Percentage Of Butanol Research Articles

Использование бутанола в дизелях в качестве моторного топлива

The article presents the results of computer modeling and experimental research of the effect of butanol content in the fuel on the specific power, fuel-economic and environmental performance of 4ЧН 11/12.5 (4ChN 11/12.5) diesel engine at various cycle fuel supplies and exhaust gas recirculation rates. The research has been carried out at crankshaft speeds of 1,000, 1,200, 1,400, 1,600, 1,800, 2,000 and 2,200 rpm with 25, 50, 75 and 100 % load. Fuels with butanol content of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 % by volume have been investigated. The computer model of the diesel working process has been developed that takes into account the physical and chemical properties of the fuel, the characteristics of the fuel flow in the nozzle tip and the development of fuel sprays in the combustion chamber. Based on the results of computer modeling, dependencies have been determined that make it possible to assess the effect of the percentage of butanol in mixed fuel on the mean indicator pressure, specific fuel consumption, indicator efficiency, emissions of nitrogen oxides and dynamic indicators of the combustion process when choosing the composition of mixed butanol-containing fuel. Based on the conducted research, the following composition of mixed fuel has been selected: 85 % diesel fuel and 15 % butanol. Comparative tests of the diesel engine have been carried out when working on the external speed characteristic on diesel fuel and its mixture with 15 % butanol. It is obtained that when using mixed fuel, the character of the power change remains unchanged, the exhaust smoke decreases, nitrogen oxides emissions decrease at crankshaft speeds of 1,400, 1,600, 1,800, and 2,200 rpm, and the effective engine efficiency remains practically unchanged.

Brake spesific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiensy, dan emisi gas buang mesin bensin EFI dengan sistem EGR berbahan bakar premium dan butanol

The increase in vehicle volume causes an increase in the use of gasoline fuel and air pollution. Therefore, alternative fuels such as butanol are one of the solutions to overcome this problem. Butanol has a high octane value and oxygen content so that the combustion process is more perfect and reduces exhaust emissions. The use of butanol is expected to improve engine performance and reduce exhaust emissions. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of butanol on gasoline engines with the EGR system on Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), and exhaust emissions. Testing uses a Toyota Kijang 7K gasoline engine with an EFI fuel system. The percentage of butanol used is 5%, 10%, 15% in the condition without EGR, hot EGR, and cold EGR. The test is carried out at a fixed engine rotation speed of 2500 rpm. Retrieval of engine performance data using a dynamometer while the exhaust emissions using the GA analyzer. The test results showed the addition of butanol increased the BSFC value by 0.9% and BTE by 2%. However, a decrease occurred in CO emissions by 74.2% and HC by 33.6% compared to pure premium. The use of hot EGR decreased BSFC by 19.3% and BTE by 23.9%. The highest CO emissions were 3.23% while the highest HC emissions of 259 ppm occurred in the use of cold EGR. Keywords : butanol, EGR, BSFC, BTE, exhaust gas emissions

Application of MRSN ratio and Taguchi parametric design in optimization of parameters of DI CI engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel-higher alcohol blends

In this work an effort was made to optimize the design and fuel factors of a direct injection compression ignition engine for lowering the NOx and smoke emission and improving its performance. Four design factors (piston geometry, injection timing, injection pressure and percentage EGR) and four fuel factors (percentage of biodiesel/diesel blend, percentage of butanol, pentanol and propanol) were under examination with three levels (except piston geometry) to study their effect on NOx, smoke and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). Test matrix obtained by following Taguchi Orthoganol array was tested and the results were processed through signal to noise ratio and Taguchi parametric design. From the analysis best combination of factor levels and the best stimulating factor for NOx, smoke and BTE was obtained. It was inferred that the contribution of percentage of biodiesel in the diesel/biodiesel blend and percentage of EGR were marginal when compared to other factors tested in the investigation. Among the higher alcohols tested, propanol has least impact on NOx, smoke and BTE.

Effect of Butanol Addition to Neem Biodiesel-Diesel Blend on Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine

The effect of butanol addition in biodiesel-diesel blend to ascertain the emission characteristics of diesel engine was investigated. Experiments were carried out on a four-stroke, single cylinder, air-cooled compression ignition engine. A blend of neem biodiesel 20% and diesel fuel 80% was prepared and labelled as B20. Butanol was then added to B20 blend at volume percent of 5%, 10% and 15% which was labelled as B20Bu5, B20Bu10 and B20Bu15 respectively. These samples were tested on the engine at two conditions: firstly, when speed was constant (2600 rpm) with varying torque of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 11 Nm, and secondly when torque was constant (4 Nm) with varying speed of 2000, 2200, 2400 and 2600 rpm. Exhaust gas analyzer was used to measure exhaust emissions such as nitric oxide (NO), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburnt hydrocarbon (HC). The result shows that B20 blend has the highest amount of NO emission at all engine loads. At varying speed B20 blend was found to have NO emission of 303.8 ppm on average but the addition of butanol to B20 blend significantly reduced the amount of NO emission by 16%. NO emission reduced much with more percentage of butanol in the blend. In regards to CO2 emission, it was found that blends containing butanol emits higher amount of CO2 than B20 blend. However, CO2 emission decreased as percentage of butanol in the blend increase. At constant speed B20 blend increases CO emission more than blends containing butanol while at varying speed the result shows very insignificant difference. It was also revealed that blends containing butanol releases higher HC emissions than B20 blend across all engine speeds. At varying torque B20 blend emits higher HC than blends with butanol except for B20Bu15 which has 16.4 ppm on average. A regression equation was developed in order to predict the exhaust emissions at specific engine conditions using a particular fuel blend.
 Keywords: Butanol, neem-biodiesel-diesel, emissions and predictive equation

Pengaruh Penambahan Butanol Sebagai Campuran Bahan Bakar Premium Terhadap Torsi dan Daya Mesin Bensin Dengan Sistem EGR

Increased vehicle volume causes a high use of fossil fuels and increased exhaust emissions. Butanol is a renewable fuel that can replace fossil fuels. This is because butanol has better characteristics than gasoline such as high octane value and oxygen content. This results in a more complete combustion process in the combustion chamber so that engine torque and power increase. This study was to observe the effect of using butanol on torque and power in gasoline engines with the EGR system. This test is carried out using a constant engine speed of 2500 rpm. The percentage of butanol in premium fuel is 5%, 10% and 15% of the total fuel volume. The test results show that the addition of 5% butanol to premium fuel can increase torque by 4.88% using a cold EGR system. Engine power experienced the highest increase in the addition of 15% butanol using a cold EGR system of 15.6 kW.

Predictive correlations for NOx and smoke emission of DI CI engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel-higher alcohol blends-response surface methodology approach

This study explore the application of Taguchi design and Response surface methodology for optimizing the NOx and smoke emission of a diesel engine with minimum penalty in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). A single cylinder 4.4 kW Direct Injection stationary engine was used for the investigation. Eight parameters (percentage of Biodiesel, percentage of Butanol, percentage of propanol, percentage of pentanol, Piston Geometry, Retarded injection Timing, Injection pressure. Percentage EGR) which have significant effects on engine emissions and performance were selected as factors and NOx, smoke and BSFC were selected as variables for the present investigation. Three levels were chosen in each factor and tests were conducted with different levels of the chosen factors by selecting suitable orthogonal array. ANOVA was employed to obtain the most influencing factor for the chosen variables. Taguchi design was employed for screening the significant factors and optimal custom design under Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used for optimizing the level of the factors. A predictive correlation was developed for the chosen engine variables as a function of tested factors through regression analysis.

Effect of n-butanol/diesel blends on performance, emission, noise and vibration characteristics of a diesel engine generator

Simple diesel engine generators in general are noisy and pollute air. It is urgently needed to find alternative fuels applicable for new as well as old engines without structural modifications and along with keeping the environment clean. Diesel-alcohol blends could be such alternatives fuels. For that purpose, in this study tests were carried out using diesel fuel first then, were carried out using three of n-butanol/diesel blends on volume bases with n-butanol concentrations of 5, 10 and 15%, identified as nBu5, nBu10 and nBu15. The engine under study is a single cylinder, four stroke, air cooled diesel engine generator and the tests have been carried out at a fixed 3000 rpm and five different load conditions without any hardware modifications. Total noise, engine block vibration, NOx, HC, CO, BSFC, BTE and EGT have been observed of diesel and n-butanol/diesel blends. The following conclusions can be drawn with nbutanol/ diesel fuel blends against diesel fuel; (i) According to engine performance test results; a little higher specific fuel consumption was observed with corresponding slight increase of brake thermal efficiency and little lower exhaust gas temperatures. (ii) According to engine emission test results; the NOx was slightly reduced, this reduction being higher the higher the percentage of butanol in the blend. The CO emissions were reduced, on the contrary, HC emissions were increased, this increase being higher the higher the percentage of butanol in the blend. According to engine vibration and noise test results; Noise and vibration characteristics are somewhat better especially at lesser loads.

To Study the Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Butanol Blended Gasoline Fuel Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine

As our country has vast resources including molasses, bagasse, rice husk and wheat husk for production of butanol, utilization of butanol in spark ignition engine will enhance sustainability of energy sector. Butanol is a carbon neutral fuel and octane booster of gasoline. This study is aimed at study of performance and emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine for different butanol-gasoline blends. In the first phase, experimental work was conducted on the spark ignition engine with butanol which volume in gasoline was varied from 10% to 30%. The compression ratio of the engine was maintained as 6.5:1. CO and HC emissions decreased with increase the butanol content in gasoline. This is due to increase in oxygen %age in the fuel. However, NOx emission increased with higher percentage of butanol in gasoline blend. It is observed from this experimental study that latent heat of vaporization of butanol dominates the NOx at lower load resulting to lower NOx where as high temperature due to oxygen content of butanol influences at higher load that results in higher NOx emission. In the second phase, in order to improve the performance and emission reduction of the engine, its compression ratio was increased from 6.5:1 to 8.7:1 by modification of the engine cylinder head. The results indicate the beneficial of the higher compression ratio in terms of performance and all emissions except NOx emission. HC emissions decreased drastically from 115 ppm with B0 to 74 ppm with B20 and CO decreases from 7.62% for B0 to 4.4% for B20.NOx emission is lesser at lower load and conversely it is higher at higher load. It is vary from 107 ppm with zero load to 1013 ppm with B30 at 1500W load. The optimum value of butanol percentage in gasoline is chosen as based on NOx emission.

Effect of butanol on fuel consumption and smoke emission of direct injection diesel engine fueled by jatropha oil and diesel fuel blends with cold EGR system

Diesel engines are widely used in industry, automotive, power generation due to better reliability and higher efficiency. However, diesel engines produce high smoke emissions. The main problem of diesel engine is actually the use of fossil fuels as a source of energy whose availability is diminishing. Therefore alternative fuels for diesel fuels such as jatropha and butanol are needed to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. In this study, the effect of butanol usage on fuel consumption and smoke emissions of direct injection diesel engine fueled by jatropha oil and diesel fuel with cold EGR system was investigated. The percentage of butanol was in the range of 5 to 15%, jatropha oil was in the range of 10 to 30% and the balance was diesel fuel. Cold EGR was varied through valve openings from 0 to 100% with 25% intervals. The experimental data shows that the BSFC value increases with increasing percentage of butanol. In addition, the use of EGR results in a higher increase of BSFC than that without EGR. While the addition of butanol into a blend of jatropha oil and diesel fuel causes a decrease in smoke emissions. The results also informed that the use of EGR in the same fuel blend led to increased smoke emissions.

The influence of an aqueous-butanol plating bath on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of electrodeposited nickel coatings

The effects of higher concentrations (5 and 10%) of an organic modifier, butanol, added to an aqueous electroplating solution for nickel deposition have been studied. Nickel coatings were deposited on steel substrates from a modified all-sulfate bath with 5 and 10% additions of butanol under acidic conditions, while a modified pulse potential was applied. X-ray diffraction of the resulting nickel coatings showed a preferred (220) orientation for the crystal structure. The coatings were nanocrystalline with particle sizes between 16 and 35 nm as calculated from Williamson–Hall analysis. No cracking of the films was observed in the scanning electron microscopy images, even as the percentage of butanol increased, as typically is observed in other aqueous-organic baths. Corrosion resistance of the nickel coatings in a 3.5% sodium chloride solution was best for coatings deposited from plating solutions containing 5 and 10% butanol. E corr was shifted from −0.405 V for the nickel coating from the additive-free bath to −0.234 V for the nickel coating from the 5% butanol solution. EIS results indicated a twofold improvement in charge transfer resistance for nickel coatings deposited when butanol was used in the plating bath. The advantages of using higher percentages of organic modifiers like butanol to enable the use of non-electroactive particles for production of composite coatings are discussed.

Lignocellulosic Biobutanol as Fuel for Diesel Engines

Energy recovery of lignocellulosic waste material in the form of liquid fractions can yield alcohol-based fuels such as bioethanol or biobutanol. This study examined biobutanol derived from lignocellulosic material that was then used as an additive for diesel engines. Biobutanol was used in fuel mixtures with fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) obtained by esterification of animal fat (also a waste material) in the amounts of 10%, 30%, and 50% butanol. 100% diesel and 100% FAME were used as reference fuels. The evaluation concerned the fuel’s effect on the external speed characteristics, harmful exhaust emissions, and fuel consumption while using the Non-Road Steady Cycle test. When the percentage of butanol was increased, the torque and the power decreased and the brake specific fuel consumption increased. The main advantage of using biobutanol in fuel was its positive effect on reducing the fuel’s viscosity.

Effect of Butanol Blends on Nano Particle Emissions from a Stationary Conventional Diesel Engine

In this study, combustion characteristics and nano-size soot particle emissions from a stationary conventional diesel engine have been experimentally investigated using butanol/diesel blends. Experiments were conducted on a single cylinder stationary diesel engine at a constant speed of 1500 rpm for neat diesel and butanol/diesel blends (i.e., 10%, 20% and 30% butanol on volume basis) at different engine loads. Piezoelectric pressure transducer installed in the engine combustion chamber was used for measuring cylinder pressure data. In-cylinder pressure data for 2000 consecutive engine cycles was recorded and averaged data was used for the analysis of combustion characteristics. Butanol/diesel blends show higher rate of heat release in comparison to neat diesel and heat release rate increases with butanol percentage in the blend. Opacity meter and exhaust particle sizer were used for analyzing smoke opacity, size and mass distributions of soot particles respectively at different engine operating conditions. Soot particle distribution from 5 nm to 1000 nm was recorded at each test condition. Results show that total particle concentration decreases with an increase in engine operating loads. It was found that butanol/diesel blends have lower total particulate concentration and the surface area.

Impact of Diesel-butanol Blends on Performance and Emission of Diesel Engine

The aim of lowering the pollutants and to enhance the performance of diesel engines has intensified research in diesel engines. The goal of this study was to assess combustion, performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using diesel-oxygenate blends. In this direction, experimental investigations were carried out on a single cylinder four stroke direct injection water cooled diesel engine using butanol blended fuels in different volume ratios with diesel fuel. The butanol had no solubility or stability problems when blended with diesel fuel. As there was not phase separation in the blends, no additive was added. The experimental investigation was done with four different blends of butanol on volume basis [B0 (0% Butanol and 100% Diesel), B5 (5% Butanol and 95% Diesel), B10 (10% Butanol and 90% Diesel), B15 (15% Butanol and 85% Diesel) and B20 (20% Butanol and 80% Diesel)] to study the impact of using butanol -diesel blends on diesel engine performance, combustion and emissions. The outcome indicates that the brake thermal efficiency increased with an increase in butanol contents in the blended fuels at overall operating conditions. At higher loads, reduced CO emission levels were observed for blends of butanol. HC emissions increased for all blends of butanol compared with diesel fuel due to high fuel consumption and high latent heat of vaporization which lowers cylinder temperatures and causes the emission of unburned hydrocarbons at lower load. NOx emissions with diesel–butanol blends were found to be comparable with neat diesel at low loads due to lower calorific value and high latent heat of vaporization of butanol results in reduced flame temperature and slightly higher NOx at high loads with increased butanol percentage in the blend compared to neat diesel. Butanol showed lowest smoke opacity at high engine loads compared to diesel fuel operation.

Biological Toxicities of Exhausts from a Diesel-Generator Fueled with Water-Containing Acetone/Butanol and Waste-Edible-Oil-Biodiesel Blends

In this investigation, conventional diesel (D), 1–30 vol% waste-edible-oil-biodiesel (WEO-biodiesel, (W), 1–3 vol% pure/water-containing acetone (A/A'' (5% water content)) or 1–50 vol% butanol (B/B' (2% water content)/B'' (5% water content) were tested as fuels and their effects on the cytotoxicity of emissions from a generator at 3 kW load were studied. Human male single cells (U937) and the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method were used to test the cell toxicity of gas- and particle-phase samples (which were obtained by organic-solvent extraction). The results revealed that adding 1–3% acetone/water-containing acetone to bio-dieselhols reduced the mortality of U937 that were exposed to exhaust emissions organic-solvent extraction of to U937 when the generator was loaded at 3 kW. Adding more acetone/water-containing acetone further reduced the mortality of cells that were exposed to the emission gas from organic solvent extraction Compared with water-free butanol, using water-containing butanol (2% or 5%) added WEO-biodiesel further reduced the cytotoxicity (to U937) of organic solvent extracts from the emissions. The mortality of U937 decreased as the added butanol percentage increased in the range of 10−30% but increased as the added butanol percentage was increased to 40% or 50%. Therefore, the water-containing and -free acetone/butanol blending could reduce the toxicity of diesel-engine exhausts.

Study on performance and emissions of a passenger-car diesel engine fueled with butanol–diesel blends

In this work, the commercially available diesel fuel (Bu00), butanol(20%)–diesel(80%) (by vol.) (Bu20), butanol(30%)–diesel(70%) (Bu30), and butanol(40%)–diesel (60%) (Bu40) fuels were tested. Experiments were conducted on a high-speed direct injection (DI) diesel engine for passenger-car application for varied loads at two representative engine speeds. The results showed that butanol–diesel blends slightly increased combustion pressure and accelerated burning rate. As fueled by the Bu40 blend, the maximum power output of the engine cannot be affected. Besides, butanol–diesel blends increased BSFC and brake thermal efficiency. Moreover, the effects of butanol addition on diesel engine exhaust emissions were varied with loads. Under low-load conditions, CO emissions obviously increased while NOx emissions decreased as butanol blending ratio increased. Under high-load conditions, on the contrary, CO emissions decreased but NOx emission increased. For the 40% butanol–diesel blend, in addition, HC emissions were higher than the neat diesel and lower percentage of butanol–diesel blends, especially at low-load. It is interesting that smoke decreased significantly at all conditions with the use of butanol–diesel blends, and the more butanol blending ratio the less smoke. Overall butanol is a potentially promising biofuel, which could be used conveniently up to high blending ratio with diesel fuel in diesel engines.

Characteristics of butanol fermentation by a low-acid-producing Clostridium acetobutylicum B18

Fermentation characteristics of Clostridium acetobutylicum B18 were studied in batch experiments with and without pH control. This strain is shown to be potentially useful in simultaneous acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation-separation systems because of its low acid production. In a pH-uncontrolled batch culture this strain produced mostly solvents, including 15 g/l of butanol. Ethanol production was low. Strain B18 recycled organic acids more efficiently than other strains. In particular, butyric acid was completely recycled when glucose was not limiting. Yield of liquid products (solvents plus organic acids) and carbon recovery in total products (gas plus liquid) were 33.1–36.4 wt% and 90–91 mol%, respectively, for 20–80 g/l of initial glucose. Glucose consumption and the percentage of butanol among solvents were higher at 32°C than at 37°C. Strain B18 required approximately 0.4 g/l of undissociated butyric acid at the onset of solvent production in pH-uncontrolled batch culture. The low undissociated butyric acid requirement enabled this strain to produce 13.8 g/l of butanol at a controlled pH of 6.0.

Engine Performance Using Butanol Fuel Blends

ABSTRACT THE increased use and rise in cost of petroleum fuels has stimulated interest in alcohol as a motor fuel. Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) has received attention since it can easily be produced from renewable resources such as grain. N-butyl alcohol (butanol) can also be produced by a fermentation process and compared to ethanol has several advantages as a fuel supplement. An analysis of gasoline and diesel engine performance was made as the percentage of butanol in the fuel was varied from 0 to 20 percent for the gasoline engine and from 0 to 50 percent for the diesel engine. Parameters measured were torque output and fuel consumption. The effect of butanol on octane rating of gasoline was also de-termined.

A study of the separation of phosphate ion from arsenate ion by solvent extraction

The results presented confirm the postulate of Keggin that oxygen-containing materials are good solvents for heteropoly acids. The results also show that none of the solvents examined will completely separate phosphate ion from arsenate ion with a single extraction. The butanol-chloroform system is studied extensively. The results show that as the percentage of butanol is increased in the mixed solvent, the percentage of phosphate and arsenate extracted also increases. Of the various concentrations of butanol studied, the 10% concentration shows the most promise as a selective extractant for phosphate consistant with a high yield. The results also show that the amount of arsenate ion extracted with any given concentration of butanol is relatively independent of the concentration of phosphate ion in the system.