Percentage Of Microorganisms Research Articles

Comparative Review of Aerobic and Anaerobic Composting for the Reduction of Organic Waste

Composting is a self-heating, aerobic, bio-decomposition process of organic waste that has advantages over other disposal strategies since it reduces waste volume by 40-50% and kills pathogens by the heat generated during the thermophilic phase. This process uses organic waste (food scraps, grass chipping, etc.), water, soil (for added microbes) and either incorporation of air by turning the compost (aerobic) or lack of air within the compost (anaerobic). This study is designed to comparatively assess aerobic and anaerobic composting mechanisms on the productivity rate and analyse the different variables influencing the process. Based on the results obtained the time taken to completely compost the organic materials might not always be the same, because composting time is dependent on the percentage of microorganisms, water content, temperature and C:N ratio present in the pile at the said time along with the amount of material to be composted. Finally, this study will not only help farmers but also the general public in choosing a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way of reducing organic waste from landfills and reduction of greenhouse gases in the ozone layer.

Study of bacterial microbiota in patients with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis

Introduction: Microbiota of respiratory tract may be responsible for acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis. So the present study was carried out to find out specific bacterial etiological agents’ involvement in acute exacerbation of these diseases. Materials and Methods: Sputum samples from patients of bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis during acute exacerbation and endotracheal aspirates from control cases were processed to isolate the microbiota of respiratory tract using quantitative methods after liquefying and diluting the samples. Significant and insignificant bacterial counts from the samples were determined. Grading of pus cells and bacterial morphology was seen by Gram's staining. Results: Pus cell grading of 1+ to 3+ were seen in the both cases of bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis whereas pus cells were not found in control cases. Percentage of microorganisms by Gram's staining in asthmatics, chronic bronchitis, and controls cases were 93.33%, 86.67%, 76.67% respectively. Among the pathogenic bacteria, percentage of significant count of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia were found to be high in chronic bronchitis cases when compared these pathogens in asthmatics. In bronchial asthma cases, the percentage of significant count of Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirablis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were high as compared to chronic bronchitis cases. In chronic bronchitis patients and asthmatics, significant count of non-pathogens were 16.67% and 13.33% respectively. Conclusion: The quantitative cultures showing significant numbers as 104/ml and 107 /ml of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria respectively are found to be associated with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis. Keywords: Bronchial asthma, Chronic bronchitis, Microbiota, Quantitative culture.

Specific and non-specific prevention of nosocomial infections in ICU of Burn Centre and their place in multimodal control system

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a number of technologies for controlling purulent-septic infections in a multi-modal system for the prevention of ICP in the ICU of a burn center. Materials and methods . Research on the basis of the ICU of burn center of City Clinical Hospital No. 40 (Yekaterinburg, Russia). To evaluate the effectiveness of the Pseudovac vaccine, a single-center, pilot, prospective, randomized, and parallel study was performed. The observation group consisted of 48 patients, of which 24 patients were included in the experimental group, and 24 – in the control group. The effectiveness was evaluated based on the frequency of hospital infections and colonization caused by P. aeruginosa. We also evaluated the characteristics of antimicrobial therapy with an assessment of the duration of antimicrobial therapy, the number of days free from antibiotic therapy, and the consumption of antibiotics. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of using detergents with probiotic effect and aerosol high-dispersion aerosol of the air-cleaning agent, the number of positive seeding of microorganisms, including pathogens with altered biochemical characteristics before and after treatment of air and hospital environment objects was analyzed. The McNemar test was used to compare relative indicators that characterize related populations. Results and discussions . In the group of unvaccinated patients, there were more hospital infections (83.0 %) than in the experimental group (70.8 %), p = 0.4936. Patients in the control group were infected and colonized with P. aeruginosa strains – 62.5 %, while in the experimental group there were 37.5 %; p = 0.1489. The need to prescribe antibiotics in the groups occurred with approximately the same frequency and was 75.0 and 79.2 % respectively; p = 1.0000. The need for prescribing anti-sinus medications was lower in the experimental group (20.8 %) compared to the control group (41.7 %); p = 0.2129. The consumption of drugs aimed at treating Pseudomonas infection in the experimental group was significantly lower and amounted to 103 compared to 190 NDDD per 1,000 bed days in the control group; p < 0.001. After aerosolization, the number of positive findings on ICU environmental objects decreased by more than two times; p < 0.001. The percentage of microorganisms with altered biochemical characteristics on the significant objects of the Department before treatment was 11.8 % (4), after treatment such microorganisms were not sown. After general cleaning with the use of cleaning probiotics, the share of positive findings in flushes from the Department’s external environment decreased by three times, or from 27 (45.8 %) to 11 (17.2 %), p < 0.001; and the share of microorganisms with altered biochemical characteristics almost four times, or from 9 (15.3 %) to 1 (1.6 %), p = 0.275. Conclusions . 1. In the system of epidemiological control of ICP in the ICU, indoor air aerosolization and cleaning of the hospital environment with the use of probiotics showed high efficiency in reducing the microbial load in the Department. 2. The Pseudovac vaccine did not significantly affect the prevalence of hospital infections in the experimental group. Most notable was a decrease in the consumption of antibacterial drugs and reduce the intake of antibiotics with antidiagonal activity in the vaccinated patients.

Biofilm-forming ability of coccus forms of the caecal microflora of laying hens when using the probiotic and nanonutrition cobalt

The use of the feed supplement on the basis of probiotic microorganisms of the genus Lactobacillus in combination with nano-cobalt preparations in a dose of 0.08 mg/kg liveweight in laying hens caused the most significant reduction in the proportion of cow's forms of the microflora of the colon (Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus spp.) that formed high-density biofilms by increasing the percentage of these microorganisms with low and medium biofilm-forming ability. After 14 days of use of probiotic and nanocobalt at a dose of 0.08 mg/kg, an increase in the percentage of Staphylococcus spp. microorganisms, which formed low and medium density biofilms, respectively, was 7.2 and 18.2%, due to the reduction of those with high biofilm formation ability. Such a redistribution of the ability of the studied microorganisms to form a biofilm remained after 28 days of the experiment. However, the number of microorganisms of Staphylococcus spp., which formed low density biofilms, was maximum i.e. 46.2%. Instead, the number of microorganisms of Staphylococcus spp., which formed high density biofilms, was minimal and amounted to 12.6%. The indicated trend persists after the end of application of the additive after 14 days. When using probiotic and nano-cobalt at a dose of 0.08 mg/kg, the highest reliability (Р &lt; 0.001) of changes in the bio-film-forming ability of microorganisms Enterococcus spp. was established, namely, its reduction. At the same time, the percentage of microorganisms that formed low-density biofilms was the highest in 28 days of use (by 5.1%) and 14 days after the end of feeding of the additive (by 7.1%). At the same time, the percentage of microorganisms Enterococcus spp. with a high biofilm-forming ability gradually decreased and reached a minimum of 28 days of the experiment (5.6%). On the 14th day after stopping the feeding of the supplement, it reached 9.8%. With an increase in the dose of nanocobalt up to 0.8 mg/kg, significant changes were observed only on the 28th day of feeding and 14 days after the end of the feeding of the feed additive, namely: a decrease in the number of microorganisms Enterococcus spp. with a high biofilm production capacity of 3.4% and 4.8%, respectively. Regarding microorganisms of Streptococcus spp. the most visible effect could be observed with the use of probiotic in a complex with nano-cobalt in a dose of 0.08 mg/kg, namely: by 17.4%, the number of microorganisms with high bio-plating ability with a gradual increase in the percentage of those that had a low (10.2%) and average (by 7.2%) biofilm capacity. After the application of the suppressant was discontinued for 14 days, the corrected changes were maintained.

A study of microbial flora of mobile phones used by health-care professionals in a tertiary care hospital in North India

Context: Mobile phones give all the advantages to its users but it also acted as a house for harbour the bacteria and causing health hazard that should not be over looked. Aim of study was study the prevalence of bacterial and fungal pathogens on mobile phones and their identification. Aims: 1. To study the prevalence of bacterial and fungal pathogens on mobile phones. 2. Identification of bacterial and fungal pathogens to species level. Settings and Design: The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, N. C. Medical College and Hospital, Israna, Panipat. Methods and Material: A total of 100 mobile phones were randomly sampled with sterile moistened swabs from doctors, nurses, laboratory technicians and attendants working in the hospital on the days of sampling. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20.0 v. Descriptive analysis was done to estimate the percentage of microorganisms and Chi Square test was done to assess the difference in proportions. Level of significance was taken at p Results: Total 100 mobile phones of health care professional were swabbed to check microbial flora harboured on mobile phones. Out of 100 mobile phones 79 (79%) were found with contaminated with microbial flora. Conclusions: Mobile phones may act as carrier for cross contamination among patients and healthcare personnel. Simple cleaning with isopropyl alcohol reduced the microbial load of the cellular phones. Hence it is recommended that medical colleges should develop strict guidelines concerning cell phone use and hygiene.

NOTIFICAÇÃO DE INFECÇÕES EM UNIDADE NEONATAL COM CRITÉRIOS NACIONAIS

Backgound and Objectives: Healthcare Associated Infections in neonates represent a challenge and an active surveillance system is essential to develop preventive measures. This study aims to describe the main sites and data of Healthcare Associated Infections according to the criteria defi ned by National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance at a reference Neonatal Unit. Methods:This is a prospective observational study conducted from 2009 to 2010. We included all patients at risk and notifi cation of infections followed criteria defi ned by Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitaria. For Statistical analysis, we calculated the incidence density of Healthcare Associated Infections, frequency and percentage of microorganisms, mortality, and incidence density of deviceassociated infections. Results: This study followed 609 newborns, with 13,215 patient-days. Incidence density of infection was 26.3 per 1000 patient-days, predominantly bloodstream infection (58.8%). microorganisms were isolated, in 116 (33.4%) cases, predominantly coagulase negative Staphylococcus. Conclusion: The main sites and data of IRAS were similar to other previous studies. The defi nition of parameters for national surveillance of Healthcare Associated Infections is critical for planning actions in order to prevent these diseases in susceptible populations as neonates.

Efficiency of four sampling methods used to detect two common nosocomial pathogens on textiles

Detecting microorganisms on textiles is useful for many purposes, for example to determine the bioburden before laundering, assess the reduction in bacterial counts in connection with various laundry processes, or trace transfer routes in infection control investigations. Therefore a validated, reproducible and rational method is needed. For sampling microorganisms on textile surfaces the most commonly used method is the contact plate method using RODAC plates, first described by Hall and Hartnett followed by the swab sampling technique. Both methods can only capture microorganisms on the surface of the textiles while microorganisms that have penetrated into the deeper structure of the material will not be detected. In our research the contact plate method and the swabbing technique were compared with two wash-off methods. For the first wash-off method the destructive elution method was used, where microorganisms were eluted from the fabrics by shaking the fabrics for a certain time in an elution medium. For the fourth sampling method a nondestructive method that included a compact test device called Morapex® was used, which is based on forced desorption by pressing the microorganisms through the fabric without destroying the fabric. In our research, two types of microorganisms were included ( Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus) that cause common nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of the four sampling methods for detecting microorganisms on textiles and to determine the lowest concentration, which can still be detected. The percentage of microorganisms that were detected by both elution methods was substantially higher than by sampling of fabrics with the contact plate method or swabbing. It can be concluded that a nondestructive method using a modified Morapex® device can be applied for quick determination of the hygienic condition of textiles.

Utilization of Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) to evaluate the Intestinal Microbiota of Brown Trout Salmo trutta fario

Utilization of Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) to evaluate the Intestinal Microbiota of Brown Trout Salmo trutta fario The microbial flora present in the intestine of the fish plays an important role, such as to break down ingested foods, or the inhibition of the colonization of the fish intestine by pathogens. Because only a small percentage of microorganisms in seawater and freshwater can be cultured and cultivated in the laboratory, molecular techniques based on 16S rDNA amplification have been developed to detect and identify culturable and nonculturable bacteria. Many studies have combined traditional methods with molecular methods to provide more detailed informations on microbial communities. The aim of this work was to evaluate the microbiota of Salmo trutta fario intestine, using PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), to assess the influence of a diet on the population composition.

In-situ enumeration and probing of pyrene-degrading soil bacteria

Inferences about which microorganisms degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated soils have largely been obtained using culture-based techniques, despite the low percentage of microorganisms in soil that are believed to be culturable. We used a substrate-responsive direct viable count method to identify and quantify potential polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in a soil containing petroleum wastes. Bacteria were extracted and their response to substrates determined in the presence of DNA gyrase inhibitors, which cause viable and active cells to elongate. When yeast extract, a widely used carbon source, was added as a growth substrate, together with nalidixic acid, piromidic acid and ciprofloxacin, a significant increase in elongated cells to 47%, 37% and 22%, respectively, was observed within 24 h. With pyrene as the main substrate, 10 mg L(-1) of nalidixic acid or piromidic acid caused 18-22% and 8-12%, respectively, of the cells to elongate within 24 h; whereas the effect of 0.5 mg L(-1) ciprofloxacin was not significant until 53 h later. Enlarged cells were identified and enumerated by fluorescent in situ hybridization, using Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria, and domain Bacteria-specific probes. The Bacteria-specific probe detected 35-71% of the total microorganisms detected by the DNA-binding dye 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Initially, 44%, 13% and 5% of the total bacteria in the soil extract were Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria, respectively. Without pyrene or a gyrase inhibitor, these subgroups decreased to 30% of the total population but were predominant with piromidic acid or unchanged with ciprofloxacin when pyrene was the main substrate. The proportion of elongated Alpha- and Betaproteobacteria (potential pyrene degraders) increased significantly (P<0.05). This approach links phylogenetic information with physiological function in situ without the conventional cultivation of bacteria and can be used to probe and enumerate degradative groups at even a finer level of discrimination.

Has cerumen a protective role in recurrent external otitis?

Purpose: We investigated the bactericidal activity of the cerumen in patients with recurrent otitis externa. Materials and methods: Cerumen samples were collected from 2 groups. Group A (n = 20) consisted of patients with recurrent otitis externa (2 or more acute otitis externa attack in the current year) and group B (n = 30) consisted of cerumen from a healthy population. We examined the bactericidal activity against the common microorganisms ( Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus) that encounter the recurrent otitis externa. Results: A significant decrease in the count of S epidermidis was observed in group A ( P < .05) and B ( P < .01) was observed. A comparison of decreases and increases in the percentages of microorganisms between the groups A and B showed that there was a significant difference only in the count of E coli ( P ≤ .05). The count of E coli decreased in cerumen suspension in group A, but it increased in the normal population. Conclusion: We did not confirm that cerumen from patients with recurrent otitis externa had less bactericidal activity than from a healthy population.

Microbiological Studies Conducted in a Vertical Laminar Airflow Surgery

Quantitative and qualitative microbiological studies were conducted in a vertical laminar airflow surgery and in a conventional surgical theater. Samples were collected at floor levels within each surgery and also at the wound. Microorganisms recovered from the floor site were gram-positive cocci and gram-positive nonsporeforming rods, with considerably fewer numbers of gram-negative rods, Bacillus species, and molds. The predominant species recovered at the wound site were gram-postive cocci and gram-positive nonsporeforming rods. The level of airborne viable particles was higher in the conventional surgery than in the laminar airflow surgery, both within the room and at the incision. The same types and percentages of microorganisms found in samples collected at the floor level were found at the wound site in the conventional surgery.

THE LOW TEMPERATURE MICROFLORA OF YOUNG CHEDDAR CHEESE

Summary A plating procedure simulating conditions in ripening Cheddar cheese was used to isolate microorganisms in young cheese that grow at ordinary ripening temperatures. Forty-one commercial cheese samples, most 7 days old, were obtained from ten Iowa manufacturing plants. Samples were plated in special Trypticase-soy agar, covered with 50 ml of 1.5% (w/v) agar, and incubated at 7.2 C for 3 months. Following incubation, 967 microorganisms were isolated, purified, and characterized. Numbers and percentages of microorganisms were: 475 enterococci, 49.5%; 148 micrococci, 15%; 126 lactic streptococci, 13%, 108 miscellancous gram-positive rods, 11%; 48 associate bacteria (resembling species of Leuconostoc), 5%; 33 miscellaneous gram-negative rods, 3.5%; 24 lactobacilli, 2.5%; and 5 other miscellaneous microorganisms, 0.5%. Forty-five commercial lactic starter cultures were examined by the same plating procedure. Duplicate plates of each culture were incubated at 7.2 and 21 C. Although agar plate counts were slightly higher at 21 C, they were within the same range, at both incubation temperatures, for most samples. No enterococci were recovered from commercial lactic starter cultures.

The Germicidal Efficiency of Emulsept and of Chlorine in Washing Dirty Eggs

The percentages of microorganisms killed with emulsept in these experiments for the same series of eggs are many times greater than the percentages of those killed when 100 ppm active chlorine was used. Experiments are in progress on other phases of this problem.