Percentage Of Infection Research Articles

Increased SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and spread of infection without awareness among healthcare workers through 2020–2022 in a Japanese medical center

Despite Japan’s high vaccination coverage, daily numbers of new COVID-19 cases have been high. However, studies on the seroprevalence among Japanese people and the causative factors for rapid spread have remained limited. In this study, we aimed to examine the seroprevalence and associated factors in healthcare workers (HCWs) of a medical center in Tokyo using blood samples drawn at annual check-ups from 2020 to 2022. We found that of the 3,788 HCWs in 2022 (by mid-June), 669 were seropositive for N-specific antibodies (tested by Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay); the seroprevalence surged from 0.3% in 2020 and 1.6% in 2021 to 17.7% in 2022. Notably, our study found 325 (48.6%; 325/669) cases were infected without awareness. Among those with a previously PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during the past three years, 79.0% (282/357) were found after January 2022, after the Omicron variant was first detected in Tokyo at the end of 2021. This study indicates the fast spread of the SARS-CoV-2 among HCWs during the Omicron surge in Japan. The high percentage of infection without awareness may be a key driving factor causing rapid person-to-person transmission, as shown in this medical center with high vaccination coverage and strict infection control measures.

Trap Culture and Colonization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi from Corn Roots in Tidal Swamps Using Several Host Plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are mycorrhizal from the endomycorrhizal group. The fungi live on higher plants' roots by performing symbiotic mutualism. This study aimed to identify AMF spores after trapping in corn roots and the degree of root infection by AMF in several host plants. The study was conducted using tidal swamps soil samples taken from Mulyasari Tanjung Lago Village, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra. The experiment used a randomized block design and three replicates with four host plants as a treatment: corn, soybean, sugarcane (monoculture) and sugarcane-soybean (combination). The results showed that AMF spores found on corn roots after trapping were from the <em>Acaulospora</em> sp. and <em>Glomus</em> sp. groups. Hyphae, vesicles, arbuscules and spores are AMF structures found in the roots of host plants infected by AMF. The percentage of AMF infection in host plant roots ranged from 1.11% to 77.44% where the highest was in maize host plant roots at 77.44% in the form of internal hyphae. The maize host plant has a high potential to be colonized by AMF compared to a mixture of soybean, sugarcane and sugarcane-soybean.

Impact of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines on lung injury in B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant-infected patients

BackgroundChest computerized tomography (CT) scan is an important strategy that quantifies the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia. To what extent inactivated COVID-19 vaccines could impact the COVID-19 pneumonia on chest CT is not clear.MethodsThis study recruited 357 SARS-COV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant-infected patients admitted to the Second Hospital of Nanjing from July to August 2021. An artificial intelligence-assisted CT imaging system was used to quantify the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia. We compared the volume of infection (VOI), percentage of infection (POI) and chest CT scores among patients with different vaccination statuses.ResultsOf the 357 Delta variant-infected patients included for analysis, 105 were unvaccinated, 72 were partially vaccinated and 180 were fully vaccinated. Fully vaccination had the least lung injuries when quantified by VOI (median VOI of 222.4 cm3, 126.6 cm3 and 39.9 cm3 in unvaccinated, partially vaccinated and fully vaccinated, respectively; p < 0.001), POI (median POI of 7.60%, 3.55% and 1.20% in unvaccinated, partially vaccinated and fully vaccinated, respectively; p < 0.001) and chest CT scores (median CT score of 8.00, 6.00 and 4.00 in unvaccinated, partially vaccinated and fully vaccinated, respectively; p < 0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, comorbidity, time from illness onset to hospitalization and viral load, fully vaccination but not partial vaccination was significantly associated with less lung injuries quantified by VOI {adjust coefficient[95%CI] for “full vaccination”: − 106.10(− 167.30,44.89); p < 0.001}, POI {adjust coefficient[95%CI] for “full vaccination”: − 3.88(− 5.96, − 1.79); p = 0.001} and chest CT scores {adjust coefficient[95%CI] for “full vaccination”: − 1.81(− 2.72, − 0.91); p < 0.001}. The extent of reduction of pulmonary injuries was more profound in fully vaccinated patients with older age, having underlying diseases, and being female sex, as demonstrated by relatively larger absolute values of adjusted coefficients. Finally, even within the non-severe COVID-19 population, fully vaccinated patients were found to have less lung injuries.ConclusionFully vaccination but not partially vaccination could significantly protect lung injury manifested on chest CT. Our study provides additional evidence to encourage a full course of vaccination.

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Eimeria spp. Infecting Domestic Poultry Gallus gallus in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia.

Coccidiosis in chickens is one of the major problems in the poultry industry, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. The current study used morphological and molecular characteristics to identify Eimeria spp. infecting domestic chickens (Gallus gallus) in the Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia. In this study, 120 domestic poultry were examined and 30 were found to be infected with oocysts of Eimeria spp. (25%). According to the morphology of the recorded oocysts, five species were found. Eimeria necatrix was the first species discovered, and it was distinguished by oblong, ovoid-shaped oocysts with double-layered walls that measured 20 (23-23) and 17 (16-20) μm. The second species was Eimeria maxima, which had oval- to egg-shaped oocysts with double-layered walls and measurements of 28 (26-29) and 23 (20-24) μm. The third species was Eimeria tenella, characterized by oval-shaped oocysts with double-layered walls and measurements of 21 (20-24) × 17 (16-20) μm. Eimeria praecox was the fourth species that was characterized by spherical-shaped oocysts with single-layered walls and measurements of 21 (19-23) × 20 (19-20) μm. Eimeria acervulina was the last species to have oval-shaped oocysts with double-layered walls and measurements of 20 (18-25) and 17 (14-20) μm. The percentages of infection with Eimeria species were as follows: E. tenella, 10.84%; E. necatrix, 5.84%; E. acervulina, 4.16%; E. maxima, 2.5%; and E. praecox, 1.66%. Nested PCR based on the amplification of internal transcribed spacer I (ITS-I) regions confirmed the presence of the five Eimeria species in the examined fecal samples with their specific amplicon sizes: E. necatrix (383 bp), E. maxima (145 bp), E. tenella (278 bp), E. praecopx (116 bp), and E. acervulina (321 bp).

A Novel Platform for Root Protection Applies New Root-Coating Technologies to Mitigate Soil-Borne Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Disease

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a soil-borne virus showing a low percentage of ca. 3% soil-mediated infection when the soil contains root debris from a previous 30-50 day growth cycle of ToBRFV-infected tomato plants. We designed stringent conditions of soil-mediated ToBRFV infection by increasing the length of the pre-growth cycle to 90-120 days, adding a ToBRFV inoculum as well as truncating seedling roots, which increased seedling susceptibility to ToBRFV infection. These rigorous conditions were employed to challenge the efficiency of four innovative root-coating technologies in mitigating soil-mediated ToBRFV infection while avoiding any phytotoxic effect. We tested four different formulations, which were prepared with or without the addition of various virus disinfectants. We found that under conditions of 100% soil-mediated ToBRFV infection of uncoated positive control plants, root-coating with formulations based on methylcellulose (MC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), silica Pickering emulsion and super-absorbent polymer (SAP) that were prepared with the disinfectant chlorinated-trisodium phosphate (Cl-TSP) showed low percentages of soil-mediated ToBRFV infection of 0%, 4.3%, 5.5% and 0%, respectively. These formulations had no adverse effect on plant growth parameters when compared to negative control plants grown under non ToBRFV inoculation conditions.

Model of ecological resilience in Hyrcanian forests that combines the decision-making trial and evaluation method (DEMATEL) and system dynamics

The present study assessed the resilience model of Hyrcanian forests with Navroud-Asalem watershed as a case study. The Navroud-Assalem watershed was selected for study because of its special environmental characteristics and access to relatively acceptable information. In order to model resilience, the appropriate indices influencing resilience in Hyrcanian forests were identified and selected. The criteria of biological diversity and forest health and vitality were selected along with the indices of species diversity, forest-type diversity, mixed stands, and the infected area percentage forests with disturbance factors. Thirteen sub-indices and 33 variables were determined and the relationship between the indices and criteria was identified by developing a questionnaire using the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method. The weights of each index were estimated in Vensim software using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. Collecting and analyzing the regional information, the conceptual model was developed and formulated quantitatively and mathematically and was entered into Vensim for resilience modeling of the selected parcels. The DEMATEL method indicated that the species diversity indices and the percentage of affected forests had the greatest influence and interaction with other factors in the system. The parcels studied had different slopes and were affected by the input variables. They were considered as resilient if they were found to maintain current conditions. Avoidance of exploitation, infestation by pests, severe fires in the region, and increased livestock grazing compared to the existing situation were among the prerequisites for resilience in the region. Vensim modeling represents that in control parcel no. 232 the nondimensional resilience parameter is 3025 (the most resilient parcel), while in the disturbed parcel no. 278 this amount is 1775 (the least resilient parcel).

Biological control of onion white rot disease using potential Bacillus subtilis isolates

BackgroundOnion (Allium cepa L.) is a very important vegetable crop all over the world, particularly in Egypt for local consumption and exportation. White rot disease is the most serious disease of Allium spp. caused by the soil-borne fungus Sclerotium cepivorum Berk.ResultsIn this investigation, five tested isolates of Bacillus subtilis showed an antagonistic effect and significantly reduced the linear growth of the pathogen in vitro. B. subtilis isolates no. 2 and 4 caused the highest reduction of S. cepivorum growth, 75.78 and 74.33%, respectively, while isolate no. 3 was the least effective one, causing 66.67% growth reduction. Under field conditions at two successive seasons (2019/20 and 2020/21), all tested bioagent treatments reduced the percentage of infection than Folicure as an officially recommended fungicide. B. subtilis isolate no. 2 showed the highest efficacy (78.57 and 77.78%) followed by isolates no. 4 (74.29 and 72.22%), while B. subtilis isolate no. 3 showed the lowest efficacy (42.86 and 50.00%), respectively, for both successive seasons. All treatments increased dry onion bulb yield and improved its quality than the untreated control plants. The chemical changes of total carbohydrates, total nitrogen contents, total soluble solids (TSS %) and enzymes activity related to defense mechanisms in treated plants by biological treatments were considered.ConclusionThis study aimed to find effective biological agents of B. subtilis isolates against the white rot of onion and evaluate their effect on yield parameters, components and quality.

Tolerance of Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Cultivar Melodi Gama 3 to Powdery Mildew Infection

Powdery mildew is one of melon disease caused by ascomycetes fungus from genus Sphaerotheca and Erysiphe. Breeding is considered to be the best approach to control Powdery mildew infection especially in melon. MG3 is a melon cultivar derived from ‘MG1’ x ‘Ladika’ and its estimate carry out resistant gene to Powdery mildew infection inherited from MG1. This research is to find out percentage and phenotype characters of Powdery mildew infection in MG3 compared to four commercial melons (Action 434, Glamour, MAI and ladika) that are popular in the market. Five melons are planted in greenhouse B of KP4 UGM. After five weeks, the plants where inoculated with Powdery mildew KP4 UGM in leaves. Scoring in three days after inoculation and the percentage of infections measured every 3 days for eight times using grid line 21 cm x 21 cm with small cubics 1,5 cm x 1,5 cm. The analysis of infections level in leaves, plant and population was done using Fukino protocol. The results show that cultivar MG3 tolerant and stable to Powdery mildew infection compare to cultivar Action 434, MAI and ladika in leaves, plant and population level. The infection of Powdery mildew caused damage to the leaves tissue, decreasing the abilities of photosynthesis resulting in necrotic, chlorotic and dead of the infected leaves. In fruits, infection causes break in the net, immature and rotten flesh, decrease sweetness and scent in cultivar Action434, MAI and Ladika. Base on microscopic analysis, Powdery mildew isolat KP4 UGM is a member of from genus Podosphaera.

Intraosseous regional prophylactic antibiotics decrease the risk of infection in total knee arthroplasty compared with intravenous antibiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Surgical site infection (SSI) is a rare and serious complication of total knee arthroplasty (TKA), which causes a poor prognosis for patients. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of intraosseous (IO) antibiotics in preventing infection and complications after TKA compared with intravenous (IV) antibiotics and to provide a certain theoretical basis for clinical treatment. The review process was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched the PubMed, Embase, Ovid, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases about trials on IO antibiotics (into the proximal tibia before skin incision) to prevent infections in TKA from the respective inception dates to September 30, 2022. The infection occurred within 3 months after surgery. Both researchers individually screened the studies in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, performed the literature quality evaluation and data extraction, and used Stata 17 software for data analysis. Five studies that enrolled 3801 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that IO antibiotics were effective in reducing the incidence of SSI (OR: 0.25, P = 0.001) and periprosthetic joint infections (OR: 0.16, P = 0.004) relative to IV. Moreover, the percentage of infection due to Gram-positive bacteria (OR: 0.18, P = 0.025) was reduced in the IO group compared with that in IV group, but Gram-negative bacteria levels were not significantly reduced (P = 0.14). There was no difference between the two groups for other systemic adverse effects of the drug. IO antibiotics in TKA are safe and effective alternatives to IV antibiotics. Large randomized clinical studies comparing infection rates and related complications with IO and IV antibiotics are required.

Comparison of Outcome in Immediate Vs Delayed Management in Patients with Gunshot Injuries to Face, A Prospective Study

Facial injuries due to gunshot often comprise on bone and tissue destruction. The destruction or injury to facial muscle and bone depend on the category of weapon used. Surgical intervention must be done, but the timing for the surgical procedure delayed verses immediate closure surgeries are controversial. Objective: To compare the outcome of immediate and delayed closure of the facial injuries by a gunshot. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study consisting of 60 patients getting their treatment in Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mayo hospital, Lahore. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. Chi-square test was used to compare the results with p-value ≤ 0.05 as significant. Results: Age group on average was 21 to 60 years. Out of these 60 gunshot facial injury patients, 52 (86.7%) were males and 8 (13.3%) were females. Among these, patients managed with immediate closure after gunshot injuries were 44 (73.3%) and 16 (26.7%) were managed with delayed closure. Wound infection and wound dehiscence were compared in both groups. The mean wound defect size was found among patients 3.98 ± 1.30cm. On comparison, statistically significant difference was observed for wound infection and wound dehiscence among both immediate versus delayed groups (p-value &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: In this study, we found that early management is better in terms of lower percentage of wound infection and dehiscence.

IDENTIFICATION OF FUNGI CAUSES TINEA UNGIUM IN NAIL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEPARTMENT OF WORKERS (DLH) GORONTALO CITY

This research aims to identify the fungus that causes Tinea Ungium on the toenails of the Gorontalo City Environment Agency (DLH) workerThe method used in this study is a research approach qualitative descriptive observational. The type of data used is primary data in the form of research results and secondary data in the form of data from literature, books and documents as well as data from the Health Service and Environment Service of Gorontalo City. The sampling technique in this study used a purposive sampling technique, with a total of 10 samples.The results showed that the percentage of Tinea ungium infection on the toenails of DLH officers in Gorontalo City was 0% or no fungal species that caused Tinea ungium disease were found by producing varying colony colors oncolony culture methods, namely, brownish gray, white, brownish yellow, greenish yellow. Meanwhile, with the microscopic method, the results of the fungal species that cause Tinea unguium were obtained, including the following fungi: Rhizopus sp, Mucor sp, Aspergillus sp, and. With this research, it is hoped that waste officers can take early precautions against the fungus that causes tinea ungium.

Study of some epidemiological aspects and heamatological parameters associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tikrit city

This study aimed to estimate the epidemiological prevalence of cutaneous Leishmaniasis, and it's distribution rate in Tikrit and affiliated towns and villages according to patients that attending Tikrit Teaching Hospital. This study recorded 531 cases of infections during the period from October 2011 till the end of September 2012. The results showed that the highest peak of infection was in December (35.59 %) , and infection in male was 50.66 % which was higher than female (49.34%). As well as the highest percentage of infection was represent in the age group under five years (47.65%). Also, the survey showed the higher percentage of infection was in the center of Tikrit city with 43.50 % and followed by towns and villages that affiliate to the city. This study also aimed to know the effect of cutaneous Leishmaniasis on some aspects of hematological parameters. In which the study recorded significant decrease in mean of packed cell volume (PCV) (36.57 ± 1.32، 34.73 ± 1.10) in males and females, respectively, compared with control (l(41.75 ± 1.45 ، 39.86 ± 1.10 in males and females, (respectively). Also, decrease in concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) (11.54 ± 0.41 , 10.97 ± 0.34) in both of males and females, respectively was recorded when they compared with control (13.13 ± 0.43 ، 12.56 ± 0.32 ) in male and females, (respectively). There are significant increased in the total count of white blood cells in both infected males and females (10750 ± 1251 , 9618 ± 935) was recorded when compared with control (6829 ± 655 , 9294 ± 1027 ) in male and females, (respectively).

Study the percentage of infection with intestinal parasites in dogs in salahaldin prevence

The study examined 137 stray dogs from both sexes and aged 3 months - 3 years old, included 127 stray dogs and 10 dogs clinically normal, served as a control group. Clinical signs were observed, the percentage of infection with intestinal parasites was 49.60%, was diagnosed with worms Toxocara canis 32.28%, Toxascaris leonine 25.19%, and Taenia pisiformis 27.55%, and Moniezia sp. 37.79%, and Dipylidium caninum 19.68%, and Diphyllobothrium sp. 24.40% and oocysts each of Isospora spp. 13.38%, and Cryptosporidium spp. 16.53%. histopathological examination of the intestines showed transformation the columnor epithelial cells to the spherical or semi-spherical shape and also alienation the villi in the intestinal cavity, with the infilteration of large numbers of inflammatory white blood cells inside the core of the villi also appeared in the lamina propria, agreat number of lymphocytes inflammatory cells with appearance of parasitic spherical cystic structures of worm Toxocara canis in the submucosal layer and between fibers of smooth muscle

Evolution and Role of Proteases in Campylobacter jejuni Lifestyle and Pathogenesis.

Infection with the main human food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni causes campylobacteriosis that accounts for a substantial percentage of gastrointestinal infections. The disease usually manifests as diarrhea that lasts for up to two weeks. C. jejuni possesses an array of peptidases and proteases that are critical for its lifestyle and pathogenesis. These include serine proteases Cj1365c, Cj0511 and HtrA; AAA+ group proteases ClpP, Lon and FtsH; and zinc-dependent protease PqqE, proline aminopeptidase PepP, oligopeptidase PepF and peptidase C26. Here, we review the numerous critical roles of these peptide bond-dissolving enzymes in cellular processes of C. jejuni that include protein quality control; protein transport across the inner and outer membranes into the periplasm, cell surface or extracellular space; acquisition of amino acids and biofilm formation and dispersal. In addition, we highlight their role as virulence factors that inflict intestinal tissue damage by promoting cell invasion and mediating cleavage of crucial host cell factors such as epithelial cell junction proteins. Furthermore, we reconstruct the evolution of these proteases in 34 species of the Campylobacter genus. Finally, we discuss to what extent C. jejuni proteases have initiated the search for inhibitor compounds as prospective novel anti-bacterial therapies.

Screening for Pathogenic Parasites in the Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) in some areas of Kirkuk Provinces

The aim of this study is to diagnose the parasites, which are present in the Musca domestica insect which are carried on external surface skinappendages and internal surface gastrointestinal tract in which I grouped 150 samples from different places in Kirkuk city. My results of this study revealed that 41samples are infected which mean that the percentage of infection is % 27.In this study, five types of parasites are isolated for both ova and cyst phases which contain three types of protozoa and they are Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica and Endolimax nana and also contain two types of helminthes which are Ascaris lumbricoids and Ancykostoma doude nale.&#x0D; The results of this study proved that the Musca domestica insect has a role in the transmission of pathological parasitic infection which may be a cause of infection to human beings by many diseases through their transmission of this parasites and as a result of that, We will find that it is necessary to control on Musca domestica insect groups and fight them.

Evaluate the efficiency of Widal test in diagnosis of typhoid Fever in arriving patients to Kirkuk hospitals

The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of widal test by compared with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as standard method and for this purpose 150 blood samples were pulled from patients suspected infected with typhoid fever coming to Azadi Teaching Hospital and Children's Hospital in Kirkuk Governorate from 1-09-2016 to 1-11-2016, and 20 sample of blood were pulled from healthy people considered as a control group. The sample tested by tube titration method of Widal test and also by using ELISA test (antibodies IgM and IgG). The results showed that the percentage of infection in patients with typhoid fever were 74% (111:150) when diagnosed by widal test, and IgM antibodies increasing in ratio 32.6% (49:150) Which indicate as acute phase. IgG antibody recorded increasing with ratio 2.7% (4:150) this indicate as chronic phase. Both types of Ab (IgM and IgG) increasing in ratio 12% (18:150). the accuracy of widal test showed that the Positive and negative predictive value were 49.45%, 87.17% respectively, While the percentage of sensitivity and specificity were 92.95% and 43.03% respectively. We conclude from this study that widal test have high sensitivity for diagnosis typhoid fever but its haven't good Specificity and it must be replace with more accurate testing such as ELISA .

Prevalence, Haematological and Molecular Studies of Haemonchus contortus Isolated from Goat at AL-Muthanna Province, Iraq.

Parasitic infections, especially helminthes infections of the gastrointestinal tract due to the latent symptoms, play a vital role in the growth and efficiency of ruminants. The current research was performed to determine the prevalence of haemonchosis in goats and the effect of some risk factors, such as age, sex, and months on the infection rate. Also, our study includes investigating the haematological and biochemical changes in the haemonchosis-infected goat, then utilizing the PCR technique to confirm the H. contortus diagnosis in goats. The result of the epidemiological study revealed that only 73 out of 693 examined goats were positive to infect with Haemonchus spp. at an infection rate of 10.53%. The incidence of Haemonchosis was related to climatic conditions, with the highest (23.07 %) and lowest (4.34 %) percentages occurring in October and June, respectively. Furthermore, the highest (14.01 %) and lowest (4.76 %) infection percentages were recorded in goats aged > 5 years and 9 months to 2 years old, respectively. According to sex, infection percentages were (14.24%) and (7.02 %) for females and males, respectively. Haematological and biochemical parameters results revealed that infected goats suffered from a gradual decline in Hb concentration, pocket cell volume, total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count, lymphocyte, neutrophil, total serum protein and albumin, while eosinophil count was increased significantly. Also, serum enzymes ALP, ALT, and AST showed significant increases in infected goats. The result of PCR showed that specific primers (HcI-F, HcI-R) successfully amplify the ITS-2 rDNA gene with 295bp -long fragment to H. controtus. Due to the effect of age, sex and season on H. contortus infection, it is crucial to have control and prevention programs and treatment schedules in the herd.

Public Health Measures and SARS-CoV-2 Cases in the Juvenile Justice System: Implications for Pandemic Response in the Detention Setting.

The purpose of this study was to examine severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 case positivity in juvenile justice facilities of two different states alongside institutional, local, and state public health policies during the first 6 months of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. This retrospective chart review examined two large, urban juvenile justice centers in California and Texas. Positive intake or day 12 tests were considered suggestive of community-acquired severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection. Researchers examined state and county restrictions, closings, and openings. The study included all of the youths 10 to 18 years residing in the facilities between March and August 2020. The main outcomes measured case positivity in each facility and compared it with community positivity rates and state public health measures. In total, 530 youth were included (Texas, n = 319; California, n = 211). The Texas facility reported a higher number of positive cases (24) versus the California facility (3) (P < 0.05). Of the positive youth, 70% were asymptomatic, and none required hospitalization. Intake and day 12 tests were positive in <1% of California youth compared with a rate of 4% in Texas (P < 0.05). California and Texas instituted mask mandates in May and July 2020, respectively. California restricted indoor capacity until August, but Texas varied from 25% to 75% capacity through July. The Texas facility reported a higher percentage of community-acquired infections compared with California, coinciding with reopening measures in Texas. Texas also enacted a mask mandate later than California. These public health measures, among other factors, likely contributed to higher community rates in Texas, thereby affecting rates among the detained youth.

Epidemiology of infection with lung worms in sheep in Tikrit city, Salah Al Deen province

1.The study area spend Tikrit in Salah Aden province, and followed him from the aspects and villages and tubing such as Al-Alam district , Hawi Albu-Ajeel, Al-Naama areas, a series Hamrin mountains east of the Tigris River, stretching from north to south and Al Awja district, Aouinat, Mahzm, Al-Hamra and al-Jazeera to Lake Tharthar west of the Tigris River.&#x0D; &#x0D; were collected 1298 fecal sample from sheep and goats, of which 734 samples of sheep and 564 samples of the goats as "the beginning of the month of January until the end of the first December for the year (2014), have been examined and these samples to look for larvae of the lung worms in sheep of five races are Dictyocaulus, Muellerius, Protostrongylus, Cystocaulus and Neostrongylus test result showed the following:&#x0D; &#x0D; A.The effect of infection for the seasons of the year. The highest proportion of infection in the early winter (December first) while the lowest rate of infection in the mid-summer (July).&#x0D; &#x0D; Ratio of infection for genus lung worms. The rate of infection genus Dictyocaulus 21.5%, the highest rate while the rate of infection genus Neostrongylus 2.1%, representing the lowest percentage of infection among the five races the rest of the races where concatenated infection rates downward Muellerius 13.6% and then Protostrongylus 10.9 % then Cystocaulus .&#x0D; Ratio of infection single and mixed. Single scored infection rate of 13.79% and mixed infection rate of 15.48% during the year (2014).&#x0D; Show that the proportion of infection to the search area along the Tigris River is higher than the rest of the other search areas due to contamination of pasture and increase the availability of moisture and Alamadaiv moderation in all seasons of the year.&#x0D;

Prevalence of the pathatus Cryptosporidium parvum in syananthropic biocenoses

The purpose of the research is to determine the relationship between the infestation of Cryptosporidium parvum in calves that have regular contact with synanthropic reservoirs (rodents and birds) in the climatic zones of Udmurtia. The study of the distribution and relationship of manifestations of cryptosporidiosis was carried out among calves that have regular contact with synanthropic rodents (gray rat (Rattus norvegicus), house mouse (Mus musculus), common vole (Microtus arvalis), bank vole (Myodes glareolus)) and birds (rock dove). (Columba livia), house sparrow (Passer domesticus), jackdaw (Coloeus monedula)). In total, 255 calves, 160 rodents and 80 birds were subjected to the study.The assessment of infestation of calves, rodents and birds was carried out by generally accepted coprological flotation methods, as well as by making native smears with further Ziehl-Neelsen staining. The results obtained were evaluated using statistical methods: analysis of variance, taking into account the Fisher criterion and the Pearson correlation coefficient.The results of the research showed that in all natural and climatic zones of the Udmurt Republic a high percentage of infection with cryptosporidiosis of calves is recorded.On the territory of the southern zone, the infection rate of calves with cryptosporidiosis was 62.35%, while in captured mouselike rodents the prevalence of invasion was at the level of 37.25%, and in birds - 20.0%.In the farms located on the territory of the northern natural and climatic zone of the republic, the degree of infestation of calves reached 41.18%, the infection of rodents was 23.91%. The minimum percentage of detection of cryptosporidium oocysts among synanthropic birds was observed in the north of Udmurtia - 11.77%.The fact of the dependence of the invasion by the causative agent of cryptosporidiosis of calves on the presence of parasite carriers in farms has been established. According to the results of calculating the correlation coefficient and analysis of variance, a direct close relationship was revealed between the infection of calves and representatives of the synanthropic reservoir - rodents, birds, regularly in contact with agricultural crops. animals.