Percentage Of Lime Research Articles

The strength and microstructural behavior of lime stabilized subgrade soil in road construction

ABSTRACT This paper attempts to study the potential of lime on strength and bearing capacity improvement of subgrade soil. The effect of soil type, different lime percentages (3, 5, 7 and 9%) and curing duration (0, 7, 14 and 28 days) on the engineering properties of soil is evaluated by conducting series of laboratory tests such as linear shrinkage, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), split-tensile strength (STS) and California bearing ratio (CBR) test. The result indicates that soil with large clay fractions needs a relatively higher percentage of lime to alter their physicochemical characteristics. Addition of lime reduced the linear shrinkage strains and increased the UCS, STS and CBR value of soil. But beyond an optimum lime content opposite trend is observed. The strength improvement of lime stabilized soil is further enhanced with curing time. Moreover, the micro-structural analyses are performed to understand the mechanisms involved in the lime stabilization process. Change in soil morphology from FESEM (Field emission scanning electron microscope) and apparent formation of some new peaks in XRD (X-ray diffraction) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis confirms the formation of cementitious compounds in lime stabilized soil. For particular lime content and curing duration, soil with high plasticity index gives lower strength value. Further, soil treated with 3% lime achieves 7 days target compressive strength value (i.e. 345 kPa). CBR values of soil treated with the optimum lime meet the requirement of subbase materials for low traffic rural roads thus reduce the overall pavement thickness and the construction cost.

Estabilização química de solo de textura franco: adição de cal e cimento

Diante do atual cenário onde a preocupação ambiental tornou-se protagonista, a estabilização de solo com adição de cal e cimento surgiu como uma forma alternativa, sustentável e viável de aplicação na construção civil. Desta forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo da estabilidade química do solo, adicionando cimento e cal, em um solo de textura média com 25% de argila, a fim de melhorá-lo mecanicamente para favorecer sua aplicação em tijolos solo-cal-cimento, os tijolos ecológicos. Para proceder, foram realizados ensaios variando a percentagem de cimento e a cal em quantidades de 0 a 13% em relação a massa de solo. Os procedimentos do trabalho competem à preparação do solo, análise de variação volumétrica através de ensaio físico-químico, modelagem e rompimento dos corpos de prova. Na variação volumétrica, as amostras de 3% de cal apresentaram comportamento regular sobre a curva de tendência de acordo com a variação percentual de cimento. Dos ensaios mecânicos, os lotes com 3% de cal para 7% e 9% de cimento, foram os únicos que apresentaram resistência mecânica média superior ao mínimo estabelecido pela NBR 8491. Ao final dos experimentos pode ser verificado que a variação 3% de cal para 7% de cimento sobre massa de solo, se mostrou com resultados satisfatórios para fabricação do tijolo solo-cal-cimento por ter apresentado resistência superior a mínima normatizada e por ser mais viável economicamente, em termos de preços de mercado da cal e do cimento, do que com 9% de cimento.

Boron Characterization, Distribution in Particle-Size Fractions, and Its Adsorption-Desorption Process in a Semiarid Tunisian Soil

Boron is essential for crop growth but needed in very small amounts. The range between boron deficiency and toxicity for plants is quite narrow. These stress conditions gravely reduce yield and quality of many crop species. Therefore, understanding the factors and the reactions affecting boron availability in soil is necessary. Against this framework, our research aims to determine the available boron status in a semiarid soil of Dour Ismail irrigated perimeter (North Tunisia). The objectives are also to investigate boron distribution in different particle-size fractions throughout the soil profile and to understand boron adsorption-desorption mechanisms according to some soil properties. For this purpose, one soil profile was dug in the field plot that had not received any previous boron fertilization. Soil samples were gathered from the different horizons of the profile and analyzed for the main physicochemical properties. Our results showed that the studied soil is Stagnic Fluvisol (clayic). The highest boron amounts were recorded in deep horizons and were greatly affected by soil salinity, organic matter, and clay contents. However, the increase in the pH level and the high percentage of total lime significantly diminished the available boron amounts in surface layers. The investigation of depth boron distribution in the different particle-size fractions indicated a considerable contribution of the silt (2–50 µm) fraction (52% of the soil total available boron), while the coarse (>50 µm) and clay (<2 µm) fractions seem to play a less important role. The adsorption data were fitted to Freundlich adsorption isotherm. It revealed that adsorption of boron increased with the increase of boron concentrations in soil solution. Desorption isotherm denotes that the accumulated boron in soil was not easily released. Adsorption and desorption of boron in soil were greatly affected by soil properties, such as pH, salinity, sand content, clay content, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and cation exchange capacity.

The Study of Early Selection Method through Vigor and Viability Parameter in Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk) under Salinity and Drought Stress Condition

The study was aimed to obtain information regarding the early selection method of Limau lime under saline and drought condition including the proper method for seed extraction, observation period in germination testing, and type of germination media. The experiment was conducted from March 2015 to January 2016 at the Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. It consisted of four main experiments. The first experiment was the extraction method on Limaulime seed using distilled water, ash from the husk, talcum powder, and HCl 1%. The second experiment was germination testing of lime seed using three media i.e. sand, the combination of sand: soil (1:1) (v:v), and towel tissue. The third experiment has tested the vigor of Limau lime seeds in different saline conditions by using NaCl, i.e. 1500 ppm, 3000 ppm, and 4500 ppm. The fourth experiment, tested the vigor of Limau lime seeds in drought stress condition using PEG 6000, i.e. 0, - 0.75 bar, -1.5 bar, and -2.25 bar. The result of the first experiment showed that the treatments had no significantly different effect on all variables observed except for the seed moisture content. The second experiment revealed that the best germination media was elucidated from sand treatment and sand: soil (1:1) with the first and the second count at 20th and 29th day respectively. The result of the third and four experiment elucidated that the higher concentration of NaCl (Salinity stress condition) or PEG 6000 (drought stress condition), the smaller the germination percentage of Limau Lime’s seeds.

Microscopic Chemical Characterization and Reactivity in Cementing Systems of Elephant Grass Leaf Ashes.

Many agrowastes are being used for energy production by combustion in power plants. This process generates huge amounts of ash, which has a potential pozzolanic activity for blending with Portland cement or hydrated lime. In this paper, the ash obtained from elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum var. purple) leaves (EGLs) was studied, including the silicon content and its distribution, the presence of other compounds, and in addition, the presence of silica bodies (phytoliths). Combustion temperatures of 450 and 650°C produced an unaltered inorganic skeleton (spodogram), whereas at 850°C, there is a sintering process because of high potassium content in the ash. Phytoliths and different types of hairs were identified, and they contained high percentages of silica. Magnesium (mainly as periclase) was distributed in the most porous parts in the interior of the leaves. The silica can react with calcium hydroxide (pozzolanic reaction) forming calcium silicate hydrates (observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis). Fixed lime percentages at 28 curing days (63%) indicated the high reactivity of EGL ashes in calcium hydroxide pastes due to the pozzolanic reaction. This study demonstrates the possibility of the reuse of ashes from EGLs for the production of environmental-friendly cements.

STABILISASI TANAH LEMPUNG MENGGUNAKAN SEMEN DAN KAPUR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN DAYA DUKUNG CBR TANAH

Land is a very influential material in a road construction work. Soil has properties that can interfere with a road construction such as relatively large shrinkage and low CBR values. One of the land improvement efforts under study is stabilization using cement and lime. The objectives of this study were to compare the clay CBR values before and after stabilization with the addition of cement and lime respectively 0%, 6%, 12% and 18% based on dry soil weight with a period of 4 days. Tests cover physical and mechanical properties of soil compaction and CBR Laboratory by referring to SNI for each test. The result of the unsoaked CBR testing was 18.2% after 4 days of curing there was an increase of 184.4% in 18% cement addition and 21.0% in the addition of 18% lime and the soaked CBR testing was 6.1% after being soaked for 4 days There was a 157.8% increase in cement 18% and 17.3% increase in the addition of 18% chalk. Cement and lime form a binding material resulting in an increase in the value of CBR. The use of cement and lime can increase the carrying capacity of clay soils as the percentage of cement and lime increases.Keywords: clay soil, cement and lime, CBR.

Engineering and mineralogical properties of stabilized expansive soil compositing lime and natural pozzolans

Black cotton soils (BCSs) were stabilized with various percentage of lime, natural volcanic ash (VA) and their combinations. The laboratory tests were performed to evaluate the influence of the stabilizers on the physical-mechanical properties of BCS. These laboratory tests included Atterberg limits, California bearing ratio (CBR), swell percent and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The changes of minerals were also derived by performing X-ray diffraction, Infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope, which were employed to explain the stability mechanism of BCS together with pH test. Results revealed that the added stabilizers improved greatly the physical-mechanical properties of BCS. The use of combinations of lime and VA showed superior results when compared with the single stabilizer. BCS can meet the performance requirements of roadbed materials referring to JTG D30-2015 just by mixing with 3% lime and 15% VA. The increased pH of the stabilized BCS indicated that solubility of the silicate and the aluminate increased, which accelerated the pozzolanic reaction between clay soils and stabilizers. The intrinsic lamellar structures of clay mineral were destructed in the reaction process. Moreover, several new minerals were produced to stabilize the soil fabric. Overall, the use of VA can reduce the consumption of lime in BCS stabilization and actualize the utilization of vast resources BCS as a low-cost roadbed material.

PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT MORTAR USING LIME AND BAMBOO-ASH AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENTS

The effect of varying different proportion of bamboo ash and lime as partial replacement for cement in mortar were studied. Bamboo stalks were collected and burned into bamboo ash in furnace. The results of the physical and mechanical properties of the cement and aggregate used were within the requirements stipulated by relevant standards. The mix proportion 1:6 was used out of which 2%, 4% of bamboo ash and 2%, 4% of lime were used to partially replace cement in the mortar. The compressive strength of most of the mortar cubes increases with curing days and their values lie within the required strength of 2.5 N/mm2 – 6.5 N/mm2 as stipulated by relevant codes. The water absorption rate was observed to increase with increase in bamboo ash and lime content, while the density decreases as the percentage of bamboo ash and lime in the mortar increases by mass. The study therefore can be concluded that in the presence of significant proportion (i.e. 4% or more) of bamboo ash the strength of mortar increased hence making it adequate for the production of masonry mortar and reduces building failure.

PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT MORTAR USING LIME AND BAMBOO-ASH AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENTS

The effect of varying different proportion of bamboo ash and lime as partial replacement for cement in mortar were studied. Bamboo stalks were collected and burned into bamboo ash in furnace. The results of the physical and mechanical properties of the cement and aggregate used were within the requirements stipulated by relevant standards. The mix proportion 1:6 was used out of which 2%, 4% of bamboo ash and 2%, 4% of lime were used to partially replace cement in the mortar. The compressive strength of most of the mortar cubes increases with curing days and their values lie within the required strength of 2.5 N/mm2 – 6.5 N/mm2 as stipulated by relevant codes. The water absorption rate was observed to increase with increase in bamboo ash and lime content, while the density decreases as the percentage of bamboo ash and lime in the mortar increases by mass. The study therefore can be concluded that in the presence of significant proportion (i.e. 4% or more) of bamboo ash the strength of mortar increased hence making it adequate for the production of masonry mortar and reduces building failure.

Chemical Analysis of Reinforced Stabilized Soil

Objectives: This study aims at investigating lime and wheat straw as a chemical approach to improve clayey soils as an alternative to the traditional physical process of soil improvement. Methods/Statistical Analysis: A series of tests were conducted on clayey soils mixed with various percentages of lime and wheat straw. The readings were taken on the daily, weekly and monthly basis. The soil and water sample testing was based on pH, TDS, water hardness, Organic Content (OC) and Electrical conductivity (EC). Findings: The test results suggest that there are significant chemical changes resulting due to the addition of lime and/or wheat straw into the water and soil. An increase in pH, TDS and organic contents and a decrease in the electrical conductivity of soil was noticed both in short-term and long-term effects. The results indicate that by knowing chemical process some of the undesirable chemical changes could be seized to only permit the useful chemical changes in a particular process of the addition of soil stabilizing agents. Moreover, it has been noticed that a single soil stabilizing agent may not be sufficient to improve several engineering properties; therefore, combined soil stabilization techniques might be adopted for a wider range of soil improvement where necessary. Application/Improvements: The outcomes of present study would be of potential applications in the ground improvement field. The outcomes provide useful information about the chemical changes involved in process of ground improvement. Keywords: Chemical Analysis, Decomposition, Reinforced Soil, Soil Stabilization

Resilient Modulus of Lime Treated Expansive Soil

Subgrade soils play a major role in the proper functioning of pavements. They are subjected to repeated loads due to traffic and often subjected to moisture ingress during monsoon seasons. If the subgrade is expansive in nature, lime stabilization is commonly adopted to mitigate swelling and shrinkage. However, the behavior of lime treated expansive soil under the cyclic loading and effect of moisture ingress is not yet fully understood. The subgrade is generally characterized by the parameter Resilient Modulus (MR), which is determined under laboratory conditions. Considering these issues, an experimental study is attempted to compare the resilient modulus (MR) and permanent strain values of untreated and lime treated soil. The comparison is made based on different percentages of lime and curing period. The test results are finally used to analyze the behavior of lime treated soil in their in-situ stress states.

Effect of Lime and Cement on the Geotechnical Properties of an Expansive Soil

The phenomenon of clays swelling is the cause of possible disorders dependent on the movement of the soil. The technique of the stabilization to improve such a soil state using cement and lime is utilized all around the world. The stabilization of the soil can be a very important solution because it brings important modifications to their geotechnical properties. This document aims to study the influence of the lime and the cement on the geotechnical properties of the expansive soil. The studied mechanical properties are the plasticity, the compaction, the unconfined compression strength, the free swell and the shear strength characteristics of the soil with varying proportions of lime and cement, Properties of the untreated soil were determined. The percentages of lime and cement added are respectively 2 %, 4 %, 6 % and 8 % by the dry weight of the soil. The untreated soil values were used as points of comparison. The obtained results show a significant reduction in the plasticity index and in the percentage of free swell of expansive soil with the increase of the quantity of lime and cement. Also it has been found that the addition of lime and cement increases the optimum moisture content, the unconfined compression strength, and the shear strength of the soil. The soil used in this research was taken in the zone of Me’daourouch, near the city of Souk Ahras. This research work studied in particular three aspects, Such as the effect of admixtures cement and lime, the effect of the variation of the percentage of admixtures and the effect of curing time after mixing of admixtures on the stabilization.

The strength behaviour of lime-stabilised plastic fibre-reinforced clayey soil

This paper studies the effect of lime and discrete plastic fibre on the strength and stiffness behaviour of clayey soil. A series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS), split-tensile strength (STS) and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests are performed on clayey soil with different percentage of lime (i.e. 3%, 5% and 9% by dry weight of soil) and fibre (i.e. 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% by dry weight of soil) at different curing periods (i.e. 7, 14 and 28 days). The results show that the addition of lime improved the compressive and tensile strength of the soil up to 5% of lime beyond which it decreases. The role of fibre on lime-stabilised soil is found to be more significant than that of fibre-reinforced soil. The inclusion of fibre within lime-stabilised soil helps to increase the peak axial stress, achieve the residual strength, increase the modulus of elasticity and toughness, and change the failure mode of lime-stabilised soil from completely brittle to ductile. The improvement of UCS and STS is about 6.7 and 20 times than that of the parent soil, respectively. The maximum rate of improvement of strength occurs within 7 days of curing, and after that the effect of curing is marginal. Irrespective of lime and fibre content, good correlations are established between UCS with modulus of elasticity (E50) and STS of lime-stabilised fibre-reinforced soil. Furthermore, the addition of fibre improved the CBR and secant modulus value of lime-stabilised soil which reduced the thickness of pavement and hence reduces the cost of construction.

Effect of Lime and Cement on Unconfined Compressive and Shear Strength of Soil in Baleli and its Vicinity

This study was carried out with an intention to observe any sign of improvement of clayey silty soil due to addition of lime and cement. This paper focuses on the primary research of using blends of lime and cement on the soil of Baleli and its vicinity region to evaluate the features of cement and lime at the shear strength of unsaturated soil through carrying out direct shear and unconfined compression tests on soil samples. Soil admixed along with natural or artificial admixtures is one of the techniques to improve its physical characteristics, consequently we need to alter some features of soil that could make it expedient to calculate the bearing ability of the soil and even stabilize the weight bearing potential. The values obtained here are in comparison with unblended soil samples, at 5% admixed soil with cement and lime showed maximum angle of friction and moderate cohesion but shear strength 30.32 psi achieved at this percentage of lime and cement was greater than other percentages. The unconfined strength of this blended soil presented a compression of 86.32 N/mm2 at 0.0503 mm/mm percent strain which is lower than maximum percentages of lime and cement and conclusions are drawn toward the usability of lime and cement as a value effective approach. Soil sample admixed with 7% lime and cement presented less cohesion than those blended with 3% and 5% lime and cement but greater shear strength as compared to all of the samples including simple soil. The unconfined strength of this blended soil presented a compression of 115.32 N/mm2 at 0.0755 mm/mm percent strain which is lower than maximum percentages of lime and cement. As a significance, its miles better to combine distinctive types of soils collectively to improve the soil vitality back ground.

Effect of Lime and Cement on Unconfined Compressive and Shear Strength of Soil in Baleli and its Vicinity

This study was carried out with an intention to observe any sign of improvement of clayey silty soil due to addition of lime and cement. This paper focuses on the primary research of using blends of lime and cement on the soil of Baleli and its vicinity region to evaluate the features of cement and lime at the shear strength of unsaturated soil through carrying out direct shear and unconfined compression tests on soil samples. Soil admixed along with natural or artificial admixtures is one of the techniques to improve its physical characteristics, consequently we need to alter some features of soil that could make it expedient to calculate the bearing ability of the soil and even stabilize the weight bearing potential. The values obtained here are in comparison with unblended soil samples, at 5% admixed soil with cement and lime showed maximum angle of friction and moderate cohesion but shear strength 30.32 psi achieved at this percentage of lime and cement was greater than other percentages. The unconfined strength of this blended soil presented a compression of 86.32 N/mm2 at 0.0503 mm/mm percent strain which is lower than maximum percentages of lime and cement and conclusions are drawn toward the usability of lime and cement as a value effective approach. Soil sample admixed with 7% lime and cement presented less cohesion than those blended with 3% and 5% lime and cement but greater shear strength as compared to all of the samples including simple soil. The unconfined strength of this blended soil presented a compression of 115.32 N/mm2 at 0.0755 mm/mm percent strain which is lower than maximum percentages of lime and cement. As a significance, its miles better to combine distinctive types of soils collectively to improve the soil vitality back ground.

Biologically active compounds available in Ceratonia siliqua L. grown in contrasting soils under Mediterranean climate

Abstract The aim of this work was to understand how two different soil types (calcareous - C and non-calcareous soils - NC) affect carob tree nutritional performance and bioactive compounds present in the pulp of the pod. Two orchards were selected in two separately separate locations: in soil C, trees were grown under calcareous conditions, with high percentage of active lime (>9%) and a soil pH of 8.1 and in soil NC, no carbonates were present and soil pH was 6.6. Leaf mineral composition, total leaf chlorophyll and several bioactive compounds were monitored in trees of the cv. ‘Mulata’ during three years and covering two seasons in both orchards. Unripe and ripe pods were separately analyzed. Trees in the NC site were smaller and less vigorous but presented higher leaf chlorophyll, and higher N, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn in leaves, than trees of the C site. In the latter, only Ca and K were slightly higher. Unripe pods in both orchards showed significantly higher polyphenols content and high anti-oxidant activity (expressed as DPPH). Condensed tannins content was related to leaf mineral composition (N, Zn and Mn) but among these, Mn was the most important and its accumulation in leaves is a good indicator of anti-oxidant activity. Condensed tannins content was higher in unripe pods of trees in the NC site.

A study on geotechnical properties of marine clay stabilized with lime and recron-3s fibre

The necessity to tap natural marine resources from the ocean beds represents a considerable challenge for the construction of offshore structures on weak marine deposits. Weak marine soil deposits have been found both on the coast and in several offshore areas spread over many parts of the world. When clay particles precipitate in salt water, there is a tendency for the clay particles to flocculate and stick together giving rise to some sort of edge-to-face arrangement. As a result, clay, silt, and fine sand particles settle almost at the same rate and the final sediment formed consists of particles with a very loose card house-like structure. In thisstudy,anattempthasbeenmadetostudytheIndex Properties, Differential Free Swell , Compactionand CBR characteristics of marine clay mixing with different percentages of lime and Recron-3s fibre with a view to determine the optimum percentages and its effect on strength characteristics.Test results show that stabilizing marine clay with lime and imparting Recron - 3s fibre enhance the strength.

Experimental testing for Zarzis port sediments (Tunisia) in road materials

This study focused on the feasibility of Tunisian sediment reuse as new road material. Experiments were conducted to investigate sediment reuse as road material. Three mixtures (raw sediments, stabilised sediments with 3% lime and stabilised sediments with 3% cement) were studied with regard to their mechanical performances. The first part of this paper introduces the characterisation of Zarzis sediments. The second part describes the laboratory experiments and the followed methods. The third part is dedicated to the analysis of results. The originality of this work is the use of a minimum percentage of lime, which was determined experimentally. Based on environmental tests, Zarzis sediments were uncontaminated. Thus, they can be reused directly without a decontamination treatment process. Results show that humic compounds complicated sediment treatment with cement. Therefore, cement did not present an appropriate binder for stabilising and solidifying the investigated sediments. Based on mechanical results, a mixture with 3% lime can be used as new road material.

Compressibility Behaviour of Borneo Tropical Peat Stabilized with Lime-Sand Column

Construction on peat soils can have two alternatives, either to excavate and replace the weak soil or to improve the soil strength using soil stabilizers such as lime and other ground improvement method such as soil column. This paper studies the properties of Borneo tropical peat soil and the effect of lime-sand-column to the value of the void ratio, the coefficient of consolidation, volume compressibility, and compressibility of the stabilized soil. After the engineering properties of the peat were determined, consolidation test was performed to observe the effect of the lime-sand column for 1 and 3 curing days with lime percentages of 3 and 6% lime. Tests were then repeated using a different number of lime-sand column. It was observed that the compressibility of the peat soil was reduced using a longer period of curing, a higher percentage of lime, and a higher number of sand columns.

Sodium chloride as a catalyser for crushed reclaimed asphalt pavement – Fly ash – Carbide lime blends

Abstract Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is the name given to reused pavement materials comprising asphalt and aggregates. Recycled RAP is almost always returned back into the roadway structure in some form, usually incorporated as a stabilized aggregate in base or subbase construction. To produce a stabilized base or subbase aggregate, RAP must also be crushed and screened, then blended with one or more stabilization reagents so that the blended material, when compacted, will gain strength. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of sodium chloride (NaCl) on the compressive strength and the accumulated loss of mass (ALM) after wetting–drying cycles on a mixture of crushed RAP with fly ash (FA) and carbide lime (L) (both industrial residues). Stabilization was carried out considering blends of 75% RAP and 25% FA. The moulding points considered three different dry unit weights [18.5 kN/m3 (maximum dry density at modified energy Proctor) and two below 18.0 kN/m3 and 17.0 kN/m3], optimum mixture content at 9.0% and three different lime percentages (3.0%, 5.0% and 7.0%), as well as a 7-day curing period. The results indicate that adding 1.0% NaCl to the crushed RAP-FA-lime blends almost doubles strength for a 7-day curing period and reduces the ALM by an average of 50% in durability tests.