Bone Ash Percentage Research Articles

49 Determining the Phosphorus Release of Grainzyme Phytase in Diets for Nursery Pigs

Abstract A total of 360 pigs (Line 200 × 400, DNA, Columbus, NE, initially 9.9 ± 0.19 kg) were used in a 21-d growth study to determine the available P (aP) release curve for GraINzyme phytase (Agrivida Inc., Woburn, MA). Pigs were weaned at approximately 21-d of age, randomly allotted to pens based on initial body weight (BW) and fed common starter diets. From d 18 to 21 post-weaning, all pigs were fed a diet containing 0.11% aP. On d 21 post-weaning, considered d 0 of the study, pens were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments with 5 pigs/pen and 9 pens/treatment. Dietary treatments were formulated to include increasing aP derived from either an inorganic P source (0.11, 0.19, or 0.27% from monocalcium P) or increasing phytase (150, 250, 500, 1,000, or 1,500 FTU/kg). Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and contained 1.24% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys. On d 21 of the trial, 1 pig/pen (weighing closest to the mean pen BW) was euthanized and the right fibula was collected to determine bone ash using the non-defatted processing method. Overall (d 0 to 21), pigs fed increasing aP from inorganic P or phytase had increased (linear, P < 0.002) ADG, ADFI, and G:F (quadratic, P < 0.05). Bone ash weight (g) and percentage bone ash increased (linear, P < 0.001) with increasing inorganic P or added phytase. The release equations developed for GraINzyme for ADG, G:F, bone ash weight, and percentage bone ash are: aP = (0.255 × FTU) ÷ (1,299.969 + FTU), aP = (0.233 × FTU) ÷ (1,236.428 + FTU), aP = (45,999.949 × FTU) ÷ (462,529,200 + FTU), and aP = (0.272 × FTU) ÷ (2,576.581 + FTU), respectively.

Dietary calcium requirements of broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age

BackgroundThe current calcium (Ca) recommendation for broilers is primarily based on studies conducted more than 30 years ago with birds of markedly different productive potentials from those which exist today. And the response indicators in these studies are mainly growth performance and bone ash percentage. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary Ca level on growth performance, serum parameters, bone characteristics and Ca metabolism-related gene expressions, so as to estimate dietary Ca requirements of broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age.MethodsA total of 420 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 treatments with 6 replicates (10 birds per cage) and fed the corn-soybean meal diets containing 0.60%, 0.70%, 0.80%, 0.90%, 1.00%, 1.10% or 1.20% Ca for 21 days. Each diet contained the constant non-phytate phosphorus content of about 0.39%.ResultsThe average daily gain decreased linearly (P < 0.001) as dietary Ca level increased. The serum and tibia alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, tibia bone mineral density (BMD), middle toe BMD, tibia ash percentage, tibia breaking strength, and tibia ALP protein expression level were affected (P < 0.05) by dietary Ca level, and showed significant quadratic responses (P < 0.02) to dietary Ca levels. The estimates of dietary Ca requirements were 0.80 to 1.00% based on the best fitted broken-line or quadratic models (P < 0.03) of the above serum and bone parameters, respectively.ConclusionsThe results from the present study indicate that the Ca requirements would be about 0.60% to obtain the best growth rate, and 1.00% to meet all of the Ca metabolisms and bone development of broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age.

Determining the Phosphorus Release Curve for Smizyme TS G5 2,500 Phytase from 500 to 2,500 FTU/kg in Nursery Pig Diets

A total of 320 pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initially 26.2 ± 0.48 lb BW) were used in a 21-d growth study to determine the available P (aP) release curve for Smizyme TS G5 2,500 (Barentz, Woodbury, MN). At approximately 19 d of age, pigs were weaned, randomly allotted to pens, and fed common starter diets. Pigs were blocked by average pen body weight (BW) and randomly allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments on d 18 post-weaning, considered d 0 of the study. Dietary treatments were derived from a single basal diet and ingredients including phytase, monocalcium P, limestone, and sand were added to create the treatment diets. Treatments included 3 diets containing increasing (0.11, 0.19, and 0.27%) inorganic P from monocalcium P, or 5 diets with increasing phytase (500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, or 2,500 FTU/kg) added to the diet containing 0.11% aP. All diets were corn-soybean meal-canola meal-based and were formulated to contain 1.24% SID Lys and an analyzed Ca:P ratio of 1.10:1. Prior to the beginning of the study, all pigs were fed a diet containing 0.11% aP for a 2-d period (d 16 to 18 post-weaning). At the conclusion of the study, 1 pig, closest to the mean weight of each pen, was euthanized and the right fibula, rib, and metacarpal were collected to determine bone ash, density, and total bone P. For the overall experimental period, pigs fed increasing inorganic P had improved (quadratic, P ≤ 0.053) ADG, ADFI, F/G, and final BW. Pigs fed increasing phytase had improved (quadratic, P ≤ 0.004) ADG, F/G, and final BW and increased (linear, P = 0.019) ADFI. For fibula, rib, and metacarpal characteristics, pigs fed increasing levels of aP from inorganic P had increased (linear, P < 0.001) bone ash weight, bone ash percentage, bone density, and bone P. Additionally, pigs fed increasing phytase had increased (P < 0.05) bone ash weight, bone ash percentage, bone density, and bone P in either a linear or quadratic manner depending upon bone. The available P release curve generated for Smizyme TS G5 2,500 for percentage bone ash is: aP = (0.219 × FTU) ÷ (993.238 + FTU).

Effect of Dietary Growth Promoter Supplementations on the Serum Biochemistry and Morphometric Characteristics of Tibia Bone in Broiler Chicken

Bone mineralization is considered an essential source of minerals for metabolic needs that provide strength and hardness to the bone tissues and in birds its development can be enhanced by the use of dietary supplements. The present study was executed to evaluate the influence of prebiotic, probiotic and antibiotic on the morphometric aspects of tibia bone in broilers. One-hundred and sixty-one-day-old broiler chick were divided randomly into four groups (n=40) with 4 replicates (n=10 in each replicate). Group-I fed with only corn based basal diet and served as controlled group. Group-II with antibiotic supplement (Zinc bacitracin 0.04%), Group-III with probiotic supplement (lactobacillus 0.1%) & Group-IV with prebiotic supplement (mannan oligosaccharide 0.1%). On the 35th day, two birds were selected randomly from each replicate and slaughtered to record the morphometric parameters of both right and left tibia bones from each bird. The findings showed that the length, weight, thickness of lateral and medial wall, tibiotarsal index of bone and bone ash percentage of supplemented groups have had significant (p<0.05) difference when compared to that of the controlled group. The weight/length index in birds supplemented with prebiotic and probiotic was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the antibiotic supplemented and control group. Medullary canal diameter of all the supplemented groups was significantly lower (p<0.05) than the control group. No significant (p>0.05) difference of robusticity index and diaphysis diameter was observed among various groups. A significant (p<0.05) low level of Alkaline Phosphatase while higher level of Calcium and Phosphorus was recorded in the supplemented groups compared to that of the control group. In conclusion, the use of prebiotic and probiotic as growth promoter can exhibit some underline mechanisms in the form of enhancement of bone quality, density and characteristics in broiler chicks as compared to common antibiotics.

Determining the phosphorus release of GraINzyme phytase in diets for nursery pigs.

The objective of this study was to determine the available P (aP) release curve for a new phytase source, GraINzyme Phytase (Agrivida Inc., Woburn, MA), which is expressed in corn containing an engineered Escherichia coli phytase called Phy02. Plant-expressed phytases are created by inserting phytase-encoding genes into plants resulting in their ability to produce seeds with increased concentrations of phytase. A total of 360 pigs (Line 200 × 400, DNA, Columbus, NE, initially 9.9 ± 0.19 kg) were used in a 21-d growth study. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age, randomly allotted to pens based on initial body weight (BW) and fed common starter diets. From days 18 to 21 postweaning, all pigs were fed a diet containing 0.11% aP. On day 21 postweaning, considered day 0 of the study, pens were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to one of eight dietary treatments with five pigs per pen and nine pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were formulated to include increasing aP derived from either an inorganic P source (0.11%, 0.19%, or 0.27% from monocalcium P) or increasing phytase (150, 250, 500, 1,000, or 1,500 FTU/kg). Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and contained 1.24% standardized ileal digestible Lys. On day 21 of the trial, one pig per pen (weighing closest to the mean pen BW) was euthanized and the right fibula was collected to determine bone ash using the nondefatted processing method. Overall (days 0 to 21), pigs fed increasing aP from inorganic P or phytase had increased (linear, P < 0.002) average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed (G:F; quadratic, P < 0.05). Bone ash weight (g) and percentage bone ash increased (linear, P < 0.001), with increasing inorganic P or added phytase. Based on the composition of the diets used in this study, the release equations developed for GraINzyme for ADG, G:F, bone ash weight, and percentage bone ash are as follows: aP = (0.255 × FTU)/(1299.969 + FTU), aP = (0.233 × FTU)/(1236.428 + FTU), aP = (45999.949 × FTU)/(462529200 + FTU), and aP = (0.272 × FTU)/(2576.581 + FTU), respectively.

The effects of feeding graded levels of microbially fermented cassava tuber wastes (CTWs) on blood viscosity and bone quality of finisher cockerels.

Two cassava tuber wastes (CTWs), namely cassava peels (CAP) and cassava starch residues (CSR) were subjected to solid substrate fermentation using a combination of microorganisms (Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus coryneformis and Aspergillus fumigatus), in order to improve their nutritive quality and reduce their levels of anti-nutrients. The microbially fermented products from the two wastes: microbially fermented cassava peels and microbially fermented cassava starch residues (MFCP and MFCSR) were thereafter used at varying levels to formulate seven standard cockerel diets designated as Diet 1 (0% CTWs), Diet 2 (20% MFCP), Diet 3 (40% MFCP), Diet 4 (60% MFCP), Diet 5 (20% MFCSR), Diet 6 (40% MFCSR) and Diet 7 (60% MFCSR). Two hundred and ten day-old cockerel chicks were randomly allotted to the seven treatment diets. The chicks were fed with these diets for seventeen weeks. Forty two birds were selected at the end of the seventeenth week of the experiment and were slaughtered. Bone quality and blood viscosity of the cockerel birds were used as response criteria. The result showed that the whole blood viscosity was statistically similar while plasma viscosity was influenced significantly (P&lt;0.05) by the dietary treatments. Whole blood viscosity ranged from 2.36 centistokes in 60% MFCSR diet to 2.82 centistokes in the 20% MFCP diet. Blood viscosity decreased with increasing levels of CTWs in the diets. Flesh to bone ratio of the femur decreased correspondingly with dietary levels of the fermented wastes except in 40% MFCSR while percentage bone moisture increased as the level of inclusion of the wastes increased in the diets. 40% MFCPhad the highest percentage bone ash (33.83%) while 20% MFCSR had the highest value for volumetric bone density (1.15g/ml) while birds fed the 20% MFCP diet had the least value for bone ash percentage (27.12%) and bone ash concentration. Since bone ash concentration, percentage bone ash and weight of bone ash in all the treatments did not vary significantly in comparison with the control except in 20% MFCP, it could be concluded that the utilization of these wastes even at 60% level would not compromise the bone quality parameters of cockerel birds. This experiment also showed that cassava tuber wastes could decrease both plasma and whole blood viscosity and significantly so if plasma viscosity is taken into consideration. The lower viscosity of birds fed CTW with higher inclusion is suggestive of a positive influence of the CTW diets on the mechanical and geometric properties of the red blood cells. &gt;&lt;0.05) by the dietary treatments. Whole blood viscosity ranged from 2.36 centistokes in 60% MFCSR diet to 2.82 centistokes in the 20% MFCP diet. Blood viscosity decreased with increasing levels of CTWs in the diets. Flesh to bone ratio of the femur decreased correspondingly with dietary levels of the fermented wastes except in 40% MFCSR while percentage bone moisture increased as the level of inclusion of the wastes increased in the diets. 40% MFCPhad the highest percentage bone ash (33.83%) while 20% MFCSR had the highest value for volumetric bone density (1.15g/ml) while birds fed the 20% MFCP diet had the least value for bone ash percentage (27.12%) and bone ash concentration. Since bone ash concentration, percentage bone ash and weight of bone ash in all the treatments did not vary significantly in comparison with the control except in 20% MFCP, it could be concluded that the utilization of these wastes even at 60% level would not compromise the bone quality parameters of cockerel birds. This experiment also showed that cassava tuber wastes could decrease both plasma and whole blood viscosity and significantly so if plasma viscosity is taken into consideration. The lower viscosity of birds fed CTW with higher inclusion is suggestive of a positive influence of the CTW diets on the mechanical and geometric properties of the red blood cells.

Calcium requirement of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks in Plateau State, Nigeria

Abstract A 6-week feeding trial was carried out to investigate the optimal calcium level in the diet of quail chicks in Nigeria. Four isonitrogenous (25% crude protein) diets containing 0.5, 1.0,1.5 and 2.0% dietary calcium were employed in the trial which involved 480) day-old, uncensored quail chicks. The diets were also isocaloric (2750 kcal/kg M. E). Each dietary treatment was replicated three times. Responses measured included weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. Feed intake was higher in diet A (P&lt;0.05) in comparison to others. Diet D recorded lower feed intake (P&lt;0.05) than Diets B and C. Weight gain was similar (P&gt;0.05) for Diets A, B and C which were better than diet D (P&gt;0.05). Feed conversion was better with Diets C And D (P&lt;0.05) than with diets A and B. Diet A was poorer (P&lt;0.05) than diet B in terms of feed conversion. Feed cost/gain ratio was lower (P&lt;0.05) on Diet A than others. Percent bone ash was similar on the diets except Diet C. Results of this study indicated that dietary calcium levels of between 0.5 and 1% will support acceptable weight gain and % bone ash in the first 6 weeks of life.

A Study on Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement by Cattle Bone Ash in Concrete Property

The study was aiming to investigate the effect of partial replacement of cement by cattle bone ash (CBA) in a concrete property. Complete silicate analysis of CBA shows that the material has high calcium oxide content (43.26%) which is the major oxide compound of cement. A C-25 concrete grade was selected for this study. The Normal consistency, setting time, soundness of cement paste, slump, compressive strength and density of concrete tests are done with (0%), 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% cement replacement with cattle bone ash. The compressive strength of concrete was done by curing 15 cm × 15 cm × 15 cm cube concrete specimens underwater for 3,7,28 and 56 days. The normal consistency of the cement paste increases as the percentage of the cattle bone ash increases in the paste attributed to high water absorption of CBA than OPC. The initial and final setting time of cement paste increase as the percentage of replacement of cement with bone ash. The slump of concrete decreases at 0% to 10% CBA mix and increases in 15% to 20% CBA mix. From the results, the partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement with Bone ash shows a gradual decrease in the compressive strength of concrete. The concrete density decreases as the percentage of bone ash increases. The use of cattle bone waste as an additive or supplementary cementing material production has vital importance to produce low-cost concrete and helps to conserve materials needed for cement production.

Effect of citric acid, vitamin D3, and high-dose phytase on performance of broiler chicken fed diet severely limited in non-phytate phosphorus

This study investigated effect of various combinations of phytase, citric acid (CA), and vitamin D3 (D3) on phytate P utilization as evaluated by growth performance, serum minerals, and bone characteristics in broiler chickens fed the diet severely limited in non-phytate P. A total of 585 ten-day-old male broiler chickens were allocated to 9 diets from 11 to 38 d of age. There were a positive control (with adequate non-phytate P concentration and 2,000 IU D3/kg in the diet) and 8 diets (without any inorganic P) consisting of D3 (2,000 and 4,000 IU/kg), CA (0 and 15 g/kg), and phytase (0 and 1,500 FTU/kg) in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 5 pens per treatment and 13 broiler chickens per pen. Phytase supplementation increased average daily gain and decreased feed to gain ratio, but the effect of phytase was more apparent in broiler chickens received CA (phytase × CA, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 for average daily gain and feed to gain ratio, respectively). Serum P was increased by phytase supplementation and decreased by CA supplementation, but the decreasing effect of CA was not observed in broiler chickens received phytase (phytase × CA, P < 0.05). Addition of 4,000 IU D3/kg increased breast muscle yield (P < 0.05) and decreased abdominal fat pad (P < 0.05). Phytase supplementation increased carcass yield (P < 0.05) and breast muscle yield (P < 0.001). The individual use of phytase increased bone ash percentage and the combination of 4,000 IU D3/kg and CA increased it, but the inclusion of phytase, CA, and 4,000 IU D3/kg simultaneously did not increase further bone ash percentage (phytase × CA × D3, P < 0.05). Bone strength was increased by phytase supplementation and not affected by supplementation of CA or 4,000 IU D3/kg, but the effect of phytase was more apparent in broiler chickens received CA or 4,000 IU D3/kg; however, the inclusion of phytase, CA, and 4,000 IU D3/kg simultaneously did not increase further bone strength (phytase × CA × D3, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the combination of phytase and CA was more effective than other possible combinations in improving growth performance of broiler chickens fed a diet severely limited in non-phytate P.

Determining the phosphorus release of Smizyme TS G5 2,500 phytase in diets for nursery pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the available P (aP) release of Smizyme TS G5 2,500 (Origination, LLC., Maplewood, MN) phytase. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21-d of age, randomly allotted to pens based on initial body weight (BW) and fed a common diet. On d 21 post-weaning, pens were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 8 (experiment 1) or 7 (experiment 2) dietary treatments with five pigs per pen and eight pens per treatment. Treatments were formulated to include increasing aP from either inorganic P (0.12%, 0.18%, or 0.24% in experiment 1 and 0.11%, 0.19%, or 0.27% in experiment 2 from monocalcium P) or increasing phytase (150, 250, 500, 750, or 1,000 FTU/kg in experiment 1 and 250, 500, 1,000, or 1,500 FTU/kg in experiment 2). Prior to beginning the 21-d studies, all pigs were fed the lowest inorganic P diet for a 3-d period. At the conclusion of each experiment, the pig closest to the pen mean BW was euthanized and fibulas were collected to determine bone ash weight and percentage bone ash. Fibulas were processed using defatted bone mineral procedures. In both experiments, pigs fed increasing aP from inorganic P had increased (linear, P < 0.01) average daily gain (ADG), G:F, and final BW. Additionally, pigs fed diets with increasing phytase had increased (experiment 1 linear, P < 0.01; experiment 2 linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) performance across all growth response criteria. For bone composition, pigs fed increasing aP from inorganic P had increased bone ash weights (linear, P < 0.01) and percentage bone ash (experiment 1 quadratic, P < 0.01; experiment 2 linear, P < 0.01). Similarly, pigs fed increasing phytase had increased bone ash weights (linear, P < 0.01) and percentage bone ash (experiment 1 linear, P < 0.01; experiment 2 linear and quadratic, P < 0.05). The percentage aP released from Smizyme TS G5 2,500 for both experiments varied depending on the response criteria used. As the amount of phytase in the diet increased, the calculated aP release increased when ADG (experiment 1 linear, P < 0.01; experiment 2 linear and quadratic, P < 0.01), G:F (linear, P < 0.01), or percentage bone ash (experiment 1 linear and quadratic, P < 0.05; experiment 2 linear, P < 0.01) were used the predictor variable. When combining the data from experiment 1 and 2, the aP release prediction equations for Smizyme TS G5 2,500 are aP = (0.197 × FTU)/(584.956 + FTU), aP = (0.175 × FTU)/(248.348 + FTU), and aP = (0.165 × FTU)/(178.146 + FTU) when using ADG, G:F, and percentage bone ash, respectively as the predictor variable.

Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus Amounts Affect Development and Tissue-Specific Stem Cell Characteristics in Neonatal Pigs

Dietary calcium and phosphorus are required for bone and muscle development. Deficiencies of these macrominerals reduce bone mineral and muscle accretion potentially via alterations of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and satellite cell (SC) activities. With increasing interest in the role of early-life events on lifetime health outcomes, we aimed to elucidate the impact of dietary calcium and phosphorus, from deficiency through excess, on MSC and SC characteristics during neonatal development. Neonatal pigs [30 females, 1-d-old, 1.46±0.04kg body weight (BW)] were fed milk replacers for 16 d that were isonitrogenous and isocaloric with a consistent ratio of calcium to phosphorus, but either 25% deficient (calcium: 0.78%; phosphorus: 0.60%; CaPD), adequate (calcium: 1.08%; phosphorus: 0.84%; CaPA), or 25% in excess (calcium: 1.38%; phosphorus: 1.08%; CaPE) of calcium and phosphorus requirements based on sow-milk composition and extrapolation from NRC requirements for older pigs. BW and feed intake were recorded daily. Blood was collected for serum phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) determination. Humeri were collected for MSC isolation and radii/ulnae bone were collected for analysis. Longissimus dorsi muscle was collected for SC isolation and analysis. There was 4.6% increase in bone ash percentage in CaPE- versus CaPD-fed pigs (P<0.05). In vivo proliferation indicated a 41.3% increase in MSCs in CaPA compared with CaPD and a 19% increase in SCs in CaPA compared with both CaPE and CaPD. MSCs from CaPD had 2- to 5-fold greater expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) but lower osteocalcin (BGLAP) and fibronectin (FN1) expression than CaPA (P<0.05). SCs from CaPD-fed pigs had 19% lower in vivo proliferation than in CaPA-fed pigs. These findings demonstrated that feeding a diet marginally deficient in calcium and phosphorus to neonatal pigs had a great impact on bone development, MSC, and SC characteristics. These dietary deficiencies may program future bone health and muscle development by altering MSC and SC activities.

Changes to Cobb 500 chick characteristics, bone ash, and residual yolk mineral reserves during time spent in the hatcher

Previous work has identified an effect of hatch time on chick femur mineralization. This experiment assessed the impact of hatch time and a 24-h post-hatch unfed time period on chick bone mineralization and yolk mineral utilization. In early hatching chicks, yolk Mg, Zn, K, P, Fe, and Cu decreased by 40 to 50% over the 24-h post-hatch unfed time period, whereas yolk Ca and Na decreased by 25 to 40% (P = 0.026). Yolk Sr was intermediate, decreasing by 37%. Late hatching chicks which had been hatched for no more than 30 h had a higher femur bone ash percentage compared to early hatching chicks which had spent over a 30-hour sojourn unfed in the incubator (P = 0.013). These results indicate that removing chicks from the incubator within 30 h of their hatch is likely to benefit their femoral mineralization.

Determining the Phosphorus Release Curve for Smizyme TS G5 2,500 Phytase in Nursery Pigs

A total of 280 nursery pigs (DNA 241 × 600, initially 22.8 lb) were used in a 21-d growth trial to determine the available P (aP) release curve for Smizyme TS G5 2,500 (Origination, LLC., Maplewood, MN). Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age, randomly allotted to pens based on initial body weight (BW), and fed common starter diets. On d 21 post-weaning, considered d 0 of the study, pens were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 7 dietary treatments with 5 pigs per pen and 8 pens per treatment. Seven 1-ton batches of basal diet were manufactured and subsequently divided to be the major portion of experimental diets. Dietary treatments were formu­lated to include increasing aP derived from either an inorganic P source (0.11%, 0.19%, or 0.27% from monocalcium P) or increasing phytase (250, 500, 1,000, or 1,500 FTU/ kg). Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and contained 1.24% standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine with other amino acids set to meet or exceed NRC5 require­ment estimates. Prior to beginning the 21-d study, all pigs were fed the negative control diet containing 0.11% aP for a 3-d period (d 18 to 21 post-weaning). Diets containing phytase were submitted for complete phytase analysis (Eurofins Scientific Inc., Des Moines, IA) using the AOAC official method 2000.12,6 and analyzed concentrations were 265, 470, 1,000, or 1,450 FTU/kg. On d 21 of the experiment, the pig closest to the mean BW in each pen was euthanized and the right and left fibula were collected to determine bone ash with one fibula defatted and the other not prior to ashing. Overall (d 0 to 21), pigs fed increasing aP from inorganic P had improved (linear, P < 0.01) performance across all response criteria measured. When using both the defatted and non-defatted bone mineral procedures, pigs fed increasing aP from inorganic P had increased (linear, P < 0.01) bone ash weights and percentage bone ash. Pigs fed increasing phytase had increased (linear, P < 0.01) bone ash weights and percentage bone ash (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05). The aP release increased (linear, P < 0.01) up to the highest phytase dose when using gain-to-feed ratio (G:F), bone ash weight, or defatted percentage bone ash as indicators of release. When using average daily gain and non-defatted percentage bone ash, aP release increased in a linear and quadratic fashion (P < 0.01). In conclusion,

Analysis of mechanical properties of bones and tendons shows that modern hybrid rye can be introduced to corn-wheat based diet in broiler chickens as an alternative energy source irrespective of xylanase supplementation

This study focused on analyzing the effects of inclusion of modern hybrid rye to corn-wheat diet on mechanical properties of bones and tendons. A total of 224 broiler chickens were fed a diet without rye inclusion or a diet containing 15% of hybrid rye cv. Brasetto. The diets were either unsupplemented or supplemented with xylanase (minimum activity 1000 FXU/g, dose 200 mg/kg of feed). Each dietary group consisted of 56 birds. On day 42, selected chickens (n = 7 from each group) were slaughtered. Tibia were analyzed for mineralization, geometry, and biomechanical characteristics of bone mid-diaphysis. The mechanical properties of digital flexor III tendon were also assessed. Bone mineral density and bone ash percentage did not differ when both diets were given without xylanase. Enzyme supplementation increased bone mineral density (P < 0.01) in both dietary groups, whereas bone ash percentage (P < 0.01) increased only for corn-wheat diet. Rye inclusion had no effect on bone mid-shaft geometrical traits related to tibia weight-bearing capacity (cross-sectional area, cortical index, and mean relative wall thickness). Performed bending test showed no effect of hybrid rye inclusion on bone mechanical endurance. When xylanase was supplemented, bone length (P < 0.01) and weight (P < 0.05) decreased, whereas yield load (P < 0.01), stiffness (P < 0.05), Young modulus (P < 0.05), elastics stress (P < 0.01), and ultimate stress (P < 0.01) increased, irrespective of rye presence. The tendon tensile strain test showed that in corn-wheat diet enzyme supplementation positively influenced rupture force (P < 0.05) and tendon stiffness (P < 0.01). Xylanase supplementation increased the value of energy required to tendon rupture, irrespective of rye inclusion (P < 0.05). Study showed that modern hybrid rye varieties can be introduced to corn-wheat diets of broiler chickens in the aspect of animal welfare related to the development and homeostasis of musculoskeletal system, irrespective of xylanase supplementation. The enzyme addition positively affected biomechanical properties of bones and tendons.

Interactions between dietary calcium and phosphorus level, and vitamin D source on bone mineralization, performance, and intestinal morphology of coccidia-infected broilers

Coccidiosis penalizes calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and fat-soluble vitamin status, as well as bone mineralization in broiler chickens. We hypothesized that dietary vitamin D (VitD) supplementation in the form of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (OHD), compared to cholecalciferol (D3), would improve bone mineralization in broilers receiving marginally deficient Ca/P diets, with more pronounced effects during malabsorptive coccidiosis. In a 2 VitD source × 2 Ca/P levels × 2 levels of infection factorial experiment (n = 6 pens per treatment, 6 birds/pen), Ross 308 broilers were assigned to an Aviagen-specified diet supplemented with 4,000IU/kg of either OHD or D3 between days 11 and 24 of age. The diet contained adequate (A; 8.7:4.4g/kg) or marginally deficient (M; 6.1:3.1g/kg) total Ca and available (av)P levels. At day 12 of age, birds were inoculated with water (C) or 7,000 Eimeria maxima oocysts (I). Pen performance was measured over 12 days post-infection (pi). One bird per pen was assessed for parameters of bone mineralization and intestinal histomorphometric features (day 6 and 12 pi), as well as E. maxima replication and gross lesions of the small intestine (day 6 pi). There was no interaction between infection status and Ca/avP level on bone mineralization. Bone breaking strength (BS), ash weight (AW), and ash percentage (AP) were highest in broilers fed the OHD-supplemented A diets irrespective of infection status. Eimeria maxima infection impaired (P < 0.05) ADG and FCR pi; Ca and P status at day 6 pi; OHD status, BS, AW, and AP at day 12 pi; and intestinal morphology at day 6 and 12 pi. A- compared to M-fed broilers had higher BS, AW, and AP at day 6 pi, and AW at day 12 pi. VitD source affected only OHD status, being higher (P < 0.001) for OHD- than D3-fed broilers at day 6 and 12 pi. In conclusion, offering OHD and adequate levels of Ca and P improved bone mineralization, with no effect on performance. Dietary D3 and OHD supplemented at 4,000IU/kg had similar effects on coccidiosis-infected and uninfected broilers, which led to the rejection of our hypothesis.

Standardized total tract digestible phosphorus requirement of 24- to 130-kg pigs1,2.

A study was conducted to determine the standardized total tract digestible phosphorus (STTD P) requirement for 24- to 130-kg finishing pigs housed under commercial conditions. A total of 1,130 barrows and gilts (PIC 359 × 1050, Hendersonville, TN; initially 24.2 kg) were used, with 26 to 27 pigs per pen with 7 replicates per treatment. Pens of pigs were allotted to treatments in a randomized complete block design with body weight (BW) as the blocking factor. The dietary treatments were fed in 4 phases and were formulated to contain 80%, 90%, 100%, 115%, 130%, and 150% of the National Research Council (NRC) requirement estimate for finishing pigs within each phase. Weight ranges for each phase were: 27 to 49, 49 to 76, 76 to 90, and 90 to 130 kg. Treatments were achieved by increasing the amount of monocalcium phosphate at the expense of corn in the diet with no added phytase. All diets were formulated to contain a similar 1.14:1 to 1.16:1 total Ca:P ratio across treatments in all phases. Increasing STTD P resulted in a quadratic response (P < 0.05) in average daily gain (ADG), gain-to-feed ratio (G:F), and final BW. The greatest improvement was observed with STTD P at 130% of NRC for ADG and final BW and at 115% STTD P for G:F. Average daily feed intake increased linearly (linear, P < 0.05) with the inclusion of STTD P. Increasing STTD P resulted in an increase (quadratic, P < 0.05) in hot carcass weight (HCW) and carcass ADG with the greatest response observed with STTD P at 130% of NRC. There was a marginally significant response (quadratic, P < 0.10) in carcass G:F, with the greatest improvement with STTD P at 115% of NRC. Carcass yield decreased (linear, P < 0.05) with increasing STTD P, while there was a marginally significant (linear, P < 0.10) decrease in backfat and increase in fat-free lean. At the end of the study, a metacarpal was collected and analyzed for bone ash. Increasing STTD P resulted in an increase (linear, P < 0.05) in bone ash weight and percentage ash. For ADG and G:F, the quadratic model demonstrated the best fit. The maximum response in ADG and G:F was estimated at 122% and 116% of NRC STTD P, respectively. The broken-line linear model best fit the data for percentage bone ash, with a plateau achieved at 131% of the NRC STTD P. In conclusion, the estimated STTD P requirement of 24 to 130 kg ranged from 116% to 131% of the NRC publication (2012) requirement estimate.

171 Standardized total tract digestible phosphorus requirement of 6- to 13-kg pigs fed diets with or without phytase

Abstract A total of 1,080 pigs (initially 5.9 kg) were used to determine the standardized-total-tract-digestible (STTD) P requirements in diets without and with 2,000 units of phytase. Pens (10 pigs/pen, 9 pens/treatment) were balanced for weights and allotted to 12 treatments in two 6-level dose-titrations.The STTD P levels were expressed as percentage of the NRC (2012) requirement (0.45 and 0.40% for phases 1 [d 0–11] and 2 [d 11–25], respectively) and were: 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, and 140% of NRC in diets without phytase and 100, 110, 125, 140, 155, and 170% of NRC in diets with 2,000 units of phytase (assuming 0.158% STTD P released). On d 25, radius samples from 1 gilt/pen were collected for bone ash analysis. Linear and quadratic responses to increasing STTD P were tested using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS and modeled separately for each dose-titration. Increasing STTD P increased ADG (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05), G:F (linear, P &lt; 0.01), and percentage bone ash (linear, P &lt; 0.01) regardless of phytase addition (Table 1). Estimated STTD P requirement in diets without phytase was 117 and 91% of NRC for maximum ADG according to quadratic polynomial (QP) and broken-line linear (BLL) models, respectively, and ranged from 102 to &gt; 140% of NRC for G:F using BLL, broken-line quadratic, and linear models. Estimated P requirement in diets containing phytase was 138% for ADG (QP) and was 147% (QP) and 116% (BLL) of NRC for G:F. Comparing diets containing the same STTD P levels, phytase increased (P &lt; 0.01) ADG and G:F. In conclusion, estimated P requirements varied depending on the response criteria and statistical models. Phytase promoted pig growth and improved the P dose responses for ADG and G:F.

The determination of mineral density indices of the thigh bone by densitometry data in rats, for experimental fumonizinotoxycosis

The article deals with the analytical methods that have allowed to provide detailed information on the material content of bones and structural organizations of both inorganic and organic bone components. The information provided in the present search may increase the knowledge of the influence of fumonisins on the structure and bone in general. On the basis of osteometric measurements, the geometry of the transverse section of the middle diaphysis is determined. They included a definition both the external and internal diameters of the transverse section of the middle of the diaphysis (both in the medial-lateral, and in the anterior-posterior area). The geometric properties are calculated: cortical cross-sectional area, average relative thickness of walls and cortical index. In addition, since during the force analysis, the bone was loaded in the anterior-posterior area, the vertical cortical index, the moment of inertia of the cross-section and the radius of rotation around the medial-lateral axis were calculated. According to the results of comprehensive studies, we found that the intoxication of animals with fumonisin did not affect the body weight and the weight of the femoral bones, although in the fumonisin-induced doses of rats there was a decrease in the mechanical and geometric properties of the bones. The values of mineral density of bone tissue did not differ between groups, but in the experimental group of animals that were fumonisin intoxicated, the mineral content of bone and the percentage of bone ash were lower than in the control group. A detailed mineral analysis of bones showed that the content of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Sr and Zn in bones was significantly decreased in fumonisin intoxicated rats compared to the control group of animals. In addition, changes in the structure of the bone and mineral phase (reduction in the size of bone hydroxyapatite crystals) were noted. Seventy percent of the bones consist of inorganic mineral hydroxyapatite, which includes calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium fluoride, calcium hydroxide and citrate. This inorganic component is preferably crystalline, although it may be in amorphous forms. Replacement mechanisms occurring in bone hydroxyapatite include intercrystalline exchange and recrystallization due to the dissolution and reforming of crystals with the addition of new ions to the crystalline structure, which replace the Ca 2+ or adsorbed on the surface of the crystals. The mechanisms of replacement that was marked by changes in the group of animals from intoxicated with fumonisin, changes were noted in the structure of the bone and mineral phase, there was a decrease in the size of bone hydroxyapatite crystals.

Bone Homeostasis in Experimental Fumonisins Intoxication of Rats

Abstract Fumonisins are strongly toxic metabolites of Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioides commonly present in corn-based feed. The aim of the study was to evaluate bone homeostasis in experimental fumonisins B1 and B2 intoxication of rats, a vertebrate animal model of toxicological studies, as still little is known about the possible disturbing effect of fumonisins on bone homeostasis. Adolescent (5-week-old) male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into a control group and a group FB intoxicated with fumonisins by daily intragastric administration of fumonisins at the dose of 90 mg/kg of body weight per animal in the FB group for 21 days. The fumonisin intoxication did not affect body and bone mass, although the mechanical and geometric properties were decreased in fumonisin-intoxicated rats. Bone volumetric and mineral density did not differ between groups, but bone mineral content and bone ash percentage was lower in the FB group. Detailed analysis showed that Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Sr, and Zn bone content significantly decreased in fumonisin intoxicated rats and the alterations in structure of bone mineral phase (reduction of the apatite-bone crystals size) were noted. While the negative structural alterations in growth plate and articular cartilages were also observed, fumonisin intoxication improved histomorphometrical parameters of trabecular bone. Concluding, the dose of fumonisins used in the present study caused hepatotoxic effect, which was sufficient to trigger the disturbance in mineral homeostasis resulting in altered bone metabolism and decreased mechanical endurance.

Standardized total tract digestible phosphorus requirement of 6 to 13 kg pigs fed diets without or with phytase

Dietary phosphorus concentration greatly affects pig’s growth performance, environmental impact and diet cost. A total of 1080 pigs (initially 5.9 ± 1.08 kg) from three commercial research rooms were used to determine the effects of increasing standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P concentrations in diets without and with phytase on growth performance and percentage bone ash. Pens (10 pigs/pen, 9 pens/treatment) were balanced for equal weights and randomly allotted to 12 treatments. Treatments were arranged in two dose titrations (without or with 2000 units of phytase) with six levels of STTD P each. The STTD P levels were expressed as a percentage of NRC (2012) requirement estimates (% of NRC; 0.45 and 0.40% for phases 1 and 2, respectively) and were: 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 125% and 140% of NRC in diets without phytase and 100%, 110%, 125%, 140%, 155% and 170% of NRC in diets with phytase. Diets were provided in three phases, with experimental diets fed during phases 1 (days 0 to 11) and 2 (days 11 to 25), followed by a common diet from days 25 to 46. On day 25, radius samples from one median-weight gilt per pen were collected for analysis of bone ash. During the treatment period, increasing STTD P from 80% to 140% of NRC in diets without phytase improved average daily gain (ADG; quadratic, P < 0.01), average daily feed intake (ADFI; quadratic, P < 0.05) and gain–feed ratio (G : F; linear, P < 0.01). Estimated STTD P requirement in diets without phytase was 117% and 91% of NRC for maximum ADG according to quadratic polynomial (QP) and broken-line linear (BLL) models, respectively, and was 102%, 119% and >140% of NRC for maximum G : F using BLL, broken-line quadratic and linear models, respectively. When diets contained phytase, increasing STTD P from 100% to 170% of NRC improved ADG (quadratic, P < 0.05) and G : F (linear, P < 0.01). Estimated STTD P requirement in diets containing phytase was 138% for maximum ADG (QP), and 147% (QP) and 116% (BLL) of NRC for maximum G : F. Increasing STTD P increased (linear, P < 0.01) the percentage bone ash regardless of phytase addition. When comparing diets containing the same STTD P levels, phytase increased (P < 0.01) ADG, ADFI and G : F. In summary, estimated STTD P requirements varied depending on the response criteria and statistical models and ranged from 91% to >140% of NRC (0.41% to >0.63% of phase 1 diet and 0.36% to >0.56% of phase 2 diet) in diets without phytase, and from 116% to >170% of NRC (0.52% to >0.77% of phase 1 diet and 0.46% to >0.68% of phase 2 diet) for diets containing phytase. Phytase exerted an extra-phosphoric effect on promoting pig’s growth and improved the P dose-responses for ADG and G : F.