Percentage Of Carbon Research Articles

Pedological features of a sustainable halophyte wetland: El Hito saline pond (Central Spain)

AbstractIn semi‐arid Mediterranean regions, particularly in some wetland soils, salinity is thought to be an indicator of low‐quality soils. In this study, a characterization is presented of the soils surrounding El Hito saline pond (Castilla La Mancha, Central Spain), an ecological halophyte niche within a natural semi‐arid steppe land. The main aim is to classify the salt‐affected soils and their morphology, genesis, and physico‐chemical properties. Four soil profiles were opened with a backhoe machine for sampling and subsequent description on the basis of their pedogenetic morphology. Systematic surface sampling was also performed. Standard methods were followed to measure the soil properties of 27 samples. Overall electrical conductivity (EC) and pH levels of the wetland were mapped (using ArcGIS 3.1.3). Soil salinity at elevated levels was detected, inhibiting plant uptake of water and nutrients. Distinct sub‐areas of extreme elevated surface salinity providing specialized plant habitats and poor soil structure were observed, as well as a mainly whitened‐yellowish‐greenish soil colour due to salt accumulation and poor drainage. The soils also showed alkaline pH values. In most samples, the pH was over 8.5, and EC was higher than 4 (dS m−1), and in several samples higher than 20 (dS m−1). A low sodium (Na) content was detected in the saturation extract where magnesium (Mg+) was the dominant soluble cation, followed by both calcium (Ca+) and sodium (Na+), and then potassium (K+), present in lower proportions. Sulphate (SO42−) and then chloride (Cl−) anions were dominant, although carbon trioxide, (CO3−) and carbonate (CO32−) anions were also present. The percentages of organic carbon (C) were very low, while total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus (P) were higher in the upper horizons, suggesting a degree of eutrophication. The present work will increase the existing knowledge about the role of El Hito saline pond, that play a vital ecological role in the broader biosphere, providing new suggestions to readers on how this knowledge can be used to improve these types of ecosystems. In particular, the agricultural pesticides and fertilizers continuously damage the soil fertility as evidenced by the high content of soluble phosphorus found in some points of the Hito saline pond.

Greenhouse gas fluxes of microbial‐induced calcite precipitation at varying urea‐to‐calcium concentrations

AbstractMicrobial‐induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is regarded as environmentally friendly, partly due to the storage of carbon as carbonates. Although CO2 emissions during MICP have been reported, quantification of its environmental impact regarding total greenhouse gas fluxes has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In particular, N2O fluxes could occur in addition to CO2 since MICP involves the microbially mediated nitrogen cycle. This study investigated the greenhouse gas fluxes during biostimulation of MICP in quartz sand in incubation experiments. Soil samples were treated with MICP cementation solution containing calcium concentrations of 0, 20, 100 and 200 mM at a fixed urea concentration of 100 mM to offer a range of carbonation potential and/or mitigation of CO2 emissions. Greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4 and N2O) measurements were determined by gas chromatography during incubations. Soil total inorganic carbon and the isotopic composition of precipitated and emitted CO2 were determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. CO2 emissions (0.52 to 4.08 μg of CO2–C h−1 g−1 soil) resulted from MICP, while N2O and CH4 fluxes were not detected. Increasing Ca2+ with respect to urea resulted in lower CO2 emissions, lower solution pH, similar carbonate precipitation and urea hydrolysis inhibition. The highest urea‐to‐calcium ratio (1:0.2) emitted roughly two times the amount of CO2 (112 μg of CO2–C g−1 soil) compared to the 1:1 and 1:2 ratios (47 to 58 μg of CO2–C g−1 soil) and five to six times more than samples that did not receive Ca2+ (1:0) (~18 μg of CO2–C g−1 soil). Precipitated CaCO3–C was tenfold higher than cumulative emitted CO2–C, and isotopic analysis indicated both emitted and precipitated carbon were of urea origin. Both emitted and precipitated carbon accounted for a very low percentage of total carbon applied in the system (<0.35 and <4.5%, respectively), presumably due to limited urea hydrolysis which was negatively affected by increasing the Ca2+ concentration.

Black soldier fly larvae mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from domestic biodegradable waste by recycling carbon and nitrogen and reconstructing microbial communities.

Black soldier fly larvae have been proven to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the treatment of organic waste. However, the microbial mechanisms involved have not been fully understood. The current study mainly examined the dynamic changes of carbon and nitrogen, greenhouse gas emissions, the succession of microbial community structure, and changes in functional gene abundance in organic waste under larvae treatment and non-aeration composting. Thirty percent carbon and 55% nitrogen in the organic waste supplied were stored in larvae biomass. Compared to the non-aeration composting, the larvae bioreactor reduced the proportion of carbon and nitrogen converted into greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O decreased by 62%, 87%, and 95%, respectively). 16S rRNA sequencing analysis indicated that the larvae bioreactor increased the relative abundance of Methanophaga, Marinobacter, and Campylobacter during the bioprocess, enhancing the consumption of CH4 and N2O. The metagenomic data showed that the intervention of larvae reduced the ratio of (nirK + nirS + nor)/nosZ in the residues, thereby reducing the emission of N2O. Larvae also increased the functional gene abundance of nirA, nirB, nirD, and nrfA in the residues, making nitrite more inclined to be reduced to ammonia instead of N2O. The larvae bioreactor mitigated greenhouse gas emissions by redistributing carbon and nitrogen and remodeling microbiomes during waste bioconversion, giving related enterprises a relative advantage in carbon trading.

Two step synthesis and application of porous carbon for removal of copper (II) from wastewater: Statistical optimization and equilibrium isotherm analysis

In this study, activated carbon (ACs) adsorbent was synthesized using the lignocellulosic waste (LCB) seed from Adansonia digitata L. (BSP) using two steps of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) followed by activation. The hydrothermally produced char of BSP was activated to produce porous activated carbon BSPAC, where K2CO3 was used as a chemical activating agent. Box Behnken Design was used to optimize the input variables of pyrolysis temperature (A1), residence time (B1), and ratio (C1) for the pyrolysis process. Removal percentage (β1), percentage carbon yield (β2), and fixed carbon (β3) percentage were chosen as output responses. The analysis of variance was utilized to generate appropriate mathematical models with subsequent statistical analysis. Physiochemical characterizations were carried out for the hydrothermally carbonized sample (BSPC) and the optimized activated sample (BSPAC). Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models were employed to estimate the isotherm model parameters. The results demonstrated that HTC with subsequent mild activation using K2CO3 can be considered as a greener route to obtain better-quality porous carbon having surface area of 599 m2/gm for removal of Cu(II) cations from wastewater.

Salty chemical cocktails as water quality signatures: Longitudinal trends and breakpoints along different U.S. streams

Along urban streams and rivers, various processes, including road salt application, sewage leaks, and weathering of the built environment, contribute to novel chemical cocktails made up of metals, salts, nutrients, and organic matter. In order to track the impacts of urbanization and management strategies on water quality, we conducted longitudinal stream synoptic (LSS) monitoring in nine watersheds in five major metropolitan areas of the U.S. During each LSS monitoring survey, 10–53 sites were sampled along the flowpath of streams as they flowed along rural to urban gradients. Results demonstrated that major ions derived from salts (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) and correlated elements (e.g. Sr2+, N, Cu) formed ‘salty chemical cocktails’ that increased along rural to urban flowpaths. Salty chemical cocktails explained 46.1% of the overall variability in geochemistry among streams and showed distinct typologies, trends, and transitions along flowpaths through metropolitan regions. Multiple linear regression predicted 62.9% of the variance in the salty chemical cocktails using the six following significant drivers (p < 0.05): percent urban land, wastewater treatment plant discharge, mean annual precipitation, percent silicic residual material, percent volcanic material, and percent carbonate residual material. Mean annual precipitation and percent urban area were the most important in the regression, explaining 29.6% and 13.0% of the variance. Different pollution sources (wastewater, road salt, urban runoff) in streams were tracked downstream based on salty chemical cocktails. Streams flowing through stream-floodplain restoration projects and conservation areas with extensive riparian forest buffers did not show longitudinal increases in salty chemical cocktails, suggesting that there could be attenuation via conservation and restoration. Salinization represents a common urban water quality signature and longitudinal patterns of distinct chemical cocktails and ionic mixtures have the potential to track the sources, fate, and transport of different point and nonpoint pollution sources along streams across different regions.

Novel third order nonlinear optical stilbazolium crystal replaced with 3-methoxy benzaldehyde as donor for optical device applications

A novel organic nonlinear optical stilbazolium group single crystal of 1-methyl-2-[2-(3-methoxystyryl)]-pyridinium iodide (subsequently referred to as MSMI) was grown by the solution growth technique using the method of slow evaporation at ambient temperature. The Single-crystal XRD investigation indicates that the MSMI crystal belongs to a monoclinic crystal system with a centrosymmetric space group. CHN elemental analyser confirms the weight percentage of carbon (C = 51.00 %) hydrogen (H = 4.55 %) and nitrogen (N = 3.94 %) in the MSMI crystal structure. The presence of 16 hydrogen atoms and 15 carbon atoms in the MSMI was affirmed by the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) studies confirmed the fundamental vibrations for different functional groups found in the MSMI crystal. The Hirsfeld surface analysis figured out the hydrogen bond interaction and π…π interaction which supports the stability of the crystal structure. The crystal is found to exhibit transmittance of wavelength above 400 nm and has a band gap of 3.05 eV ascertained from UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopic analysis. Photoluminescence (PL) studies reveal that the title crystal has an emission wavelength of 572 nm. The surface characteristics of the title crystal were examined by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and etching studies. The value of Meyer's number is n = 1.8 which is determined by the Vickers microhardness studies. The value of the third-order nonlinear refractive index (n2) is 4.662×10−8 cm2/W, the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) is 1.305×10−3 cm/W, nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) is 9.297×10−5 esu and the optical limiting threshold is 11.43 J/cm2 was ascertained form the Z-scan technique. The results indicate that the MSMI crystal is a potential optical limiter and has promising applications in nonlinear optical devices.

Integration of sequential electrocoagulation and adsorption for effective removal of colour and total organic carbon in textile effluents and its utilization for seed germination and irrigation.

Textile effluent discharge can negatively impact the environment and living organisms due to its potential toxicity, higher percentages of total organic carbon (TOC) contents, and so on. The study investigates the extraordinary performance of the electrocoagulation process (ECP) combined with powdered activated carbon (PAC) as a highly effective and environmental friendly method of treating textile effluents. This scientific work mainly includes the focus on removing toxic components in textile effluents, such as high concentrations of colour and TOC using synthesized PAC derived from coconut shells coupled with the ECP (ECP-PAC). Initially, PAC was characterized by using XRD, Raman, BET, FTIR, and TGA studies. Subsequently, the pilot-scale ECP-PAC batch reactor was constructed with iron (Fe) as an anode and copper (Cu) as a cathode. The pilot-scale ECP-PAC batch reactor has achieved higher treatment efficiency in a shorter reaction time with low energy consumption compared to a stand-alone ECP. Further, the optimum conditions for effective ECP-PAC have been optimized, such as pH 7.5, applied current density (0-50mA/cm2), reaction time (0-30min), electrode combinations (Fe-Cu) with electrode distances of 5cm apart, and an optimum dose of 5g/L of PAC. Specifically, 98% of the colour and 96% of the TOC contents present in the industrial textile effluent were treated in 15 and 30min, respectively. In quantitative perspectives, the developed batch reactor has sharply decreased TOC (324.1mg/L), IC (1410mg/L) and TC (1019mg/L) to 13.55mg/L (96%), 31.49mg/L (97%), and 48.05mg/L (95%), respectively, in 30min demonstrating its sensitivity and selectivity with the utmost care. Moreover, the physicochemical properties of the treated water were convincingly assessed. That is, it remains suitable for the seed germination of mung bean and chlorophyll content study. Thus, the developed methodology could effectively reduce freshwater consumption in the agricultural sector, increase freshwater availability in water-scarce regions, and facilitate the increase of the recharging capacity of groundwater tables.

Statistical Analysis of Operational Carbon for Different Building Types in the UAE

The building sector contributes significantly to the greenhouse effect, generating significant carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions throughout the life cycle of buildings. Traditional methods for assessing emissions, such as software evaluation and site inspection, are time-consuming and do not adequately account for variability and uncertainty in emission data. This research aims to investigate and analyze the statistical characteristics of the operational carbon produced from different types of buildings in the context of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The investigation focused on residential, commercial and educational buildings and their heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) systems, walls and window systems. All scenarios were statistically evaluated through linear-regression analysis, correlation analysis, Probability Mass Functions (PMFs) and Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDFs). The results of linear-regression analysis revealed an average accuracy (R2 ) of 0.958. The results of correlation analysis indicated that upgrading the HVAC system in residential and commercial buildings reduced the operational carbon, while in educational buildings, upgrading the window systems reduced the operational carbon. Finally, the PMF and CDF analyses indicated that upgrading the HVAC system in residential and commercial buildings was the optimal option, which reduced the carbon percentage by 28.56% and 28.48%, respectively. However, upgrading the window system was the optimal option for educational buildings, reducing the carbon percentage by 75.80%. Keywords: Operational carbon, Linear regression, Correlation analysis, Probability mass functions, Cumulative distribution functions.

Predicting a Higher Heating Value for Torrefied Kesambi Leaf Biobriquettes through Ultimate Analysis

The escalating global pursuit of sustainable energy solutions has led to the emergence of biomass-derived fuels, such as biobriquettes, as feasible substitutes for traditional fossil fuels. Kesambi leaves, which are abundant in Southeast Asia and boast a high calorific value, represent a promising prospect for the production of biobriquettes. In this investigation, a conclusive analytical method is employed to construct a predictive framework for estimating the Higher Heating Value (HHV) of torrefied kesambi leaf biobriquettes. By incorporating ash content (PS), volatile matter (BR), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) percentages, alongside experimental HHV data, through multiple linear regression and elemental composition data acquired from proximal analysis, the model aims to forecast HHV. The model’s modest positive Mean Bias Error (MBE) and satisfactory Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) suggest a good fit. The substantial R-squared value indicates the model’s capability to adeptly capture HHV variability. Ultimately, this approach grounded in fundamental principles contributes significantly to the sustainable exploitation of biomass resources by providing a pragmatic and effective technique for predicting HHV for kesambi leaf biobriquettes.

Enhancing energy recovery from Wastewater Treatment Plant sludge through carbonization

The Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) uses a dewatering machine to separate sludge from water. The resulting sludge is used as raw material for Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), while the separated water is treated in the subsequent WWTP unit. However, the sludge from the WWTP is currently only processed into briquettes as per policy and then disposed of in landfills. Our investigation centers on the effects of carbonization temperature on sludge characteristics in a dewatering unit. Initial analysis revealed that 1-day-old sludge possesses a high moisture content (87.72 %) and a low calorific value (3.44 MJ/kg). Carbonization at 300 °C significantly enhanced the sludge's calorific value to 12,504 MJ/kg, reduced its moisture content to 60.72 %, and increased its carbon percentage to 22.76 %, indicating a direct correlation between carbonization temperature and both energy recovery and carbon content. Comparative analysis showed sludge carbonized at lower temperatures (200 °C and 100 °C) yielded lower carbon percentages (22.23 % and 21.66 %, respectively) and energy values, underscoring the efficiency of higher temperature carbonization in optimizing energy recovery.. This research contributes to developing sustainable organic waste recycling practices and supports achieving Sustainable Development Goals 11 and 12 targets. This research promotes sustainable development by improving sludge utilization from WWTPs as a raw material for energy production rather than being directly disposed of in landfills. This study provides insight into the potential for energy recovery from organic waste, technology, and policy's role in achieving a circular economy.

Total Organic Carbon Percentage and Texture of Sediments in Tigris River

Total organic carbon has a significant impact on both chemical and biological processes occurring in sediments, while sediments texture refers to the size of the particles that make up the soil. Sediments samples were collected from four stations along the southern part of the Tigris River seasonally (two months per season) during the period August, 2022 to July, 2023) to measure the TOC% and determine the sediments texture. Results show that the highest percentage of total organic carbon (1.21%) was recorded in the first station in the Al-Majar station during the summer season. Also, the lowest total organic carbon value was recorded in the first station in the Al-Majar (0.18%) during the autumn season.The study showed the presence of small amounts of clay and starting from the Al-Majar and rising down to Qurna, while the silt increases in the same direction, and it has been observed that there is a significant rise in the amount of sand from the first station and gradually decreases as we head towards the Qurna in Basra, which may be due to human activity or because of mud deposits that increase towards the south.

Impact of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Combinations on Growth, Yield, and Soil Carbon in in Oil Palm Cultivation at Talgaswella Estate, Sri Lanka

The success of oil palm cultivation hinges on factors such as planting material quality, management practices, and the availability of essential macro and micro-nutrients. Insufficient nutrient supply adversely impacts both vegetative growth and the ultimate yield in terms of quantity and quality. To address this issue, an experiment was conducted at Talgaswella Estate, belonging to Elpitiya Plantations PLC., situated in the Low Country Wet Zone (LCWZ) of Sri Lanka. The objective was to enhance the productivity and profitability of marginal oil palm lands. A ten-year-old oil palm field was chosen as the experimental site, employing a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eleven treatments and three replicates, including an absolute control. Each trial plot consisted of six palm trees, totaling 198 trees in the experiment. Treatments involved varying combinations of Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB), Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), and Poultry Litter (PL), with and without chemical fertilizer. Soil, plant, and yield parameters were measured, and the data were analyzed using the Minitab statistical tool. After three years, results indicated that 100% organic fertilizer-received plots (T11) and 100% chemical fertilizer-treated plots (T2) exhibited significant increases in average fresh fruit bunch weight (22.81 Kg and 21.82 Kg), soil organic carbon percentage (3.00 and 2.23), and leaf chlorophyll content (78.79 and 75.07) of the 17th frond compared to T11 and T2 treated plots. Intermediate results were observed in the remaining fertilizer combined plots (T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10). The findings suggest that the use of organic fertilizer in marginal oil palm lands not only improves crop and soil factors but also contributes to environmental sustainability through the recycling of oil palm waste products. It is recommended to periodically apply organic fertilizer, especially on marginal oil palm lands, to enhance overall crop productivity and land sustainability.

Geochemical, mineralogical records, and statistical approaches in establishing sedimentary in the environment of a Mediterranean coastal system: case of Sebkha El-Guettiate (southeastern Tunisia).

The current study was conducted within the context of the Holocene era in Sebkha El-Guettiate, located in southeastern Tunisia. The aim was to determine the factors influencing the geochemical and mineralogical composition of sediments and to elucidate the sedimentary characteristics of the Holocene within the Sebkha core. We examined a sediment core extending 100cm from this Sebkha, subjecting it to comprehensive analysis to uncover its sedimentological, mineralogical, and geochemical properties. Several techniques were employed to strengthen and validate the connections between geochemical and mineralogical analyses, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, among others. Furthermore, statistical analyses utilizing principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to the results of the geochemical and mineralogical studies, aiding in the identification of patterns and relationships. A comprehensive mineralogical assessment of the core's sediments revealed the presence and interpretation of carbonate minerals, evaporite minerals, and detrital minerals. Through the application of infrared (IR) spectrometer techniques to all sediment samples, we gained insight into the mineralogical components and the distribution of key elements such as quartz, kaolinite, calcite, feldspar, and organic carbon. The geochemical composition demonstrated a clear dominance of silica (SiO2), accompanied by fluctuations in carbonate percentages (CaCO3). The prominent major elements, primarily magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) originating from dolomitization, sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) from halite, and calcium (Ca) from gypsum, exhibited varying levels. Results from Rock-Eval 6 pyrolysis indicated that the organic matter within the sediments is generally a mixture of terrestrial and aquatic origins. This study provides practical information that underscores the diverse origins contributing to Sebkha sediment formation, often influenced by saline systems.

Hydrothermal carbonization of organic waste using faecal sludge as a water source: Response surface methodology-Box Behnken design

In this research, organic waste was subjected to hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) using faecal sludge as the water source. HTC is a sustainable method for converting organic waste into valuable hydrochar. However, the use of portable water as a reaction medium in HTC is environmentally unsustainable and increases operational costs. The aim of this study was to optimize HTC operating parameters such as residence time, temperature, and biomass to water (BTW) ratio for maximizing both higher heating value (HHV) and hydrochar yield and also to determine the effects of these operating parameters on the hydrochar properties. This study utilized a Box Behnken design within the response surface methodology to identify optimal HTC conditions. Temperature was varied between 180 and 250 °C, residence time between 30 min and 120 min, and BTW ratio between 1 and 10. Volatile matter percentage was reduced in the hydrochar compared to that of the feedstock. A progressive rise in carbon percentage and a decline in oxygen percentage were observed with increasing temperatures. Temperature and residence time were the most significant factors affecting HHV, on the other hand, temperature and BTW ratio were the most significant factors that affected hydrochar yield. Numerical optimization of the factors revealed that a maximum HHV of 28.409 MJ/kg was obtained at 250 °C, 116 min, and a 1:9 BTW ratio, while an ideal hydrochar yield of 57.491% was obtained at 242 °C, 95 min and a BTW ratio of 1:9. This study highlights the environmental sustainability of utilizing faecal sludge as a water source in HTC, presenting a promising possibility for transforming organic waste into valuable hydrochar while addressing concerns related to water use.

Palynological, palynofaciological and organic geochemistry analysis of oligocene microclastics sediments from the tremembé formation - São Paulo State, Brazil

Samples of outcrops from the mining companies Extrativa Santa Fé Ltda and Aligra - Indústria e Comércio de Argila Ltda provided the base material for this investigation into palynological, palynofaciological and organic geochemistry analyses of the Taubaté Basin, São Paulo State. The sediments belong to the Tremembé Formation and comprise microclastic rocks. The Tremembé Formation is known for its rich fossil record and clay mineral content, widely used as raw material for various industrial processes. The generating potential of the sediments was evaluated through qualitative and quantitative analyses of organic content, percentage of total organic carbon (TOC), and Rock-Eval pyrolysis.Furthermore, using transmitted light optical microscopy, observation of the palynological content allowed the identification of characteristic species in terms of age and thermal maturation through the Spore Color Index (SCI) and depositional paleoenvironment.Palynofacies were individualized via reflected light optical microscopy, and together with Rock-Eval pyrolysis data, the quality and type of kerogen were determined. The organic content of the two mining companies shows a predominance of amorphous, globose, and dispersed organic matter of lacustrine origin. Moreover, it is composed mainly of the genera Botryococcus and Pediastrum algae. Palynological associations allowed the section to be temporally positioned in the Oligocene.The abundance of bisaccate pollen grains attributable to conifers, represented mainly by the species Podocarpidites marwickii and Dacrydiumites florinii, combined with the presence of spores, suggests a temperate paleoclimate with humid niche conditions. The pyrolysis results and microscopic observation of the organic content in fluorescence mode show that deposition occurred under anoxic conditions, allowing better preservation of organic matter with high potential for generating hydrocarbons.

The study of soil organic carbon rate in Gunungsewu Karst Area, Pracimantoro District

Karst landscape has a notable role in carbon cycles. The role isn’t merely through the karstification (solutional) process but also on soil since Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) is the biggest terrestrial organic carbon stock. The purpose of this research was to discover characteristic and calculate organic carbon within rainfed paddy, dry land seasonal crops, shrubland, and homogenic forest in Gunungsewu Karst, Pracimantoro District. The soil sampling method was determined by purposive, then computed through a laboratory test to figure out the soil texture, permeability, bulk density, particle density, porosity, and organic carbon percentage. C-organic assessment refers to the calculation by National Standardization Agency. Permeability is the obvious parameter that was discovered. Soil permeability in the agricultural land uses has a higher value than in non-agriculture land uses. This matter is caused by soil tillage as a human agriculture activity. The result of the SOC assessment is that non-agriculture land use has a higher rate than agriculture land use. SOC within the homogenic forest was the highest rate (30,03 tonnes ha-1), and the dry land seasonal crops was the lowest rate (18,9 tonnes ha-1), whereas the rainfed paddy and shrubland, respectively 21,63 tonnes ha-1 and 23,62 tonnes ha-1. It caused by the litter on the agriculture land use was slightly than the litter that piled up on the non-agriculture land use because the land was tillage and cleaned as an agriculture activity. Research like this should be undertaken in order to gain information about soil or karst roles within carbon cycles as a mitigation to climate change.

Polyacrylonitrile-based carbon nanofiber electrode fabricated via electrospun for supercapacitor application

The versatile properties of electrospun carbon nanofibers gaining attention for electrode materials for supercapacitors. The heat treatment process of stabilization played an important role before the carbonization process in electrode fabrication. In the present study, electrospun stabilized polyacrylonitrile nanofiber (St PAN) and carbonized Polyacrylonitrile nanofiber (CNF) at minimum temperature were used as active mass for supercapacitor electrodes. Stabilized CNF nanofiber sample showed a reduction in nanofiber diameter with increased carbon percentage. XRD results showed increased crystallinity in the CNF sample as compared with the Stabilized PAN sample. Electrochemical characterization was performed to measure specific capacitance and to analyze the charge storage mechanism. The proportion of capacitive and diffusion-controlled contributions to energy storage was estimated using Dunn’s model. The results obtained demonstrated that, in comparison to the St PAN electrode, the CNF electrode exhibited a greater capacitive-controlled contribution. The CNF sample has shown an increased capacitive contribution of 82.3% as compared with the St PAN sample. This work provides a method for making electrospun carbon nanofiber-based electrodes as well as a methodical methodology for examining the charge storage process.

Determination of Carbonate and Bicarbonate in Specific Samples of Trona Deposit

Trona is one of the natural forms of sodium carbonate minerals, it is well known as (sesquicarbonate) or (trona) and is known in Arabic as (natron) or (atrun). The possibility of determining some constituents of trona ore was studied, using the methods of purification, separation, titration gravimetric analysis and calcination. The aim of this study is to determine the major chemical Constitutes of three types of trona from different locations in Sudan, A chemical analysis has been carried out on these samples to determine their major constituents, and their quantities, using different analytical techniques. From the results obtained, it was found that the percentage of carbonate and bicarbonate for Northen, Westen, and Southern Darfour, were (35.52%: 18.19%), (25.87%: 12.20%) and (16.82%: 6.24%) respectively. These results suggest that the use of trona deposits for soda ash production is promising and important. We can recommend the use of trona as a source for the production of sodium carbonate.

Demineralization of fine and ultrafine coal particles of Talcher area by oil agglomeration technique

ABSTRACT The costs of fine coal cleaning cannot surpass the fetched recuperation within the included clean coal to be financially practical. In this present study, percentage of ash and yield of the agglomerated coal, Percentage of OMR (Organic matter recovery) and AR (Ash rejection) have been calculated for the coal slurry of size ranges from 0.07 mm to 0.3 mm. The result of the three parameters (ash, yield, and fixed carbon) were calculated by varying particle size, type of oil (sunflower oil, castor oil, and kerosene oil), amount of oil doses and the speed of the impeller. The results show an increase in value of fixed carbon percentage, decrease in the value of ash percentage of the agglomerated recovered clean coal. But the value of yield and quality of the recovered clean coals are almost around 10% and more than 95% and also are independent of the agitation speed of the impeller. The estimated values of ash rejection by the proposed techniques were between 97% and 99% with an increase in the calorific value of 88%. which is a promising technique and can be applied for the pilot scale unit.

In vitro studies the influence of Nd: YAG laser on dental enamels.

The present work aimed at assessing chemical, topographical, and morphological changes induced by Nd : YAG laser treatment of dental enamels by means of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fifteen human enamel specimens were obtained, three of samples were kept untreated as a control while the others twelve samples were equally divided into four groups where each group have a three samples according to treating approach as: G1:(untreated);G2: (treated with Nd:YAG laser, 100mJ/pulse,10Hz/1064nm); G3(treated with Nd:YAG laser, 500mJ/pulse, 10Hz/1064nm); G4(treated with Nd:YAG laser 1000mJ/pulse, 10Hz/1064nm), and finally G5(treated with Nd:YAG laser, 1000mJ/pulse, 10Hz/532nm) respectively. Beside many craters and cracks, the AFM results showed fractures with depths of 19.23nm, 174.7nm, 216.9nm, 207.4nm and 156.5nm and width of 559.2nm, 833.4nm, 1115nm, 695.0nm, and 5142nm for all Groups respectively. The highest surface roughness was found in G5 with 111.4nm while the lowest surface roughness was found in G1 to be 14.3nm. The inside surface of the fissures was also rough. The SEM micrographs revealed modifications to the morphology. EDS was used to measure the phosphorous (P), calcium (Ca), oxygen (O), and carbon (C) percentages presented in crater areas and their surroundings, Ca, P, O, and C levels were observed to vary significantly at the crater and its rim, a lower percentage of C wt% were realized corresponding to laser treatment of 1000mJ/Pulse laser energy. However, it was not feasible to recognize a specific chemical arrangement in the craters. It is also concluded that the higher depth and particular edge of ablated part when teeth were irradiated by laser with 1000mJ/10Hz/1064nm.