fitness components. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between anthropometry attributes and cardiovascular fitness among male Universiti Putra Malaysia futsal athletes. A total of 14 male university futsal athletes participated in this study. Anthropometry measurements taken in this study were height, weight, BMI, body fat percentage, and skeletal muscle percentage. For cardiovascular fitness test, several tests were conducted which were the Beep test, Illinois agility test and Running Anaerobic Strength Test (RAST). The correlation test showed that weight, BMI, and body fat percentage have a negative relationship with VO2 max and a positive relationship with the fatigue index. On the other hand, skeletal muscle percentage showed a positive relationship with VO2 max. The results show that anthropometry attributes have a relationship with cardiovascular fitness, especially VO2 max.

Histological analysis of forearm superficial veins structure.

The connection between the basilic and cephalic veins of the forearm shows considerable interindividual variation. Depending on its form, the most common types of venous connections are M-, N- or Y-shaped. This study aims to compare the metric traits of the basilic and cephalic veins and the relative content of smooth muscle/collagen fibers/elastic fibers in their walls and to determine the differences between the forearm venous systems. The study was performed on 42 veins collected from 26 deceased individuals between the ages of 19 and 50 years. Vein sections were fixed, embedded in paraffin blocks and used to prepare histological slides, stained according to pentachrome Movat's method. Venous metrics were assessed and the percentage of muscle, elastic and collagen fibers was determined using the Trainable Weka segmentation. Statistical analysis compared the M-type vein with the Y- and N-types, which were combined into one category. Analysis showed a greater tunica media thickness in the M-type vein, with a greater lumen circumference in the Y/N types. Correlation analysis showed a correlation of vein metrics with elastic fibre content and a weak inverse correlation with the tunica media thickness. It can be hypothesized that the increased performance of N- and Y-types may be related to elastic fibers content.

Beauty Body (Body Composition) among Fat Loss Program Participants A Case Study Longitudinal Primary Study

Overweight and obesity can be risk factors for various diseases. The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity is a public health problem and a challenge that needs to be addressed urgently. The purpose of this study is to periodically monitor body beauty (body composition) in clients running a fat loss program package. This type of research is a case study with a longitudinal design. The subjects in this study were clients who followed the fat loss program of 4 people who followed the program in June 2023 as determined by all subjects who followed the program in June 2023. Test instruments using meters and a Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer (BIA-Omron) Data analysis using descriptive analysis of changes in body beauty indicators ( body composition ) The results show that: the fat loss program gives a decreased change in fat percentage before and after the program also reduces weight as well as increases muscle percentage thus giving a more proportional beautiful body appearance Based on the results, it can be concluded that the fat loss program descriptively gives good results for the improvement of body composition and fat percentage and weight loss.