Percentage Of CO2 Research Articles

Methane gas generation through the anaerobian codigestion of urban solid waste and biomass

The objective of the research was to produce biogas by anaerobic co-digestion of biomass and urban solid waste, which made it possible to take advantage of these organic wastes, transforming them into a renewable energy source such as biogas being a fuel with an high calorific on an average of 19.6 to 25 MJ/m3. The methodology consisted of developing different experiments to evaluate the biogas performance in each of the selected biomasses. The percentage of CH4 and CO2 was determined by gas chromatography, from which the following results were obtained: by rinds of, potato (35.64% CH4), papaya (1.64% CH4), pineapple (0.11% CH4), pea (16.13% CH4), banana (0.39% CH4), bean (0.76% CH4), sugarcane bagasse (80.85% CH4), wet sugarcane bagasse (96.06% CH4), semi-dry sugarcane bagasse (91.39% CH4) and potato peel with sugarcane bagasse (58.74% CH4). After the methane quantification in the different codigestion, the sugarcane bagasse presented better results with a 15% increase in the generation of methane when it was pretreated. Subsequently, we worked with anaerobic biodigesters on a laboratory scale with 500 mL capacity, with a 75% feed (sediment, sugarcane bagasse and water 0.75: 1.5: 1.5). In experimentation 8 with 55% of methane and experimentation 9 with 32%, likewise the energy potential where 15.05 MJ/m3 in experimentation 8 and 16, 72 MJ/m3 in experimentation 9.

Portable quantitative confocal Raman spectroscopy: Non-destructive approach of the carbonation chemistry and kinetics

Carbonation is one major alteration process of cementitious materials. It can be monitored through several methods, all destructive. In this study, some preliminary investigations were conducted to monitor the carbonation process of pure portlandite with an in situ and non-destructive spectroscopic method. This complementary approach was motivated by a literature review indicating the benefits of Raman spectroscopy, but requiring innovative approaches for data acquisition and analysis. The material was selected to validate this spectroscopic monitoring, coupled with chemometrics tools to allowing an early detection of the carbonation reaction through a structure identified in the spectra data population. The carbonation occurred abruptly, and spectra analysis indicated the occurrence of phases synonymous of microstructural evolutions. Varying the atmospheric percentage of CO2 (0.04% - 4%) conducted to an appreciation of the kinetics of the carbonation front through the same thickness of portlandite.

Hydrodynamics of dual circulating fluidized bed reactor for chemical looping combustion

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been increasingly released to the environment with the increased electricity demand via fossil fuel combustion. The alternative solution is the combustion unit that prevents CO2 from releasing. Chemical looping combustion is the combustion unit that can achieve this objective and provides high purity of a CO2 product for meaningful uses. The high efficiency of the process is achieved by designing good reactor hydrodynamics. A dual circulating fluidized bed reactor was then investigated in this study. The two parameters were studied; the temperature of the reactor (A) and the ratio of coal velocity to the weight of oxygen carrier (B). The two responses were analyzed; 1) combustible gas percentage from a fuel reactor, and 2) CO2 percentage from an air reactor. The 3k factorial experimental was used for systematic experimental design which included the curvature behavior of the result. The results indicated that parameters A and B affected the combustible gas percentage from the fuel reactor. However, only B affected the CO2 percentage from the air reactor. The high A and B gave a high combustible gas percentage from the fuel reactor and high CO2 percentage from the air reactor. The high combustible gas percentage from the fuel reactor indicated the incomplete combustion and the high CO2 percentage from the air reactor indicated the high CO2 releasing to the environment. The low values of A and B then supported the proper hydrodynamics in these reactors which will provide the efficiency of fuel usage, the reduction of CO2 emission to the environment, and the mitigation of the environmental crisis.

MANIPULATION OF pH AT DAY 0 MAY IMPACT BLASTOCYST MORPHOLOGY

In a in vivo situation, the pH within the female reproductive tract is not constant. From literature, the pH is high in the fallopian tube at 7.5-7.9 (Ng et al, 2018), while the intra-oocyte pH is about 7.4 (Dale et al, 1998) and gradually decreases to 7.2 in the uterus. In the in vitro system, the majority of IVF labs will usually set the percentage of CO2 in the incubator constant at one point, i.e. 5-7%, with the pH between 7.2 -7.4 (Swain, 2012). The question is why use a higher pH in the initial phase of fertilization since these physiologic pH levels are different.

The strain induced magnetic and anisotropic variations of LaCoO3 thin films

The emergence of ferromagnetism in tensile strained LaCoO3 (LCO) films is still being researched due to the lack of any uniform explanation. Herein, the magnetic anisotropy and the precise ratio of Co2+ ions in LCO films growth on different substrates are reported. The emergence of ferromagnetic state can be observed irrespective of the tensile or compressive strain on the LCO films. A small magnetization along the out-of-plane easy axis is exhibited in the LCO film under compressive strain. The maximum magnetization (1.11 μB/u.c.) is observed in the LCO film over tensile strained LSAT substrate along the in-plane easy axis, which is around four times compared to the magnetization of LCO film on compressive strain. In addition, the exact percentage of Co2+ ions in different LCO films deviated from 12.8% to 10.6% as the strain changed from tensile to compressive. This little variation has a relatively weak effect on the hugely different magnetization of LCO films. Subsequently, the magnetization of LCO film grown on STO buffer layer has a great increase compared to the film direct on LAO substrate. All these results support the proposition that the tensile strain should induce more IS (t2g5eg1) or HS (t2g4eg2) spin states of Co3+ ions, which plays the key role for enhancement of ferromagnetism.

Gasification of biofuels blended from olive mill solid wastes and pine sawdust under different carbon dioxide/nitrogen atmospheres

In this paper, we investigated the gasification of charcoals using a macro TG under CO2 mixed with nitrogen at different percentages (40%, 70% and 100% CO2) and at different fixed temperatures (750 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C). For this purpose, two raw residues were selected; the exhausted olive mill solid wastes (EOMSW) and the pine sawdust (PS). Then, four different samples, which have not been previously studied with a gasification process, were prepared from these residues when investigating the impregnated and the non-impregnated ones using the olive mill waste water (OMWW) as by-product for the impregnation process. Moreover, a comparison between results obtained during this study and those obtained during a previous study based on steam gasification was carried out. It was found that the mass loss profiles are consistent with the usual lignocellulosic gasification behaviors. Also, the increase of temperatures or CO2 percentages affects positively the conversion, the gasification rate and the char reactivity. It is worth noting that CO2 acts differently from steam. With steam, gasification is found to be faster and more reactive.

Investigation on NOx control in SI Engine Assisted with Hot and Cold EGR

In this paper, we have conducted a study in a 2.2 kW variable speed SI engine coupled with electrical loading, whose main objective is to reduce the NOx emissions coming out of the engine. To achieve this outcome, we have opted for the EGR technique. We have opted for this technique because firstly it is a proven technique that has been successfully implemented in CI engine and secondly as it reduces the peak engine temperature leading to increased engine life. EGR is implemented by using EGR manifold which replaces the regular intake manifold. Also, a flow control valve is used to control the percentage flow of exhaust gases. From this study, we can conclude Cold EGR is effective in reducing NOx but lowers the efficiency. Additionally, a reduction in CO2 percentage is also observed at the cost of the increase in HC.

The maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco affects CO2 refixation in temperate broadleaved forest trees

Mesophyll resistance to CO2 diffusion (rm) and the maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (Vcmax) affect photosynthetic rates, and can potentially also influence the percentage of respiratory and photorespiratory CO2 being refixated (Pr) by mesophyll cells. Here we investigated how various leaf anatomical traits (e.g. leaf mass per area [LMA] and leaf dry matter content [LDMC]) influenced rm in leaves of mature forest trees. We further explored how rm and Vcmax in turn affected Pr, and if these traits varied among species and leaves along a light gradient. Photosynthetic CO2 response of leaves grown in high-, medium-, and low-light environments was measured, from Pinus sylvestris [Scots pine], Picea abies [Norway spruce], Quercus robur [English oak], and Betula pendula [Silver birch] in southern Sweden. A modified version of the Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry model was fitted to the leaf gas exchange data to estimate Vcmax, rm and Pr. We found that of all leaf traits measured, only LMA for Q. robur was significantly higher in leaves from high-light environments. When comparing species, both rm and LMA were significantly higher in the conifers, and rm had a negative correlation with Vcmax. We found that Pr was similar between different species and functional groups, with an average of 73.2% (and SD of ±10.4) across all species. There was a strong, positive correlation between Pr and Vcmax in broadleaves, and we hypothesise that this effect might derive from a higher CO2 drawdown near Rubisco in leaves with high Vcmax.

Impact of physical phenomena and cyclical reinjection in miscible CO2-WAG recovery in carbonate reservoirs

Carbonated reservoirs with high percentage of CO2 have been discovered and produced in the Brazilian pre-salt cluster. Recovery techniques, such as CO2-WAG, have hence been evaluated and applied, as in the Lula field. Although studies demonstrate the advantages of this technique, it is still difficult to estimate an increase in oil recovery. Thus, this work presents a methodology to evaluate the impacts of the main phenomena that occur and how CO2 recycling can benefit the management of these fields. The results showed an increase in recovery with the modeling of the main phenomena such as relative permeability hysteresis and aqueous solubility of CO2, accompanied by a significant increase in CO2 injection. However, the recycling of the CO2 produced was shown to be fundamental in the reduction in this injection and to increase the NPV. The results showed a 4% increase in oil production and 9% in NPV, considering a producer–injector pair.

Generic techno-economic optimization methodology for concurrent design and operation of solvent-based PCC processes

A techno-economic equation-based methodology is developed for optimal design and operation of integrated solvent-based post-combustion carbon capture (PCC) processes using a rate-based model for the interaction of gas and liquid. The algorithm considers a wide range of techno-economic design and operation parameters such as number of absorber/desorber columns, height of columns, diameter of columns, operating conditions (P, T) of columns, pressure drop, packing type, percentage of CO2 mitigated, captured CO2 purity, amount of solvent regeneration, flooding velocities of columns, and number of compression stages. A case study is conducted to showcase two common objective-functions i) minimizing total capital investment, and ii) minimizing levelized capture costs, both for a 300 MW coal-power plant in Australia. The former objective leads to the lowest possible total capital cost of $312.4 M corresponding to levelized carbon capture cost of 58.1 $/tonne−CO2. For objective (ii), however, the lowest levelized carbon capture cost is found to be around ten percent lower (52.8 $/tonne−CO2), though it leads to a higher total capital cost ($325.2 M). The results indicate that the design and operation variables are markedly interactive, and no unique optimal design exists which can deliver all desired outcomes at once. Therefore, decisions on the selection of right variables become dependent on the decision-makers techno-economic objectives.

High $${f_{{{\rm{H}}_2} - }}{f_{{{\rm{S}}_2}}}$$ Conditions Associated with Sphalerite in Latala Epithermal Base and Precious Metal Deposit, Central Iran: Implications for the Composition and Genesis Conditions of Sphalerite

This paper presents the properties of fluid inclusions found in sphalerite from Latala epithermal base and precious metal deposit (Central Iran), which is hosted in Cenozoic volcanic-sedimentary host-rocks. The Latala Deposit represents an example of vein type, base metal deposits in the Miduk porphyry copper deposits (PCDs) in southern Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt (UDMB). Mineralization in Latala epithermal base and precious metal vein type formed in 3 stages and sphalerite-quartz veins occur in stages 2 and 3. Stage 2 quartz-sphalerite veins are associated with chalcopyrite and zoned sphalerite, along with quartz+hematite, and Stage 3 quartz-sphalerite veins contain galena+sphalerite+ chalcopyrite and quartz with overgrowth of calcite. Mineralization in Stage 3 occurs as replacement bodies and contains Fe-poor sphalerite without zoning in the outer parts of the deposit. This paper focuses on fluid inclusions in veins bearing sphalerite and quartz. The fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures and salinity in sphalerite (some with typical zoning) range from 144 to 285 °C and from 0.2 wt.% to 7.6 wt.% NaCl eq. Sphalerite and fluid inclusions of the Latala base and precious metal deposit formed from relatively low-T and low-salinity solutions. Raman spectroscopy analyses indicate a high percentage of CO2 in the gas phase of fluid inclusions in Fe-poor sphalerites, as expected with melting temperature for CO2 of −56.6 °C, and significant amounts of H2. Lack of reduced carbon species (methane and lighter hydrocarbons) was confirmed in the petrographic study using UV light and Raman spectroscopy. High amounts of H2 in fluid inclusions of Fe-poor sphalerite can be the result of different intensities of alteration and diffusion processes. The common occurrences of CO2 in fluid inclusions have originated from magma degassing and dissolution of carbonates. The δ34S values for sulfide minerals in galena of sphalerite bearing veins vary between −9.8‰ and −1.0‰, and the δ34S values calculated for H2S are between −7.1‰ and +0.6‰. These values correspond to magmatic sulfur whit possible interaction with wall rocks. Magmatic fluids were successively diluted during cooling and continuous ascent. Secondary boiling would lead to variable amounts of potassic or prophylactic alteration and the hydrogen diffusion into the inclusions hosted in sphalerite of Latala.

IOT BASED SMART HELMET TO DETECT THE HAZARDOUS SITUATIONS AND ACCIDENT ALERTS

At present, India is the biggest marketplace for 2- Wheeler’s (China being 2d) within the global. further India is still developing country ac coring to mining industry lots of injuries happens while in working. this leads to sometime serious issue and deaths also. the main reason of both domains are not Warring the helmets properly. Therefore helmets must be used while riding the motor cycle and working in mining industry. by using this a person or victims get some proper medical help and delivering the alert message to registered mobile number. so for this am developing the smart helmet to make the journey and working safer and more comfortable. Smart helmet provides the complete safety measures while include both accident detection and mining industry purpose also. smart helmet consist of sensors GSM, GPS module, crush sensor strap switch, MQ3 and MQ7 sensors each of sensors does there jobs independently generates SOS messages. smart helmet promotes the user by its features like connectivity with a phone using GSM technology and detecting hazardous situations,gases,CO2 percentage, crush of an object, strap status,. etc WI-FI, IOT, IR sensor, GSM, GPS, MASTER and SLAVE, SOS, ESP32, MQ3, MQ7, CRUSH, STRAP etc

Installing Piezoelectric tiles in Children Outdoor Playing areas to Create Clean & Healthy Environment; Case Study of El-Shams Sporting Club, Cairo_Egypt

The pollution rate has increased during the last decades, the increasing percentage of CO2 and methane causes environmental problems such as changing in climate and rising of new diseases that jeopardize the public health. Creating a clean and healthy environment is an essential goal to protect the planet and human race. The environmental changes became a great issue all over the world especially in the developing countries such as Egypt, lately the electricity generation process and the heavy usage of fossil fuel increased the numbers of children infected by asthma and lung problems due to the air pollution. In order to have clean and healthy environment, these countries must reduce the use of non-renewable sources and replace them with clean renewable sources. Relying on non-renewable sources for electricity generation is not a suitable option anymore for the developing countries that suffers from economic problem, has no medical insurance policy and has high pollution rates such as Egypt. Children usually consumes a lot of energy during their playing period which helps them to learn and to develop their skills, it is considered one of the healthiest and most important routine for the children. This research intends to use the children movements during their playing period to generate clean energy that can be used to electrify children outdoor areas in order to create a clean and healthy environment for children in the developing countries while providing a new environmental friendly source for energy generation. The main scope Integrating piezoelectric cells in the children outdoor play sets and to use quantitative research method to calculate the average energy generated from installing the piezoelectric tiles in the children outdoor area of El-Shams sports club located in Egypt. The study will compare the energy generated from using piezoelectric cells to the club’s energy consumption. The results revealed that installing piezoelectric tiles in children outdoor area generated more than 50 % of energy consumed in the sports club.

Prediction of CO2‐Oil Minimum Miscibility Pressure Using Soft Computing Methods

AbstractSearching for computational approaches for determination of the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) is highly requested during the miscible gas injection process. New models, namely, the stochastic gradient boosting (SGB) algorithm and two distinct hybrid artificial neural network (ANN) models were used to predict CO2 MMP as a function of reservoir temperature, mole percent of volatile oil components, mole percent of intermediate oil components, molecular weight of pentane‐plus fraction in the oil phase, mole percentage of CO2 in injected gas, volatile components, and intermediate components in the injected gas based on 144 published data points. The SGB model was found to provide the better performance. The reservoir temperature turned out to be the most important factor.

Production of Graphite During the Extinguishing Arc with New SF6 Alternative Gases

Most high voltage circuit breakers in operation use SF6 as the arc interruption medium because of its high dielectric strength and good arc interruption properties. However SF6 also displays a high global warming potential which motivates the investigation of possible alternatives such as CO2–Novec™4710 and N2–Novec™5110 mixtures proposed by different HVCB manufacturers. CB power test comparison between pure CO2 and CO2–Novec™4710 mixture shows that the latter created a large amount of graphite and reduced CB performances after several current breaking shots. Using Gibbs free energy method, a theoretical study has been conducted on SF6 replacement candidates listed above. Aiming to understand graphite formation, several parameters impact were discussed: carrier gas such as CO2 and N2, pressure and O2 initial mixture proportions. The study focuses on graphite condensation temperature and graphite production amount evolutions in respect to the study parameters as well as in respect to CB inter-contacts space condition in terms of pressure and temperature at current-zero. It has been shown that a high percentage of CO2 in the mixture reduces graphite condensation temperature by 2600 K while adding N2 do not make such an impact. Pressure increases graphite condensation temperature and O2 reduces it. The amount of graphite produced is pressure independent but decreases with the increase of O2 proportion in the initial mixture. It has been shown that adding a sufficient O2 amount can prevent graphite production at all.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS FOR THE FURNACE OF A THREE BED REGENERATIVE OXIDIZER THAT NEUTRILIZES GASEUS POLLUTANTS

The purpose of this work is to correlate the excess oxidant-air with the percentage of CO2 in the combustion chamber waste gas of a three-bed regenerative thermal oxidizer unit for the elimination of gaseous pollutants in a given capacity.

Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage via alkaline thermal Treatment: Production of high purity H2 from wet wheat straw grass with CO2 capture

Biomass has a unique potential for “negative emissions” of CO2 if carbon capture and storage are integrated into the biomass conversion. While a large body of research has explored biomass conversion, challenges such as low energy density and high moisture content persist. This study proposes and investigates a novel single-step reaction scheme called Alkaline Thermal Treatment (ATT) to convert a real biomass feedstock (e.g. wet wheat straw grass) into high purity H2 in the presence of alkali (e.g., NaOH) at a moderate temperature of 500 °C and ambient pressure. Importantly, negligible CO and a very low percentage of CO2 (0.3%) were detected in the product gas stream, thus rendering gas products from the ATT reaction usable in various applications including fuel cells without further gas purification steps. The solid residue contained a very high percentage of carbonate, confirming the in-situ carbon capture effect.

Development of an artificial neural network model to simulate the growth of microalga Chlorella vulgaris incorporating the effect of micronutrients

Artificial neural network (ANN) models can be trained to simulate the dynamic behavior of biological systems. In the present study, an ANN model was developed upon multilayer perceptron neural network architecture with 23-20-1 configuration to predict the cell concentration of microalga Chlorella vulgaris at a given time. Irradiance level, photoperiod, temperature, air flow rate, CO2 percentage of the air stream, initial cell concentration, cultivation time and the nutrient concentrations of the media were considered as the input variables of the model. Resilient backpropagation learning algorithm was used to train the model by means of 484 experimental data belonging to four studies. Bias and accuracy factors of the developed model fall into the range of 0.95–1.11 indicating the model has an excellent prediction ability. Parity plot showed a good agreement between the predicted and experimental values with R2 = 0.98. Relative importance of the inputs was evaluated using Garson’s algorithm. The results of the study indicated that CO2 supply had the highest impact on the growth of C. vulgaris within the selected range of input parameters. Among macronutrients and micronutrients, highest influence was demonstrated by nitrogen and copper respectively.

Continuous biogas production from sugarcane as sole substrate

A German–Brazilian research project investigates sugarcane as an energy plant in anaerobic digestion for biogas production. The aim of the project is a continuous, efficient, and stable biogas process with sugarcane as the substrate. Tests are carried out in a fermenter with a volume of 10 l.In order to optimize the space–time load to achieve a stable process, a continuous process in laboratory scale has been devised. The daily feed in quantity and the harvest time of the substrate sugarcane has been varied. Analyses of the digester content were conducted twice per week to monitor the process: The ratio of inorganic carbon content to volatile organic acid content (VFA/TAC), the concentration of short-chain fatty acids, the organic dry matter, the pH value, and the total nitrogen, phosphate, and ammonium concentrations were monitored. In addition, the gas quality (the percentages of CO2, CH4, and H2) and the quantity of the produced gas were analyzed.The investigations have exhibited feasible and economical production of biogas in a continuous process with energy cane as substrate. With a daily feeding rate of 1.68 gVS /l*d the average specific gas formation rate was 0.5 m3/kgVS. The long-term study demonstrates a surprisingly fast metabolism of short-chain fatty acids. This indicates a stable and less susceptible process compared to other substrates.

Carbon dioxide EGR and sequestration in mature and immature shale: Adsorption study

Recently, CO2 sequestration in different shale formations has become an attractive option owing to the abundance of shale basins. However, these formations have different maturity levels and contain a variety of minerals such as carbonates and clays. The amount of CO2 in shale formations is related to the adsorption capacity of these rocks. In this work, adsorption of CH4 and CO2 on three different shales (mature and immature) is studied at different temperatures (50 °C–150 °C). Increasing the percentage of CO2 in the gas mixture raised the adsorption capacity. The different shale samples behave differently at different temperatures. Two of the investigated shale samples (low and moderate total organic carbon (TOC)) showed an endothermic response from 50 °C to 100 °C with a tremendous increase in the adsorption capacity followed by an exothermic response and significant reduction in the capacity at 150 °C. The third sample, which had the highest TOC, had no CH4 adsorption at 50 °C but showed an endothermic response at high temperature with a significant increase in CH4 adsorption. This temperature dependent adsorption behavior is linked to thermally induced alterations in the crystallinity of clay minerals and the organic material. The thermodynamic analysis reveals that the investigated shales have a high affinity to CO2, while adsorption entropy and enthalpy were less compared to CH4. The adsorption isotherms reveal that adsorption of CH4 and CO2 on the shale best modeled by Freundlich isotherm due to surface heterogeneity of the shale and by BET isotherms due to pore filling at high pressure values.