Percentage Inhibition Of Edema Research Articles

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Sesamum Indicum L. Seed Extracts in Experimental Animal Models

Background: Inflammation is a defensive mechanism that protects the body from noxious stimuli. Currently available anti-inflammatory drugs are associated with numerous adverse effects. Hence there is a need for novel anti-inflammatory agent with better safety profile. The current study was conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic and hexane extracts of Sesamum indicum L. seeds by carrageenan and formalin induced paw edema respectively in Wistar rats. Methods: The animals were divided into 5 groups. Group 1 was given normal saline orally and Group 2 Indomethacin. Groups 3-5 in Carrageenan model were administered ethanolic extract of Sesamum indicum L. at three doses - 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg respectively, whereas in Formalin model, they were given hexane extract at the same doses orally. Anti-inflammatory potential was investigated by Carrageenan and Formalin induced models of inflammation. Results: Sesamum indicum L. ethanolic extract at 250 mg/kg exhibited a significant inhibition of paw edema at 4th hour while hexane extract at all doses caused significant inhibition of paw edema. The percentage inhibition of edema at 4th hour of hexane extract at 250 mg/kg was comparable to Indomethacin. Conclusion: The ethanolic and hexane extracts of Sesamum indicum L. seeds have anti-inflammatory potential. The activity of hexane extract is comparable to indomethacin.

In Vivo Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Diabetic Screening of Bacopa monnieri-Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles.

In this work, an ecofriendly approach for biogenic production of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) was proposed by utilizing the Bacopa monnieri leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesis of CuO-NPs was instantly confirmed by a shift in the color of the copper solution from blue to dark gray. The use of UV–visible spectroscopy revealed a strong narrow peak at 535 nm, confirming the existence of monoclinic-shaped nanoparticles. The average size of CuO-NPs was 34.4 nm, according to scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies. The pristine crystalline nature of CuO-NPs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The monoclinic form of CuO-NPs with a crystallite size of 22 nm was determined by the sharp narrow peaks corresponding to 273, 541, 698, 684, and 366 Bragg’s planes at different 2θ values. The presence of different reducing metabolites on the surface of CuO was shown by Fourier transform infrared analysis. The biological efficacy of CuO-NPs was tested against Helicobacter felis, Helicobacter suis, Helicobacter salomonis. and Helicobacter bizzozeronii. H. suis was the most susceptible strain with an inhibition zone of 15.84 ± 0.89 mm at 5 mg/mL of NPs, while the most tolerant strain was H. bizzozeronii with a 13.11 ± 0.83 mm of inhibition zone. In in vivo analgesic activity, CuO-NPs showed superior efficiency compared to controls. The maximum latency time observed was 7.14 ± 0.12 s at a dose level of 400 mg/kg after 90 min, followed by 5.21 ± 0.29 s at 400 mg/kg after 60 min, demonstrating 65 and 61% of analgesia, respectively. Diclofenac sodium was used as a standard with a latency time of 8.6 ± 0.23 s. The results observed in the rat paw edema assays showed a significant inhibitory activity of the plant-mediated CuO-NPs. The percentage inhibition of edema was 74% after 48 h for the group treated with CuO-NPs compared to the control group treated with diclofenac (100 mg/kg) with 24% edema inhibition. The solution of CuO-NPs produced 82% inhibition of edema after 21 days when compared with that of the standard drug diclofenac (73%). CuO-NPs vividly lowered glucose levels in STZ-induced diabetic mice, according to our findings. Blood glucose levels were reduced by about 33.66 and 32.19% in CuO-NP and (CuO-NP + insulin) groups of mice, respectively. From the abovementioned calculations, we can easily conclude that B. monnieri-synthesized CuO-NPs will be a potential antibacterial, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory agent on in vivo and in vitro basis.

Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Capparis decidua Edgew. StemEvaluation of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Capparis decidua Edgew. Stem

Capparis decidua Edgew. belonging to the family Capparidaceae is a bushy shrub or small tree growing throughout the dry areas of India and other parts of the world. It is commonly known as ‘Kair’. Various parts of the plant are used traditionally in rheumatism, arthritis, gout and other inflammatory disorders. Therefore the present study was aimed at evaluation of antiinflammatory activity of the stems of the plant. Three extracts, viz. aqueous extract, alcoholic extract and hydro-alcoholic extract of the stem (at a dose of 500 mg/kg) were studied for anti-inflammatory activity by using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. The percentage inhibition of edema was calculated and compared with Indomethacine as a standard drug. Results revealed that all the extracts show significant inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, the aqueous extract exhibiting the highest anti-inflammatory activity as compared to other extracts. The present investigation supports the traditional use of the plant in inflammatory diseases.

Synthesis, Anti-Inflammatory Activity, and In Silico Study of Novel Diclofenac and Isatin Conjugates.

The design, synthesis, and development of novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with better activity and lower side effects are respectable area of research. Novel Diclofenac Schiff's bases (M1, M2, M4, M7, and M8) were designed and synthesized, and their respective chemical structures were deduced using various spectral tools (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS). The compounds were synthesized via Schiff's condensation reaction and their anti-inflammatory activity was investigated applying the Carrageenan-induced paw edema model against Diclofenac as positive control. Percentage inhibition of edema indicated that all compounds were exhibiting a comparable anti-inflammatory activity as Diclofenac. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity was supported via virtual screening using molecular docking study. Interestingly compound M2 showed the highest in vivo activity (61.32% inhibition) when compared to standard Diclofenac (51.36% inhibition) as well as the best binding energy score (-10.765) and the virtual screening docking score (-12.142).

Formulation, characterisation and in vivo evaluation of lipid-based nanocarrier for topical delivery of diflunisal

Diflunisal (DIF) is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis. The current engrossment was aimed at formulation and assessment of DIF-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for topical/dermal application. SLNs formulated by hot homogenisation method based on microemulsification technique were spherical with a mean size of 124.0 ± 2.07 nm; PDI 0.294 ± 0.15. The cumulative amount permeated/area was 109.99 ± 0.008 μg/cm2, along with permeation flux (6.30 ± 0.09 μg/cm2/h) and skin retention (11.74 ± 0.155 μg/cm2) across mice skin. The SLNs of DIF showed significant decrease in fluid volume, granuloma tissue weight, leukocyte count/mm3 after application of SLN formulation in mice air pouch model. Similarly, in mice ear oedema and rat paw oedema model, there was 2.30 and 1.29 time increase in percentage inhibition of oedema after SLN formulation application, respectively, as compared with conventional cream. Hence, the SLNs of DIF may prove to be a potential nanocarrier to effectively treat the local inflammatory conditions associated with arthritis.

Studies on Anti-depressant and Anti-inflammatory Activities ofCurcuma aromaticaRhizome in Experimental Animal Models

The present study was designed to evaluate the antidepressant and anti-inflammatory activity of “Curcuma aromatica” oil and “Curcuma aromatica” extract using different animal models. Antidepressant activity was evaluated by using various animal models. The degree of antidepressant activity was determined by measuring the immobility time in forced swim test and tail suspension tests. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using Carrageenan induced paw edema model. Animals treated with all three doses of CAO (250,500 and 750mg/kg) witnessed a decrease in their immobility times in FST and TST which was significant when compared with control. Similarly, animals treated with Imipramine (15mg/kg), as expected showed a significant decrease in the immobility time. Carrageenan induced paw edema model was employed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of “Curcuma aromatica”. Carrageenan induced paw edema model uses change in paw volume of control, test, and standard respectively to find out percentage inhibition of edema. The study revealed that the “Curcuma aromatica” rhizome oil possess a significant antidepressant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Evaluation of Anti-diabetic and Anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of whole plant ofInula racemosa

The present study was designed to evaluate the antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of whole plant of “Inula racemosa” using different animal models. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated by using various two animal models. The alloxan induced diabetes method and streptozocin induced diabetes method along with biochemical parameters like SALP, SGPT, SGOT, Triglycerides, Total proteins were employed to investigate antidiabetic potential of Inula racemosa. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using formalin induced paw edema model and croton oil ear edema model. Carrageenan induced paw edema model uses change in paw volume of control, test, and standard respectively to find out percentage inhibition of edema. The study revealed that the whole plant of “Inula racemosa” possess a significant anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activity.

English

AIM: The present study was designed to study anti-inflammatory activity of Cetirizine in albino rats and compare with standard drug Diclofenac. MATERIAL & METHODS: 1. Carrageenin induced rat paw edema method (Acute inflammation): 5 animals in each group (3groups) received orally 4% Gum acacia, Diclofenac sodium and Cetirizine respectively one hour before carrageenin injection into right paw. The rat paw edema was measured with plethysmograph after 3 hours and percentage inhibition of edema was calculated in each group. 2. Rexin pellet granuloma method (Chronic inflammation): Four rexin pellets were implanted into dorsum skin of each rat of 3 groups (n=5), which include control, Diclofenac and Cetirizine respectively. The animals were treated with fixed doses of drugs once a day for 7 days including the day of implantation of pellets and on 8th day rexin pellets were removed after sacrificing animals. Rexin pellets were kept in incubator at 600C overnight. Pellets were then weighed and percent inhibition of granuloma tissue was calculated. 3. Study of Mast cell counts. RESULT: Cetirizine showed significant anti-inflammatory activity both in acute and chronic animal models. CONCLUSION: Cetirizine may be used as potential drug for both acute and chronic inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory property.

In vitro and In vivo assessment of piroxicam incorporated Aloe vera transgel

Background:The aim of the study was to develop piroxicam-Aloe vera gel (PAG) formulation and make a pharmacodynamic evaluation of the formulation.Materials and Methods:The gel was prepared by using carbopol 934 as gelling agent and methyl paraben as a preservative in an Aloe vera gel base. The formulated gel was also evaluated for physicochemical parameters like pH, viscosity, drug content, and in vitro diffusion assessment. Pharmacodynamic activity of the formulation was evaluated in Wistar albino rats. The formulated gel was compared with that of similar marketed gel (commercial piroxicam gel (CPG)) against the same parameters.Results:From in vitro studies, an effective drug release from PAG was observed to be 68.17% when compared with that of the CPG (62.71%) at 180 min indicating better drug release from the gel formulated in this study. Percentage inhibition of edema was greater for the preparation of PAG (29.57 mean percent inhibition after 60 min) compared to marketed gel which exhibited 18.3% after 60 min.Conclusion:It was concluded from the results that the Aloe vera gel acts as an effective gel base to prepare piroxicam gel with high drug loading capacity and improved anti-inflammatory effect. From the statistical analysis the formulation of PAG showed better release than the CPG at p < 0.05 level of significance.

Formulation and evaluation of meloxicam niosomes as vesicular carriers for enhanced skin delivery

Context: Skin delivery of Meloxicam (MX) offers several advantages over the oral route which is associated with potential side effects.Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop transdermal MX in niosomes.Materials and Methods: Vesicles prepared by thin film hydration method were characterized and the acute anti-inflammatory activity of 0.5% MX niosomal hydrogel was evaluated using carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. Results: The results revealed that niosomes prepared from span 60 and cholesterol at 6:4 molar ratio using 20 mg of MX were of the highest entrapment efficiency (> 55%) and with particle size (187.3 nm). There was a marked increase in the percentage inhibition of edema in animals treated with MX vesicular gel compared to those treated with free MX and piroxicam gels.Discussion: There was an inverse proportionality between vesicle size and cholesterol content. With increased cholesterol molar ratio the bilayer stability increased and permeability decreased leading to efficiently trapping the MX. In contrast, higher amounts of cholesterol may compete with the drug for packing space within the bilayer. The inhibitory effect of MX niosomal gel may be attributed to its superior skin permeation.Conclusions: The results suggest that niosomes may be promising vehicles for transdermal delivery of MX.

Antiinflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of the seeds of Carica papaya in experimental animals

Objective: To scientifically verify the claims of our traditional healers on the anti-inflammatory activity of Carica papaya (C. papaya) and possibly deduce its activities. Methods: 0.1 mL of fresh egg albumin was injected into the right hind-paw of adult white Wistar rats to induce inflammation an hour post intraperitoneal (IP) administration of 50-200 mg/kg doses of the extract to 3 groups of 5 rats per group. The 4th group of 5 rats was used as negative control and received 2 mL/kg (IP) of physiological saline, while the 5th group of 5 rats was used as positive-comparative control and received (IP) 150 mg/kg of aspirin. Increases in diameter of the paw were measured with the aid of Veneer Calipers before extract administration and at interval of 30 minutes post administration for further 2 hours. Percentage inhibition of oedema was calculated for each dose group and results were subjected to statistical analysis using student t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: All doses of extract showed a dose and time dependent inhibition effects of oedema (P＜0.05). Conclusions: This work is at present though limited to animals, the anti-inflammatory activity of the seeds of C. papaya is perhaps proven.

Evaluation of antiinflammatory activity of Tephrosia purpurea in rats

Objective To evaluate the antiinflammatory activity of orally administered ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea in acute and subacute inflammation in rats. Methods An ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea was prepared. Carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma were the models for acute and subacute inflammation respectively. Four groups of rats in each model were treated orally with 2% gum acacia, 100 mg/kg of aspirin, 500 mg/kg and 1 000 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea respectively. In carrageenan induced paw edema model, subplantar injection of 1% carrageenan was made into the hind paw of the rats sixty minutes after the administration of the respective drugs. The paw volume was measured immediately after injection of carrageenan, at 3 hours and at 6 hours. Then percentage inhibition of edema was calculated. In the cotton pellet granuloma model, animals were administered drugs for six days after placing cotton pellets in the axilla on each side. On the 7th day, dry weight of granuloma was calculated. Results The rats treated with Tephrosia purpurea did not exhibit any significant decrease in paw volume and serum ceruloplasmin levels as compared to the control and aspirin treated groups in the acute inflammation model; while, there was a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in the weight of granuloma in Tephrosia purpurea and aspirin treated groups as compared to control in subacute inflammation. Conclusions The ethanolic extract of orally administered Tephrosia purpurea shows significant antiinflammatory effect in subacute inflammation but not in acute inflammation in rats.

Preparation and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Liposomes of Indomethacin

The side effects of indomethacin, such as ulceration of the kidney and central nervous system (CNS) toxicity, limit its use as a drug for rheumatoid arthritis. Encapsulation of this drug in liposomes may reduce the toxic effects. The aim of this study was to determine the factors influencing encapsulation of indomethacin in liposomes and to determine anti-inflammatory potential of liposomal indomethacin. A series of liposomal formulations of indomethacin were prepared using various phospholipids. The effects of method of preparation, lipid composition, charge, and cholesterol (CH) on encapsulation of indomethacin in liposomes were investigated. A significant variation in encapsulation of the drug in liposomes was observed when prepared by different methods. With all the methods of preparation tried, the favorable lipid compositn for high encapsulation of this drug was egg phosphatidyl choline:CH:stearlyamine (PC:CH:SA) at a 1:0.5:0.1 molar ratio. Inclusion of cholesterol did not affect the encapsulation efficiency of the drug in liposomes. The drug release profile from the liposomes was biphasic, and the highest percentage drug release was observed with large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) (100 nm). Inclusion of steary-Ujylamine (PC:CH:SA 1:0.5:0.1) and phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) (PC:CH:PG:1:0.5:0.2) in the liposomes reduced the release of the drug in comparison to the neutral liposomes (PC:CH 1:1). The slow release of the drug from stearylamine-containing liposomes may be explained by the electrostatic interaction between the acid moiety of the drug and the amine moiety of the lipid. It is assumed that the possible hydrogen bonding between –OH groups of phosphatidyl glycerol and the –COOH group of the drug might be the reason for the slow release of the drug from PC:CH:PG (1:0.5:0.2) containing liposomes. Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the liposomes was performed by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema (acute) and adjuvant arthritis (chronic) models. The anti-inflammatory activity was increased from the first to fifth hour PC:CH:PG (1:0.5:0.2) and PC:CH:SA(1:0.5:0.1) liposomes showed the highest percentage inhibition of edema. In both these models, anti-inflammatory activity of liposomal indomethacin was significantly higher than that of free indomethacin (p <. 01). The ulcer index of the free drug was about three times more than the encapsulated drug when administered at the same dose intraperitoneally to arthritic rats consecutively for 21 days.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of Sida rhomboidea leaves

Various organic extracts of Sida rhomboidea leaves were studied for antinociceptive and anti- inflammatory activity at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Ethyl acetate extract has shown significant ( P<0.01) antinociceptive activity. Percentage inhibition of edema by butanolic extract (33.05, P<0.001) is comparable to that of phenylbutazone, 100 mg/kg inhibition (38.83%). Phytochemical screening of the extracts indicated the presence of alkaloids, steroids and/or triterpenoids and their glycosides, tannins, flavonoids and their glycosides, carbohydrates and absence of cardiac glycosides.