Percentage Of Coral Research Articles

Persentase Tutupan Karang Di Perairan Teluk Akle Kecamatan Semau Selatan Kabupaten Kupang Nusa Tenggara Timur

Akle Bay is one of marine aquaculture area in Semau island and it has coral reef potention. The coverage percentage of coral reef in the ocean might be decline by human activities and also by nature itself. The aimed of this research was analyzed to know the percentage of coral reef coverage in Akle Bay, South Semau District. This study conducted in Akle Bay, South Semau District on May 18, 2023st . Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) was used to take a sample in five meter depth at two different sites in Akle Bay waters. Data was analyzed by software CPCe 4.1. Result showed the highest benthic coverage percentage is soft coral. There were eleven genus of hard coral was found and its dominated by Porites genera. The percentage of hard coral coverage in S1 was 9.14%, while in S2 was 6.11% and was categorized in worst condition. The decline of coral reef coverage percentage in this area was expeted due to of human activities such as coral removal, the usage of anchor and the destructive fishing gear like a bomb, and also a sedimentation. According to the lifeform, covarage percentage of hard coral was dominated by coral branching. The average of current velocity in Akle Bay was 0,417 m/s with the range of waves was 0.1 to 0.5 meters. Conclusion of this research is the percentage of coral coverage in Akle Bay is worst. It was becacuse of human activities and sedimentation.

The Current Condition of Coral Reef and Fish Diversity in Gosong Island, Southwest Aceh

Highlight Research The current condition coverage percentage of coral reefs in the waters of Gosong Island was 55% Percentage of dead coral with algae founded on Gosong Island is 28% On Gosong Island there are 11 families, namely Acroporidae, Agariciidae, Faviidae, Fungiidae, Merulinidae , Mussidae, Dendrophylliidae, Oculinidae, Pectiniidae, Pocilloporidae and Poritidae Abstract The coral reef ecosystem is an important ecosystem; its existence has a very close relationship with the surrounding ecosystem and the reef fish community. The direct and indirect dependence of reef fish on coral reefs has become an important issue at the national and international levels. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of coral reef ecosystem conditions, the percentage of coral growth, identify the types of coral reefs, and the diversity of reef fish species on Gosong Island, Southwest Aceh. Coral reef biophysical characteristics were collected by measuring water quality, calculating the percentage of coral coverage using the Point Intercept Transect (PIT) method, and the abundance of reef fish using the Underwater Fish Visual Census (UFVC) method. The condition of average percentage of coral reefs in the waters of Gosong Island was in a good category (55%), found as many as 31 genera of hard corals included in the line transect. The percentage of base substrate that dominates other than live coral is dead coral with algae (DCA) of 28%. The average abundance of reef fish in Gosong Island waters is 11,260 ind/ha with an average reef fish biomass of 2074,095 kg/yield. The water quality results show good conditions for coral growth in location. Based on the analysis of the structure of the fish community found in the coral reef area, the results showed good results, so the research location became a good habitat for various types of fish associated with coral reef ecosystems on Gosong Island

Using machine learning to develop a global coral bleaching predictor

Coral bleaching is a fatal process that reduces coral diversity, leads to habitat loss for marine organisms, and is a symptom of climate change. This process occurs when corals expel their symbiotic dinoflagellates, algae that photosynthesize within coral tissue providing corals with glucose. Restoration efforts have attempted to repair damaged reefs; however, there are over 360,000 square miles of coral reefs worldwide, making it challenging to target conservation efforts. Thus, predicting the likelihood of bleaching in a certain region would make it easier to allocate resources for conservation efforts. We developed a machine learning model to predict global locations at risk for coral bleaching. Data obtained from the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office consisted of various coral bleaching events and the parameters under which the bleaching occurred. Sea surface temperature, sea surface temperature anomalies, longitude, latitude, and coral depth below the surface were the features found to be most correlated to coral bleaching. Thirty-nine machine learning models were tested to determine which one most accurately used the parameters of interest to predict the percentage of corals that would be bleached. A random forest regressor model with an R-squared value of 0.25 and a root mean squared error value of 7.91 was determined to be the best model for predicting coral bleaching. In the end, the random model had a 96% accuracy in predicting the percentage of corals that would be bleached. This prediction system can make it easier for researchers and conservationists to identify coral bleaching hotspots and properly allocate resources to prevent or mitigate bleaching events.

Destruction level on coral reef in the Ambon bay

Ambon Bay is a part of Ambon Island located at the Eastern Indonesia. The bay has an area of 124.5 km2, and consists of a shallow inner bay and a deeper outer bay. Ambon bay has a complete tropical ecosystem of coral reef ecosystem, sea grass area and mangrove ecosystem including natural resources which associated to those three ecosystems. Monitoring result on coral ecosystem had been done for 33 years from 1986 – 2019 indicated the percentage of coral coverage were declined. On 1986, percentage coverage of live coral was on good category (coverage percentage of live coral >50%), but on the last 30 years shown declining. Percentage of live coral coverage is on very good category, and then turned to good category, then to amber until worst. Few location at Ambon Inner Bay (IAB) Halong and Kate Kate) even have no more coral reef now, live coral coverage is 0%. This is caused by sedimentation of land clearing at the higher level and solid trash. It is suggested to restore the coral reef ecosystem by transplantation technique and reduce the trash into the coral reef area.

Condition of Coral Reef Cover and Overview of Coral Fish in Pagang Island, South Coast, West Sumatera

This research was conducted in October 2020 in the waters of Pagang Island, Koto XI Tarusan District, South Coast Regency, West Sumatera Province. This study aims to determine the condition of coral reefs and reef fish in coral reef ecosystems which were analyzed based on the coral cover in Pagang Island. The method used in this research is UPT (Underwater Photo Transect) for assessing the live coral coverage and the UVC (Underwater Visual Census) for collecting the reef fishes data. The result shows that the condition of coral reef cover in Pagang Island at all stations is in critical condition. However, the high percentage of coral dying at all stations presumed that these coral reefs were in good condition. Percentage of coral cover in the station I 4.13%, station II 6.2%, station III 1.2%, and station IV 2.07%. A total of 31 fish species belonging to 7 families with a total of 328 individuals were identified in all stations. The average abundance of fish at all stations is 0.328 ind/m2

CORAL REEF COVER RELATIONSHIP TO POMACENTRIDAE AND PHYTOPLANKTON CORAL FISH IN KASIAK ISLAND OF WEST SUMATRA PROVINCE

Kasiak Island is one of the islands located in the waters of Pariaman, West Sumatra, and located right in front of Pariaman City. Around the sea, the island is surrounded by coral reefs and is a protected area. In the aquatic area of Kasiak Island has never been conducted research on the relationship of coral reef cover to the coral Pomacentridae and phytoplankton. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on this matter in the waters of Kasiak Island, West Sumatra Province. Data collection of coral reef cover is done by the LIT (Line Intercept transect) method with a transect length of 50 meters at a depth of 5 meters using scuba equipment. Coral fish observation is done by UVC (Underwater Visual Census) method with a transect length of 50 meters and an observation area of 2.5 meters left and right at a depth of 5 meters. Phytoplankton sampling is conducted during the day at 11.00 to 15.00 WIB at five points of the station with a depth of 5 meters using Vandorn water sampler volume 2 L with a total take of 100 L, then filtered using Plankton net no 25 and inserted into a sample bottle of 125 ml, then preserved using Lugol 4% as much as 4-6 drops, after which analyzed in the laboratory. Based on the results there is a very strong relationship between coral cover to the abundance of coral fish, where coral cover contributes to the abundance of coral fish by 93.87%, which means that the higher the percentage of coral cover the more species and abundance of coral fish are found. Then the a strong relationship between coral reef cover and phytoplankton abundance, where coral reef cover contributes to the abundance of phytoplankton by 56.37%, which means an increase in the percentage of coral reef cover along with the increasing abundance of phytoplankton.

Persistence of marine heat waves for coral bleaching and their spectral characteristics around Andaman coral reef.

Coral reefs are fragile and endangered ecosystems in the tropical marine and coastal environment. Thermal stress due to marine heat waves (MHW) could cause significantly negative impacts on the health conditions, i.e., bleaching of the coral ecosystem. The current study is an attempt to quantify the intensity of coral bleaching in the Andaman region in recent decades using the intensity of marine heat wave (IMHW) estimated from satellite measured sea surface temperature (SST). A linear regression model was developed between IMHW and in situ observations of percent coral bleaching (PCB) which has the slope 7.767 (of IMHW unit) and intercept (- 141.7). Further, an attempt was also made to establish the relationship between PCB and the ratio between the remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) at 443 and 531nm to upscale the percentage of coral bleaching at synoptic scales. A significant positive correlation between the PCB and band ratio index was found (R2 = 0.72). This approach can be used for the operational monitoring of coral reef beaching in this region.

Condition of coral reef in Batee Island waters, Peukan Bada Sub-District, Aceh Besar

Batee Island is one of the small islands in the Aceh Besar region and is uninhabited and directly faces the Indian Ocean. Batee Island's waters have the potential for marine biota, especially coral reef ecosystems, and other associated biotas. This study aims to determine the percentage and comparison of live coral cover in Batee Island waters and determine the genus' composition in Batee Island waters. This research was conducted in October-November 2016. Collecting coral reef data using the LIT (Line Intercept Transect) method. The results showed that the live coral cover in Batee Island's waters differed between the East and West Batee Islands. The coral reefs' average condition in Batee Island waters at shallow depths (0-5m) is 41.41%, and deep (6-10m) is 36.52%. Overall, the conditions and live coral cover in the waters of Batee Island are classified as moderate. In the waters of Batee Island, there are 31 coral genera. The highest percentage of corals was the genus Acropora (50.02%).Keywords:Batee IslandConditionCoral reefCoral cover

The effect of plastic debris attachment to the health of branching corals in Kelapa Dua Island, Thousand Islands

Plastic marine debris are a potential threat to the life of marine organisms such as corals. This study aimed to analyze the effect of different plastic waste attachments on the bleaching rate and the health of branching corals at Kelapa Dua Island. Branching coral colonies consisted of 15 fragments of Porites cylidrica at the water depth of 80-90 cm, then treated with plastic waste (control, clear plastic, sack plastic, packaging plastic, and black plastic) for four days. Determination of color changes in corals was determined using Adobe Photoshop CC 2019 and Image j software to obtain the area of the discoloration. The treatment with black plastic became most impactful, with a discoloration area of 5.33 ± 0.48 cm2 and a healthy percentage of 73.62 ± 2.00%. Results of the linear regression between coral discoloration rate and light intensity showed a negative correlation, with r = -0.77 and R2 = 0.59, then between the percentage of coral health and light intensity showed a positive correlation, with r = 0.83 and R2 = 0.69. These results indicated that the decrease in light intensity due to the covered plastic debris affected the discoloration rate and the health percentage of branching coral.

Coral Reef Cover and Diversity on Tinabo Besar Island, Taka Bonerate National Park, South Sulawesi

Research related to coral reef cover and diversity on Tinabo Besar Island was carried out in 2018, so it is necessary to conduct further research to determine the cover and diversity of coral reefs on Tinabo Besar Island in a sustainable manner (Time series) in order to improve the quality of coral reef ecosystems in the waters and management of national park area. This research was conducted from 9 July 2019 to 7 August 2019 at Taka Bonerate National Park, Selayar Islands, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Location of data collection on Tinabo Besar Island. The data taken includes coral reef cover with 4 stations representing the wind directions, namely north, south, east, and west. Coral reef data were collected using the LIT (Line Intercept Transact) method. Based on the research results, it was concluded that the percentage of coral reef cover on the island of Tinabo Besar, Taka Bonerate National Park, South Sulawesi ranged from 25.80% to 45.80%. The diversity is in the medium category with the index value (H') ranging from 1 - 3 based on the Shannon - Wienner Index. The average percentage of life corals from the four stations is moderately damaged.

Assessing coral reefs condition for rehabilitation site selection using diver-towed survey in an island of Anambas Islands

To select a rehabilitation area of coral reefs in Pahat Island within Anambas Islands, this study was conducted to asses coral reefs condition using diver-towed or manta tow surveys and underwater photo transects (UPT). The results of the manta tow surveys showed coral cover dominated by hard corals percentage ranged between 11% and 50% (categories 2 and 3) in the western, northern and southern parts of Pahat Island. Distribution of hard coral percentage with more than 50% (Category 4: 51% - 75% and 5: 76% -100%) was observed in the eastern part of Pahat Island. While results from UPT showed the hard coral percentage of 62.5%, 33.67% and 17% in the eastern, western and northern of Pahat Island, respectively. There are similarities in the results of coral reef cover Obtained by the manta tow and UPT methods. Conclusions, this study recommends western Pahat Island as a good alternative for a rehabilitation site as the coral coverage was in poor condition.

CORAL REEF CONDITION IN RELATION TO CORAL REEF FISH ABUNDANCES BEFORE MASS BLEACHING EVENT IN SIMEULUE ISLANDS, ACEH

Bordered with the Indian Ocean, Simeulue Islands is one of the outermost islands in Indonesia located in the west part of Aceh Province. Simeulue waters are productive areas due to the unpolluted condition yet and great of biomass. Three regions were particularly observed, those are Simeuluecut, Ganting, and Labuhan Bajau. In those areas, the existing marine tourism activities might influence the coral reef ecosystem studied. This study aimed to evaluate the condition of coral and coral reef fish in those three particular regions before mass bleaching event in 2016 triggered by ENSO. Point Intercept Transect (PIT) method was employed to record the percentage cover of coral, species diversity, and coral reef fish. Ganting waters was a moderate ecosystem area whith the percentage coverage was up to 45.62%. However, in Simeuluecut and Labuhan Bajau waters, the coral reef communities were excellent with coral percentage coverage reached 83.12% and 81.25 %, respectively. The highest abundance genera of coral reef fish was observed in Simueluecut waters. This condition was changed oppositely in 2016 when mass bleaching threatened Simeulue waters due to temperature anomaly triggered by ENSO phenomenon. The temperature increases almost 3oC for 6 months that undoubtedly induced bleaching that about 50% of coral colonies were dramatically declined in coral coverage and coral recruitment.

Appearance of an anomalous black band disease at upper mesophotic depths after coral bleaching.

In the summer of 2016, extensive coral bleaching occurred on the coral reefs of Okinawa, Japan, which was often lethal in shallow waters. In November 2016, after the coral bleaching event, an anomalous black band disease (ABBD) was noticed during regular monitoring of the Pachyseris-dominated upper mesophotic Ryugu Reef in Okinawa. We subsequently conducted 10 × 1 m belt transects in deeper (30-35 m depth, n = 5) and shallower areas (27-29 m, n = 7) of the reef and obtained data on coral percentage coverage, Pachyseris percentage coverage, occurrence (numbers of lesions) of ABBD, and ABBD percentage coverage on Pachyseris. Both depths showed high live coral coverage (>90%), indicating little mortality from the summer 2016 bleaching event, and Pachyseris percentage coverage was significantly higher in the deeper area (mean ± SD = 48.6 ± 45.0%) compared to the shallower area (5.1 ± 5.0%). Additionally, although numbers of ABBD occurrences (= lesions) were significantly higher in the deeper area (81.0 ± 52.8 as opposed to 8.3 ± 6.7 at shallower depths), total ABBD percentage coverage on Pachyseris was not significantly different between shallow and deep areas (7.0 ± 3.2% versus 4.7 ± 3.6%). ABBD was observed to be Pachyseris-specific at Ryugu Reef. These results indicate that similar to shallower reefs, mesophotic reefs can experience increased disease occurrences subsequent to non-lethal coral bleaching events.

KELIMPAHAN IKAN CHAETODONTIDAEDAN POMACENTRIDAE PADA EKOSISTEM TERUMBU KARANG DI PERAIRAN BEDUKANG KABUPATEN BANGKA

Bedukang waters areas have high natural resources and environmental services, including coral reefs ecosystem. The aim of this study to analyze the abundance of Chaetodontidae and Pomacentridae.Percentage of live coral cover, and relationship of Chaetodontidae and Pomacentridae with habitat conditions. This research was conducted in March 2018. Belt Transect method used to collect fishes data and Line Intercept Transect to coral reefs. Data analysis uses Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Correspondent Analysis (CA). The results showed 14 fishes species, 2 species of fishes family Chaetdontidae, and 12 species of fishesPomacentridae 2.267 ind/ha. The highest species composition is Neoglyphidodon nigroris and the lowest Amphiprion clarkii. The abundance of Chaetodontidae and Pomacentridae 14 species. The highest abundance at station 4 was 4,860 ind/ha and the lowest at station 1 was 820 ind/ha. The percentage of coral reef cover is in poor, medium and good condition with an average of 39.66%. The abundance of Chaetodontidae and Pomacentridae fish in Bedukang waters is influence by the percentage of live coral and algae cover. Chaetodontidae and Pomacentridae in Bedukang waters favor Acropora, Euphylia, Favites, Fungia, Galaxia, Goniopora, Lobophyllia, Pavona, Porites, Psammocora,Turbinaria, Cypastrea, Montipora, Platygyra andSymphylliagenus

Kondisi Substrat Dasar Perairan Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu, Kabupaten Malang

The aim this study was to determine the condition of bottom substrate base of Sempu Island Nature Reserve of Malang that was very important to know the coral reef composition to support living creatures in this area. The research was conducted on December 8-9, 2017, the substrates data was taken by using Point Intercept Transect (PIT) for 100 m along of coast of Sempu Island (Reef Check Indonesia), the transect was divided into four parts 20 meters each segment and 5 m blank between segments. The data was taken into three stations, they were Teluk Semut 1 , Teluk Semut 2, and Watu Meja. The results of this study indicate that the basic substrate of waters at Sempu Island Nature Reserve is divided into two: living (HC = Hard Coral, SC = Soft Coral, NIA = Nutrien Indicator Algae, SP = Sponge and OT = Other) and non-living (RKC = Ricently Killed Coral, RC = Rock, RB = Rubble, SD = Sand and SI = Silt). Teluk Semut Station 1 was dominated by the rubble (39%), Teluk Semut 2 station and Watu Meja were dominated by hard coral (53%). In conclusion, from three monitored stations showed that the life coral percentage in Sempu Island water was significane changed during last one year where in Teluk Semut 1 the coral coverage decreased to 21.75%, while in Teluk Semut 2 and Watu Meja was increased up to 42.38% and 25.5% respectively. The natural and non-natural factors may have influenced the changed of substrate cover in Sempu Island water during this last year.

Baseline reef health surveys at Bangka Island (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) reveal new threats.

Worldwide coral reef decline appears to be accompanied by an increase in the spread of hard coral diseases. However, whether this is the result of increased direct and indirect human disturbances and/or an increase in natural stresses remains poorly understood. The provision of baseline surveys for monitoring coral health status lays the foundations to assess the effects of any such anthropogenic and/or natural effects on reefs. Therefore, the objectives of this present study were to provide a coral health baseline in a poorly studied area, and to investigate possible correlations between coral health and the level of anthropogenic and natural disturbances. During the survey period, we recorded 20 different types of coral diseases and other compromised health statuses. The most abundant were cases of coral bleaching, followed by skeletal deformations caused by pyrgomatid barnacles, damage caused by fish bites, general pigmentation response and galls caused by cryptochirid crabs. Instances of colonies affected by skeletal eroding bands, and sedimentation damage increased in correlation to the level of bio-chemical disturbance and/or proximity to villages. Moreover, galls caused by cryptochirid crabs appeared more abundant at sites affected by blast fishing and close to a newly opened metal mine. Interestingly, in the investigated area the percentage of corals showing signs of ‘common’ diseases such as black band disease, brown band disease, white syndrome and skeletal eroding band disease were relatively low. Nevertheless, the relatively high occurrence of less common signs of compromised coral-related reef health, including the aggressive overgrowth by sponges, deserves further investigation. Although diseases appear relatively low at the current time, this area may be at the tipping point and an increase in activities such as mining may irredeemably compromise reef health.

The effects of sea surface temperature anomalies on oceanic coral reef systems in the southwestern tropical Atlantic

In 2010, high sea surface temperatures that were recorded in several parts of the world and caused coral bleaching and coral mortality were also recorded in the southwest Atlantic Ocean, between latitudes 0°S and 8°S. This paper reports on coral bleaching and diseases in Rocas Atoll and Fernando de Noronha archipelago and examines their relationship with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies recorded by PIRATA buoys located at 8°S30°W, 0°S35°W, and 0°S23°W. Adjusted satellite data were used to derive SST climatological means at buoy sites and to derive anomalies at reef sites. The whole region was affected by the elevated temperature anomaly that persisted through 2010, reaching 1.67 °C above average at reef sites and 1.83 °C above average at buoys sites. A significant positive relationship was found between the percentage of coral bleaching that was observed on reef formations and the corresponding HotSpot SST anomaly recorded by both satellite and buoys. These results indicate that the warming observed in the ocean waters was followed by a warming at the reefs. The percentage of bleached corals persisting after the subsidence of the thermal stress, and disease prevalence increased through 2010, after two periods of thermal stress. The in situ temperature anomaly observed during the 2009–2010 El Nino event was equivalent to the anomaly observed during the 1997–1998 El Nino event, explaining similar bleaching intensity. Continued monitoring efforts are necessary to further assess the relationship between bleaching severity and PIRATA SST anomalies and improve the use of this new dataset in future regional bleaching predictions.

Quantifying relationships between video observations of cold-water coral cover and seafloor features in Rockall Trough, west of Ireland

Cold-water coral distributions are only partially understood even in the most well- studied areas. This is partly due to the only recent development of appropriate technology, and partly to the high cost and time associated with coral mapping, particularly in deep water. One way to opti- mise mapping is to develop predictive habitat models as proxies for the actual distribution of corals. These models may provide objective criteria for the selection of prioritised coral mapping areas. In this study, we quantified the relationship between observed cold-water coral distribution and terrain attributes as an important step in developing predictive habitat models. We estimated deep-water coral percentage cover from remotely operated vehicle video and demonstrate how such data can be used to examine quantitative relations between coral cover and terrain parameters (slope, aspect, rugosity and bathymetric position index) derived from ship-borne multibeam swath acoustic data. We show that, at carbonate mound provinces within sites on the Irish margin, coral abundance is corre- lated with terrain that is strongly sloping and irregular to a varying degree, depending on spatial scale. It is likely that terrain variations influence the hydrodynamic setting, resulting in a varying food supply. A similar approach may be applicable for other fauna in a variety of benthic environ- ments.

Relationship between anthropogenic impacts and bleaching-associated tissue mortality of corals in Curaçao (Netherlands Antilles)

Chronic anthropogenic impacts can have a negative effect on coral health and on coral energy budgets needed for regeneration of lesions. I therefore hypothesise that during massive bleaching events, the degree of corals showing bleaching-related tissue mortality is higher in areas subject to chronic anthropogenic impacts than in relatively pristine areas. In the present study, the degree of bleaching and bleaching-related tissue mortality was estimated for eight abundant coral species in Curacao, at the onset of a massive Caribbean bleaching event in 1995, and three months afterwards. To study the possible effects of anthropogenic disturbances, the study was done at four unpolluted control sites, two polluted sites (sedimentation, sewage), and four sites at the mouth of lagoons with outflow of nutrient-rich, warm and turbid seawater. No pattern of an overall difference in bleaching between impacted and control sites was found for the degree of bleaching. However, the percentage of corals showing bleaching-related tissue mortality was higher at the impacted sites than at the control sites for the total number of corals and for corals with < 50% of their surface area bleached. Highest and most significant values of tissue mortality were found at a reef site experiencing chronic pollution by raw sewage. The data thus suggest that unfavourable conditions caused by anthropogenic influences, such as increased sedimentation, eutrophication and seawater temperature, have an additional negative effect on the tissue survival of coral colonies during bleaching episodes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (Suppl. 3): 31-43. Epub 2007 Jan. 15.

A comparison of video and point intercept transect methods for monitoring subtropical coral communities

This study evaluated the use of video transects obtained from SCUBA divers or remote operated vehicle (ROV) and point intercept transect (PIT) method from divers for monitoring subtropical coral communities. Comparisons were made between the datasets obtained by the ROV and SCUBA diver video transect (‘Diver’) and the PIT method on three nearby coral sites with different hydrographies, scleractinian coral composition, dominant species and percentage cover. There was no significant difference between the ROV and ‘Diver’ datasets whereas the PIT method tended to over-estimate percentage cover at sites where corals are not extensive. Power analysis showed that the minimum detectable change in coral percentage cover, δ, had low mean values between 0.39% and 1.65% for the ROV dataset, 0.66% for the “Diver’ dataset, and 12.11% for the PIT dataset. This implied that the ROV and SCUBA survey methods can produce higher precision in terms of detecting temporal changes in coral communities and are thus more suitable for scientific research and management purposes than the PIT method. Other advantages of using video transects by SCUBA divers or ROV include provision of permanent records for subsequent studies and public information, less field time incurred and wider survey areas.