Percentage Of Correct Answers Research Articles

Psychometric properties of persian version of the cardiff fertility knowledge scale (CFKS–P)

BackgroundThe level of fertility knowledge of reproductive-age people is low to moderate, and the inadequate knowledge of infertility-related factors may cause some people to unconsciously engage in activities that reduce their fertility. Given the significance of fertility knowledge, and the lack of standard instruments to evaluate it in Iran, the present study aimed at determining psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Cardiff Fertility Knowledge Scale (CFKS–P) in Iranian population. Materials and methodsIn this cross-sectional study, a total of 280 participants (comprising 140 couples) attending mandatory pre-marriage educational sessions at two public health centers in Tehran were consecutively sampled from July to September 2021. The study examined the face, content, and structural validity (through confirmatory factor analysis) of the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using measures of internal consistency. ResultsThe structural validity of CFKS-P was approved with 13 items and two factors (basic knowledge of fertility and misconception about fertility) based on confirmatory factor analysis (RMSEA = 0.023, 90 % CI = 0.053–0.082, TLI = 0.916 and CFI = 0.972, χ 2 = 148.345). Kuder–Richardson coefficient of the scale was calculated to be 0.85. The overall percentage of correct answers for fertility knowledge was 50.76 %. ConclusionThe CFKS-P is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the fertility knowledge in Iranian men and women. This scale can help the health care providers to assess the fertility knowledge of their clients or the quality of health education provided.

Evidence-Based Investigation of Nurses' Nutrition Interventions in Intensive Care Patients Regarding Enteral Nutrition.

The aim of this study was to examine the practices and knowledge levels of nurses regarding enteral nutrition interventions in intensive care unit patients in terms of evidence. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2 hospitals between May and August 2021. A total of 136 nurses working in the intensive care units of the hospitals completed online questionnaires including demographic characteristics and questions about enteral nutrition. According to the nurses' knowledge level about the indication of enteral nutrition formulas, the following were incorrect or incomplete: their knowledge about transition to parenteral nutrition in case of nutritional contraindications, what to do when the amount of gastric residual volume in tolerance is >500 mL every 6 hours, the conditions for starting enteral nutrition, and which formulas are appropriate to use. Regarding their knowledge about enteral feeding tubes/sets, their knowledge about radiologic imaging after tube placement, measurement of gastric pH level, and marking the tube location was insufficient. Differently, the correct answer percentages of the nurses in 11 of the 13 questions regarding the principles of enteral nutrition practice were above 70%. Nurses had adequate knowledge of the principles of enteral nutrition practice, but their knowledge of the indication of enteral nutrition formulas and the evidence for enteral feeding tubes/sets varied. The results showed that nurses need to gain information about the indication of enteral nutrition formulas and evidence related to enteral feeding tubes/sets.

Jaws of knowledge: an analysis of temporomandibular joint insights in dental training-a quasi-experiment study.

To access the knowledge of undergraduate and postgraduate students of the dental college on basic anatomy, physiology, clinical examination, and pathology of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). A total of 610 undergraduate and postgraduate students of dental college, were included in this study. The questionnaire was pretested for validation and distributed online through Google forms. A pairwise comparison showed that the percentage of correct answers for interns significantly differed from that of IV Bachelor of Dental Surgery (P=0.050) and postgraduate students (P=0.048) (below average: up to 6 correct answers, good: 7-11 correct answers, excellent: 12 or more correct answers). TMJ diseases are common in daily life but frequently go undiagnosed and untreated due to a lack of clinical expertise. This demonstrates the necessity of providing instructions that give students in-depth knowledge and abilities for TMJ issues in clinical practice.

The influence of teachers’ statistics knowledge on the academic performance of high school students in math lessons

Statistics and probability is one branch of mathematics with numerous conceivable outcomes and problem-solving circumstances that require a basic problem-solving aptitude. The purpose of this study is to determine the need for high school mathematics teachers to teach statistics and probability, which would serve as a basis for improving the level of teaching statistics and mathematics in general. A descriptive research method was applied in this study, and a two-part survey was employed as the primary method of data collection. A total of 34 secondary school mathematics teachers from 23 private and public secondary schools in Kazakhstan acted as respondents to answer a specially designed questionnaire. The mean value, percentage of frequency, standard deviations, correlation, regression, percentage of correct answers and average percentage scores were used. Based on the responses, the respondents have a low level of knowledge regarding the content of statistics, but their students have satisfactory results in statistics and mathematics. The results of this study will give scientists an idea of how to improve the level of training of mathematics teachers. In addition, since higher educational institutions are engaged in the training of mathematics teachers, they need to think about the methodology of teaching statistics, as well as teacher training institutes, to adapt courses and seminars for teachers.

The impact of three learning methods on dental students' satisfaction and knowledge acquisition.

Health professionals' education presents unique challenges including clinical application of knowledge and interprofessional collaboration. Additionally, institutions suffer from faculty shortages while class sizes increase. Therefore, educators seek innovative andragogical techniques utilizing minimal resources. Several active learning methods have been introduced as a solution. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of lecture (LBL), case (CBL), and team (TBL) based learning on the students' satisfaction and knowledge attainment. A total of 134 sophomore dental students are taught pediatric dentistry course using LBL, CBL, and TBL techniques. At the end of the course, students are invited to participate in a satisfaction survey. Statistical analysis is conducted using a two-sided chi-square goodness of fit test. Students' comments are used for qualitative analysis. Final exam analysis is administered via Examsoft software. A total of 98% of the students participated in the survey out of which 83% met the inclusion criteria (N=110). Students chose LBL as the method that helped them learn in a comprehensive way, provided the most comfortable environment, and presented the overall highest satisfaction with statistically significant difference (p value=0.001). LBL questions scored the highest point biserial and discrimination index. The percentage of correct answers and difficulty level was highest for TBL. Students preferred LBL over the other learning methods. Final exam psychometrics showed favorable results for LBL and TBL. Students could potentially benefit from combining both techniques. However, more research is needed to assess the effectiveness of various teaching methods on the short- and long-term learning outcomes.

GPT-4/4V's performance on the Japanese National Medical Licensing Examination

Background Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) are changing the medical world, and AI will likely replace many of the actions performed by medical professionals. The overall clinical ability of the AI has been evaluated by its ability to answer a text-based national medical examination. This study uniquely assesses the performance of Open AI's ChatGPT against all Japanese National Medical Licensing Examination (NMLE), including images, illustrations, and pictures. Methods We obtained the questions of the past six years of the NMLE (112th to 117th) from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare website. We converted them to JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format. We created an application programming interface (API) to output correct answers using GPT-4 for questions without images and GPT4-V(ision) or GPT4 console for questions with images. Results The percentage of image questions was 723/2400 (30.1%) over the past six years. In all years, GPT-4/4V exceeded the minimum score the examinee should score. In total, over the six years, the percentage of correct answers for basic medical knowledge questions was 665/905 (73.5%); for clinical knowledge questions, 1143/1531 (74.7%); and for image questions 497/723 (68.7%), respectively. Conclusions Regarding medical knowledge, GPT-4/4V met the minimum criteria regardless of whether the questions included images, illustrations, and pictures. Our study sheds light on the potential utility of AI in medical education.

Compensatory brain activity pattern is not present in older adults during the n-back task performance-Findings based on EEG frequency analysis.

Cognitive ability is one of the most important enablers for successful aging. At the same time, cognitive decline is a well-documented phenomenon accompanying the aging process. Nevertheless, it is acknowledged that aging can also be related to positive processes that allow one to compensate for the decline. These processes include the compensatory brain activity of older adults primarily investigated using fMRI and PET. To strengthen the cognitive interpretation of compensatory brain activity in older adults, we searched for its indicators in brain activity measured by EEG. The study sample comprised 110 volunteers, including 50 older adults (60-75 years old) and 60 young adults (20-35 years old) who performed 1-back, 2-back, and 3-back tasks while recording the EEG signal. The study analyzed (1) the level of cognitive performance, including sensitivity index, the percentage of correct answers to the target, and the percentage of false alarm errors; (2) theta and alpha power for electrodes located in the frontal-midline (Fz, AF3, AF4, F3, F4, FC1, and FC2) and the centro-parietal (CP1, CP2, P3, P4, and Pz) areas. Cognitive performance was worse in older adults than in young adults, which manifested in a significantly lower sensitivity index and a significantly higher false alarm error rate at all levels of the n-back task difficulty. Simultaneously, performance worsened with increasing task difficulty regardless of age. Significantly lower theta power in the older participants was observed at all difficulty levels, even at the lowest one, where compensatory activity was expected. At the same time, at this difficulty level, cognitive performance was worse in older adults than in young adults, which could reduce the chances of observing compensatory brain activity. The significant decrease in theta power observed in both age groups with rising task difficulty can reflect a declining capacity for efficient cognitive functioning under increasing demands rather than adapting to this increase. Moreover, in young adults, alpha power decreased to some extent with increasing cognitive demand, reflecting adaptation to them, while in older adults, no analogous pattern was observed. In conclusion, based on the results of the current study, the presence of compensatory activity in older adults cannot be inferred.

Evaluation of Orexin-A Salivary Levels and its Correlation with Attention After Non-invasive Brain Stimulation in Female Volleyball Players

BackgroundThe capacity to change attention from one area to another depending on the many environmental circumstances present is a crucial aspect of selective attention and is strictly correlated to reaction time. The cholinergic system of the basal forebrain is crucial for attentive abilities. Several inputs, particularly orexin neurons, whose cell bodies are found in the postero-lateral hypothalamus, can activate the cholinergic system. The aim of this study was to investigate if high frequencies rTMS at dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in highly trained volleyball players can change Orexin-A levels, attention and reaction time. This study was a double-blinded (participant and evaluator) matched-pair experimental design. Twenty right-handed female volleyball players were recruited for the study (age 24.6 ± 2.7 years; height 177.0 ± 5.5 cm; body mass 67.5 ± 6.5 kg; BMI 21.5 ± 1.2).ResultsThe main finding of this study was that 10 Hz rTMS to the DLPFC seems to increase Orexin-A salivary levels and the percentage of correct answers, while decreasing RT. After rTMS, the athletes show an increase in the percentage of correct answers immediately after the end of stimulation, and also after 15 and 30 min. Moreover, the athletes show decreases in reaction time after the end of stimulation and after 15 and 30 min to the end of stimulation, while no differences were found at the end of stimulation. Finally, the athletes show significant increases in Orexin-A salivary levels after stimulation with a peak after 30’ of the end.ConclusionThe results of our study seem to indicate that there is a relationship between salivary Orexin-A levels and RT. These results could provide useful tools for modulating sports training; in fact, if confirmed, they could lead coaches to offer their athletes rTMS sessions appropriately integrated with training. In fact, alternating attention is a mental flexibility that enables people to change their point of focus and switch between tasks requiring various levels of cognition.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practice toward tuberculosis in high school students in Qingdao, China.

The purpose of this study is to assess the levels of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) related to TB, and to analyze the differences among various demographic groups. A total of 621 students enrolled in Qingdao High School, coming from high TB burden settings. The cross-sectional study was conducted from May to July of 2022. Participants completed an online questionnaire. Differences in knowledge and practice based on participant characteristics were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank test and Kruskal-Wallis rank test. Group differences were assessed using a rank-based analysis of variance. The mean percentage of correct answers for TB knowledge and practice was 82.09% and 83.25%, respectively. Grade Three students showed higher knowledge and practice scores than Grade One or Grade Two students (t = -3.9935, p = 0.0002, t = 3.4537, p = 0.0018. 8.58 vs 7.94, 8.58 vs 8.23. t = 3.4562, p = 0.0018, t = -2.8688, p = 0.0128. 1.78 vs 1.61, 1.78 vs 1.64). A significant majority (78.42%) of students expressed fear of being affected by TB. 49.28% of the students would support and help TB patients. 88.08% of participants had heard of TB, with 72.94% learning about it at school, mainly through visual aids like posters. Information was predominantly obtained from online sources (websites, microblogs, WeChat, etc.). It is recommended to develop a TB curriculum for lower-grade students to enhance awareness of TB prevention through various means, including the internet and social media.

Speech perception: Auditory and visual cue integration in children with and without phonological disorder in voiceless fricatives

ABSTRACT The literature reports contradictory results regarding the influence of visual cues on speech perception tasks in children with phonological disorder (PD). This study aimed to compare the performance of children with (n = 15) and without PD (n = 15) in audiovisual perception task in voiceless fricatives. Assuming that PD could be associated with an inability to integrate phonological information from two sensory sources, we presumed that children with PD would present difficulties in integrating auditory and visual cues compared to typical children. A syllable identification task was conducted. The stimuli were presented according to four conditions: auditory-only (AO); visual-only (VO); audiovisual congruent (AV+); and audiovisual incongruent (AV-). The percentages of correct answers and the respective reaction times in the AO, VO, and AV+ conditions were considered for the analysis. The correct percentage of auditory stimuli was considered for the AV- condition, as well as the percentage of perceptual preference: auditory, visual, and/or illusion (McGurk effect), with the respective reaction time. In comparing the four conditions, children with PD presented a lower number of correct answers and longer reaction time than children with typical development, mainly for the VO. Both groups showed a preference for auditory stimuli for the AV- condition. However, children with PD showed higher percentages for visual perceptual preference and the McGurk effect than typical children. The superiority of typical children over PD children in auditory-visual speech perception depends on type of stimuli and condition of presentation.

Knowledge of Healthcare Workers Regarding Road Traffic Child Safety in South Bačka District, Serbia.

Healthcare workers (HCW) can have an important role in educating parents about child road safety, but research on the topic shows that they usually do not have adequate knowledge. Thus, the aim of our study was to analyze their knowledge in the field of child road safety. The cross-sectional study was conducted among HCW from South Bačka district, Serbia, using a specially created questionnaire for assessing knowledge on road traffic injuries in children. The research involved the participation of 317 healthcare workers (86 physicians and 231 nurses). Healthcare workers from primary healthcare made up almost 70% of all respondents, followed by those from tertiary (21.8%) and secondary (11.3%) level institutions. The average percentage of correct answers on the knowledge test was 74.3% (mean=22.3, SD=4.0). Out of all respondents, HCWs employed in the paediatrics department had a significantly higher percentage of correct answers at 77.7% (mean=23.3, SD=3.4) compared to other health workers at 73% (mean=21.9, SD=4.1) (p=0.002). Association analysis demonstrated that HCW employed at paediatric departments on average scored 1.37 (95% CI: 0.40-2.33, p=0.006) points higher in comparison with other HCW. This research demonstrated an unsatisfactory level of knowledge on child road safety by HCW, and the variability across different question domains, which underlines the need for continuous educations in order to improve their knowledge. Our results may serve in planning additional public health measures and can provide a reference for future studies.

A Comparison Between GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and GPT-4V: Can the Large Language Model (ChatGPT) Pass the Japanese Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Examination?

Introduction Recently, large-scale language models, such as ChatGPT (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA), have evolved. Thesemodels are designed to think and act like humans and possess a broad range of specialized knowledge. GPT-3.5 was reported to be at a level of passing the United States Medical Licensing Examination. Its capabilities continue to evolve, and in October 2023, GPT-4V became available as a model capable of image recognition. Therefore, it is important to know the current performance of these models because they will be soon incorporated into medical practice. We aimed to evaluate the performance of ChatGPT in the field of orthopedic surgery. Methods We used three years' worth of Japanese Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Examinations (JBOSE) conducted in 2021, 2022, and 2023. Questions and their multiple-choice answers were used in their original Japanese form, as was the official examination rubric. We inputted these questions into three versions of ChatGPT: GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and GPT-4V. For image-based questions, we inputted only textual statements for GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, and both image and textual statements for GPT-4V. As the minimum scoring rate acquired to pass is not officially disclosed, it was calculated using publicly available data. Results The estimated minimum scoring rate acquired to pass was calculated as 50.1% (43.7-53.8%). For GPT-4, even when answering all questions, including the image-based ones, the percentage of correct answers was 59% (55-61%) and GPT-4 was able to achieve the passing line. When excluding image-based questions, the score reached 67% (63-73%). For GPT-3.5, the percentage was limited to 30% (28-32%), and this version could not pass the examination. There was a significant difference in the performance between GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 (p < 0.001). For image-based questions, the percentage of correct answers was 25% in GPT-3.5, 38% in GPT-4, and 38% in GPT-4V. There was no significant difference in the performance for image-based questions between GPT-4 and GPT-4V. Conclusions ChatGPT had enough performance to pass the orthopedic specialist examination. After adding further training data such as images, ChatGPT is expected to be applied to the orthopedics field.

App-Mohedo®: A mobile app for the management of chronic pelvic pain. A design and development study

BackgroundChronic Pelvic Pain (CPP) has been described as a public health priority worldwide, and it is among the most prevalent and costly healthcare problems. Graded motor imagery (GMI) is a therapeutic tool that has been successfully used to improve pain in several chronic conditions. GMI therapy is divided into three stages: laterality training (LRJT, Left Right Judgement Task), imagined movements, and mirror therapy. No tool that allows working with LRJT in pelvic floor has been developed to date. ObjectiveThis research aims to describe the process followed for the development of a highly usable, multi-language and multi-platform mobile application using GMI with LRJT to improve the treatment of patients with CPP. In addition, this will require achieving two other goals: firstly, to generate 550 pelvic floor images and, subsequently, to carry out an empirical study to objectively classify them into different difficulty levels of. This will allow the app to properly organize and plan the different therapy sessions to be followed by each patient. MethodologyFor the design, evaluation and development of the app, an open methodology of user-centered design (MPIu + a) was applied. Furthermore, to classify and establish the pelvic floor images of the app in different difficulty levels, an observational, cross-sectional study was conducted with 132 volunteers through non-probabilistic sampling. ResultsOn one hand, applying MPIu+a, a total of 5 phases were required to generate an easy-to-use mobile application. On the other hand, the 550 pelvic floor images were classified into 3 difficulty levels (based on the percentage of correct answers and response time used by the participants in the classification process of each image): Level 1 (191 images with Accuracy = 100 % and RT = [0–2.5] seconds); Level 2 (208 images with Accuracy = 75–100 % and RT = [2.5–5] seconds); and Level 3 (151 images with Accuracy = 50–75 % and RT > 5 s). ConclusionApp-Mohedo® is the first multi-platform, multi-language and easy-to-use mobile application that, through GMI with LRJT, and with an adequate bank of images classified into three levels of difficulty, can be used as a complementary therapeutic tool in the treatment of patients with CPP. This work can also serve as an example, model or guide when applying a user-centered methodology, as MPIu + a, to the development of other apps, especially in the field of health.

Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards Vaccination among Patients with Spina Bifida in Ukraine

Patients with spina bifida (SB) face an increased risk of infection due to frequent exposure to medical procedures and visits to healthcare centers, including rehabilitation centers. Infection can lead to complications in kidneys and urinary bladder, disrupt rehabilitation efforts, and reduce the quality of life. Purpose - to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to vaccination among patients with SB and identify the reasons for the low vaccination rates in this group of children. Materials and methods. An anonymous online survey was conducted among 56 parents of patients with SB. The questionnaire evaluates the knowledge (10 questions), attitudes and practices (4 questions) towards vaccination among parents of patients with SB in Ukraine. The results were analyzed using standard procedures with Statistica StatSoft 6.0 software package. Continuous variables were expressed as a mean and standard deviation (SD). The comparison of frequency parameters was performed using the Chi-square test. The differences between the parameters were statistically significant at p&lt;0.05. Results. Overall, parents demonstrated good knowledge about the role of vaccines in preventing serious diseases (61.7% gave correct answers), and the percentage of correct answers did not significantly differ between vaccinated, partially vaccinated, or unvaccinated groups of children. However, only 12.5% of SB patients were fully vaccinated and 51.8% were completely unvaccinated. Among the unvaccinated, the majority (55.2%) indicated non-recommendation by specialist doctors (neurosurgeon, neurologist, etc.) as the main reason. Primary care physicians were less likely to not recommend vaccination. Delayed vaccination was primarily due to fear of adverse reactions (40%). Despite low vaccination rates, parents generally had a positive attitude towards vaccination (only 5.4% against). Doctors remained the most influential source of information (63.4%). Conclusions. A study suggests a need to enhance knowledge among healthcare professionals, increase public awareness, and provide education within patient groups to improve immunization coverage and protect SB children from preventable infectious diseases. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Blink of an Eye: Evaluating Dermatologist's Speed Versus Accuracy for Melanoma Diagnosis.

Detection of melanoma at an early stage is critical to optimize surgical removal outcomes. The time to accurately visually diagnose melanoma has not been studied. To evaluate dermatologists' speed versus accuracy of melanoma diagnosis. A cross-sectional study with a 20-question quiz was conducted at a national dermatology conference. Questions were asked to identify either melanoma or benign lesion. The first 10 lesions were shown for 4 seconds each, and the next 10 were shown for 0.25 seconds each. Participants included dermatologists and dermatology residents and fellows. Three hundred fifteen participants completed the quiz. Overall, 79.6% of cases were correctly diagnosed. Melanoma was correctly diagnosed in 78.2% and benign lesions in 81.0% of cases (p < .001). There was a significantly greater diagnostic accuracy found for 0.25 seconds versus 4 seconds (80.6% vs 78.6%, p = .007). Dermatologists practicing for 1 to 10 years had a higher percentage of correct answers and number of correct answers for 0.25 seconds compared with residency/fellowship. Dermatologists have high diagnosis accuracy for melanoma, irrespective of time of lesion observation. Diagnostic accuracy for 0.25 seconds was consistent with findings in the typical clinical setting. Greater length of practice was associated with higher accuracy, but this did not persist after 10 years.

Inhaler use technique course: an effective postgraduate training solution for pharmacists to enhance therapeutic outcomes as part of patient education.

Patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease could benefit from education on using inhalers provided by pharmacists. However, pharmacists may have limited competencies, indicating the necessity to implement appropriate postgraduate courses. The study aimed to evaluate an inhaler use course for pharmacists, including its impact on participants' knowledge and satisfaction. The study involved 261 pharmacists from community pharmacies and was conducted between September 2019 and March 2021. A pre-post analysis of their knowledge of the topic was applied. Additionally, at the beginning of the course, participants were asked about their educational needs, and at the end, they completed a satisfaction survey. The preferred learning formats indicated by participants were interactive workshops and lectures. As a result of the course, both their actual and self-assessed level of knowledge significantly increased. The percentage of correct answers in the test before the training was 24.4%, while after, it was 84.3% (p < 0.0001). Before the course, their average self-assessed level of knowledge was 52.0%, and after the training, it increased to 90.0% (p < 0.0001). Almost all respondents stated that the course met their expectations. They estimated their satisfaction at 94.0% and the usefulness of the provided information at 98.0%. Improved preparation of pharmacists resulting from their participation in the course can contribute to providing more professional advice to patients, thereby positively influencing the pharmaceutical care process in community pharmacies.

GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS RESIDENTS' KNOWLEDGE OF HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS

Objective: To assess the knowledge of gynecology and obstetrics residents about hormonal contraception in special situations, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guide Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. Method: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study, in which a questionnaire was administered to resident doctors in Gynecology and Obstetrics at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia Foundation in Pará, who were divided according to their year of residency (R1, R2 and R3). Data was collected in a virtual environment using a questionnaire on the Google forms platform. Results: All 57 (100%) of the medical residents participated in the survey, 50 (87.7%) of whom were female, aged between 18 and 29 (61.4%), in their first or second year of residency (35.0% each year). As for the percentage of correct answers per year of residency, it was clear that the first year had the highest rates of correct answers for all contraceptive methods (7.0%), and when analyzing which residents had corrected at least one method in isolation, the second year had the highest number of correct answers (28.0%), although there was no statistical difference in relation to the year of residency and the number of correct answers. When assessing the overall number of correct answers, it was found that the residents were at least aware of some of the main contraceptive methods. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that residents' objective and perceived levels of knowledge regarding the prescription of contraceptives in special situations were insufficient. Thus, the results show the need for medical training when prescribing these drugs.

The accuracy of AI-assisted chatbots on the annual assessment test for emergency medicine residents

BackgroundThe incorporation of natural language processing (NLP) models into medical education has accelerated with the introduction of ChatGPT. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the performance of ChatGPT-3.5, Bard and the residents in the annual assessment test for emergency medicine (EM) residents. MethodA total of 90 questions covering 18 distinct topics within the field of EM were asked to residents. The same questions were directed to ChatGPT-3.5 and Bard without excluding those with images. The percentage of correct answers were calculated and represented through a histogram showcasing the distribution of test scores across various bins. Questions were categorized as medical knowledge and clinical reasoning to further assess chatbots' performance based on question types. ResultsChatGPT-3.5 demonstrated a 60% accuracy, securing the 10th position, while Bard achieved an accuracy of 55.5%, placing 21st in the rankings among 46 residents. ChatGPT-3.5 performed better in the 16 subtopics. Bard outperformed ChatGPT-3.5 only on cardiovascular and pulmonary emergencies, accounting 24.4% of questions. Analysis of question types revealed ChatGPT-3.5's higher accuracy in medical knowledge (66%) compared to Bard (56%), while Bard performed better in clinical reasoning (55%) than ChatGPT-3.5 (52.5%). Despite lacking access to ECG images, both models answered several questions by providing text-based ECG interpretations. ConclusionChatGPT-3.5 and Bard demonstrated impressive performance in the task of medical question answering. On the other hand, issues related to ECG interpretations raises questions about the reliability of these models. Our findings highlight the importance of verifying the outputs generated by these models.

Measuring the English vocabulary acquisition of Japanese learners

The measurable vocabulary knowledge of Japanese learners of English (JLEs) has yet to be fully investigated. This study, therefore, attempts a detailed investigation of JLEs’ vocabulary knowledge to clarify the relationship between the frequency of words and their difficulty level and to identify the factors that affect the difficulty of vocabulary learning. We tested 192 university-level JLEs on 1,035 verbs, requesting that they choose a correct Japanese translation. The average number of correct answers for each verb was compared with its frequency ranking. Moreover, the characteristics of verbs that received high and low percentages of correct answers were examined. The three major findings were as follows. First, the average number of correct answers was 751.97 (72.65% of the verbs investigated). Second, the average number of correct answers decreased as the frequency of the verb decreased. However, this tendency diminished beyond the 4,000-word level. Finally, not a few low-frequency verbs garnered a high percentage of correct answers; these were verbs that included affixes or were English loanwords that were possibly known to JLEs. However, other low-frequency verbs received a low percentage of correct answers because they had abstract or multiple meanings and lacked clues that could facilitate an understanding of the word’s meaning. We concluded that these were the main factors affecting the degree of difficulty in learning each vocabulary item. Regarding this study’s pedagogical implications, efficient use should be made of English-based loanwords and affixes, and university-level JLEs should intentionally learn low-frequency words.

SKILLS AND SAFETY: INVESTIGATING FIRST AID TRAINING IN STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS

&lt;p&gt;educational needs and examine the retention of their first aid knowledge and skills over time. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; We conducted an experimental longitudinal study in randomly chosen schools in Thesprotia, Greece. Twelve children, aged 4-8, and with special educational needs, underwent first aid training. We assessed their knowledge and skills using a questionnaire and specific scenarios one day before, one day after, and two- and seven-months post-training. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Before the training, the children did not answer the questionnaire correctly. However, after the training, all students got every question right. In the 2-month follow-up, their responses showed that the training kept their improvements. In the 7-month follow-up, there was a drop in the percentage of correct answers compared to the immediate post-test at 2 months. Based on the scenario-based assessment, before the training, the children did not know how to respond to a choking incident, but after training, all students reacted correctly. However, after two and seven months, students with special educational needs students had difficulty applying first aid skills correctly to a choking incident. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; Children with special educational needs can learn first aid, but they tend to forget some of this information after two months. However, additional research is needed to confirm these observations and explore similar studies involving children of different ages and various levels of special educational needs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/soc/0014/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;