Percentage Figures Research Articles

独協学園における循環器疾患の健康管理に関する研究 ＩＩ 健診成績の経時的観察

Health and clinical examinations of circulatory organs on 1, 400 high-school boys aged 12 to 17 years have been conducted from 1967 to 1981. The followed up data of health examination and clinical tests of cardiovascular disorders were analyzed, and the following conclusions were obtained. 1. Annual Fluctuation of Blood Pressure (observed number: 1, 061) 1) The annual blood pressure fluctuation are shown differently in high and low pressure groups which are divided at 120mmHg of systolic pressure and 70mmHg of diastolic pressure. In the higher blood pressure group, many boys had rather lower pressures at the second year than at the first year, while many boys in the lower blood pressure group had rather higher pressures at the last than at the former. It seems roughly that blood pressures in both groups are gathering to the average of the group. 2) Using both a erage blood pressures and the standard deviations in data for two years, the boys were categorized into three groups according to their blood pressure levels: high blood pressure groups (2.0%), increasing blood pressure group (1.1%), and decreasing blood pressure group (1.3%). 3) The incidence of families with a positive history of hypertension was significantly higher for the high blood pressure group than for the normal blood pressure and low blood pressure groups, thus suggesting that genetic factors give also school-age males some loading of the high blood pressure disposition. 2. Development of Ventricular Conduction Defect in 931 Boys Followed up. 1) After three years' observation, percentage figures for persistent fixation of cardiac ventricle conduction defect were obtained 83.3% for CRBBB, 62.5% for IRBBB, and 43.8% for IRBBB (R>R'), with a clear tendency for the more serious codes to be more fixed. 2) The number of improved cases (39.1%) was greater than that of the deteriorated (19.6%). Such a difference is more evident in cases with a short history of the disease, (improving group: 29.4% and deteriorated group: 8.8%). 3. Time-Course Results of A-V Conduction Defect (observed number: 1, 396) 1) Three years' observation showed that the incidence of I A-V block was 0.64%, WPW syndrome 0.14%, and P-R shortening 0.07%. 2) The fluctuations of this defect in the course of time showed that the unchangeable type with a constant code was 59.7%, the improving type whose symptoms disappered completely was 22.6%, and the subjects newly developping the condition was 17.7%. 3) The results of Master's two-step test (double) conducted for I A-V block (observed number: 22) (except for temporary and intermittent cases) showed that the improving type in which the P-R interval tends to be shorter after physical exertion accounted for 77.3%, while the deteriorating type in which this interval tends to be longer after physical exertion for accounted for 9.1%.

1333 MONITORING GENTAMICIN DOSAGES IN PREMATURE NEONATES

Dosages of I.V. gentamicin (G) seek to maintain peak serum levels of 4-12 mcq/ml. Recommendations are that pre-dose (PrD) levels remain below 2 mcq/ml to avoid nephrotoxicity. We obtained serum G levels in premature and stressed neonates with gestational ages (GA) from 24-40+ weeks following IV infusion of standard dosages (2.5 mg/kg). G. Was administered by IV or IA infusion over 20 minutes PrD levels were obtained by heel puncture one half hour before the next dose (ie after 5 calculated half lives (t 1/2). T 1/2 of G was calculated for each infant using standard pharmacokinetic formulae. Post dose levels were obtained 20 minutes following completion of the infusion. Results are listed in the table grouped by G.A. The percentage figures reflect the incidence of PrD levels greater than 2 mcq/ml. All post dose levels were within acceptable limits. Our findings confirm that dosage intervals frequently need altering in premature and stressed neonates of all G.A., if PrD are to be kept below 2 μg/ml. Schedule alterations should be based upon each infants pharmacokinetic parameters.

A comparison of the complement fixation and immunofluorescent antibody tests in a survey of the prevalence ofBabesia equi andBabesia caballi in horses in the sultanate of Oman

The incidence of antibodies to Babesia equi and B. caballi in horses in the Royal Stables of His Majesty the Sultan of Oman was assessed by complement fixation (CF) and immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) tests. Two series of samples taken with a 2-year interval, mainly from animals reared in Oman, indicated a stable but high prevalence of antibodies. On the 2 occasions 94.6 and 97.7% respectively were positive to B. equi by IFA and 76.8 and 75.0% were positive by CF. For B. caballi the corresponding percentage figures were lower--67.9 and 40.9 by IFA and 30.4 and 40.9 by CF. A group of animals tested within 4 months of importation gave 60.4% positive reactions by IFA and 62.5% by CF to B. equi; 6.3% positive to B. caballi by IFA and 8.3% by CF. These figures are consistent with the probable relative prevalence of the parasites. The discrepancy between the results obtained by the 2 serological tests was probably due to the greater sensitivity of the IFA test and the faster decay of the antibodies detectable by the CF test.

Auditory test results in 500 cases of acoustic neuroma.

Auditory test results in the first 53 causes of this series of 500 acoustic neuromas were reported in 1964. Subsequent studies involving larger numbers of patients detailed new results based on these additional cases. Five hundred cases of surgically confirmed acoustic neuromas were analyzed. Pure-tone loss configurations, speech discrimination, auditory adaptation as measured by the modified tone decay test, Bekesy audiometry, short increment sensitivity index test, and alternate binaural loudness balance test data were evaluated. The results of this investigation in general confirm previous studies, although percentage figures for positive tests differed in the large series. Acoustic reflex results were reported for those patients evaluated more recently. Slightly more than half of the cases had inconsistent audiometric results in one or more aspects. Inconsistencies to the tests were examined in detail. Consistent responses to the tests appear to be related to the size of the lesion. The full battery of audiologic tests is of importance in the differential diagnosis of acoustic neuromas.

Drug misuse in a special clinic patient population in Glasgow.

During the period October, 1970, to October, 1972, a sample of 295 patients attending Special Clinics in the City of Glasgow participated in an investigation into drug misuse. Results show that, of the 136 males and 159 females who took part--all within an age range of 16 to 24 years, 43 per cent. of the males and 36 per cent. of the females admitted to having experimented with drugs. These percentage figures on the prevalence of drug misuse compare with 36 per cent. of males and 24 per cent. of females obtained from other Glasgow-domiciled target groups, comprising a sample of 2,514 individuals. The principal drug of misuse is shown to be cannabis, followed by LSD and sleeping pills. Data on drug availability suggest that little difficulty is experienced in obtaining drugs illicitly from a variety of sources. Comparison between drug misusers and non-misusers on domestic, educational, and social variables revealed no very distinctive patterns. Results of screening for personality characteristics, using Eysenck's Psychoticism, Extraversion and Neuroticism Inventory generally confirmed previous findings related to atypical scores on the P, E, and N parameters. Even so, results obtained by means of the PEN Inventory and IPAT Anxiety Scale revealed a pattern in which drug misuse is shown to be related to even higher scores of psychoticism, neuroticism, and anxiety. The results of the investigation are discussed with particular reference to the nature of the appeal of drugs to the sexually permissive and promiscuous.

Inflammatory cells in solid murine neoplasms. II. Cell types found throughout the course of Moloney sarcoma regression or progression.

Regressing and progressing Moloney sarcomas, induced in BALB/c mice by the injection of cultured sarcoma cells (MSC)1, were sampled for histologic analysis and then disaggregated using mixtures of trypsin, collagenase and DNAse or collagenase and DNAse alone. The types of inflammatory cells (IC) found in resultant cell suspensions were determined 6, 11, 14 and 18 days post inoculation. Inflammatory infiltrates were composed almost exclusively of three cell types; neutrophils, T lymphocytes and macrophages. The extent to which each was found in tumors was related to the time post inoculation. Neutrophils were part of an early acute inflammatory response seen in both developing regressing and progressing sarcomas. The onset of regression was associated histologically with the appearance within tumors of a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. T lymphocytes and macrophages were the principal constituents. A higher percentage of T lymphocytes was recovered at all sampling times from regressing, compared to progressing, sarcomas. During development of the mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate there were relatively more large T cells in regressing, than in progressing tumors, and the percentage of macrophages was higher. Thereafter, the proportion of macrophages in the recovered cell population was approximately the same for both types of tumor. Such equality was more apparent than real, however, since IC were restricted to the peripheries of progressing sarcomas after the acute inflammatory phase, but continued to be found throughout regressing neoplasms. The effective ratio of macrophages and T lymphocytes to tumor cells therefore was much lower in progressing sarcomas than was suggested by percentage figures. The data presented support the concept that T lymphocytes are instrumental in causing the regression of Moloney sarcomas, possibly through interactions with macrophages.

Considerações sobre os ramos viscerais da artéria pudenda interna do coelho (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

This paper deals with the anatomical study of the visceral branches of the internal pudendal artery in the rabbit. Thirty animals (16 males and 14 females), adults, were anaesthetized with ethylic ether, injected with contrasting substance in abdominal aorta (27 animals with Neoprene latex and .3 with radio-opac mass) and dissected through stereoscopic 7nicroscopc. The animals injected with radio-opac mass were radiographed in order to compare with other preparations. In results were described origin and branching of this artery. The last result was expressed in relative percentage figures and compared with the rodents arterial disposition.

Valve replacement: Present status of homograft valves

We have surveyed the medical literature for reports of cardiac valve replacement. While the objectives of these reports are often diverse, they usually refer to the functional adequacy of the valve in question. Frequently the objective is to compare the function in two or more valve types. A variety of statistics can be derived from these patient data. Patient survival is the most consistently reported figure and is undoubtedly the most important and most accurate factor to consider. While actuarial curves are a well-described method of reporting these survival figures, there are still many centers that report flat percentage figures that do not consider the crucial period of postoperative follow-up. In addition to these actuarial survival curves, some attempt should be made to indicate which deaths are related to cardiac valve replacement and which are clearly unrelated. While there always must be some bias in this selection, it is probably most accurate to include in the valve-related category all sudden deaths, unknown and questionable deaths, and all patients lost to follow-up. This will clearly define those patients who have succumbed to causes completely unrelated to the valve. These valve-related figures obviously should also be reported on an actuarial basis. Along with an analysis of survival, the incidence of complications must be considered in evaluating the clinical results. While these data are often far less accurate than the survival data, they can reflect the general comparative trends in different valve types. For example, while definite thromboembolic episodes are usually reported, suspicious, unknown, or sudden episodes are rarely included. The incidence of hemorrhage from Coumadin is almost never indicated. It is clear from the assessment of these series that the complication rate must also be expressed on an actuarial basis as a percentage of those patients who are alive and well in a given follow-up interval. The combined incidence of deaths and complications will provide the most accurate impression of how well a particular valve can function. Figure 9 presents our total homograft experience as an example of actuarially reported survival, valve-related deaths, and valve-related complications. In statistical reporting of human cardiac valve data, the postoperative interval of follow-up is critical. With the types of valves presently being used, intervals shorter than 18–36 mo do not provide us with a significant follow-up period. Not until follow-up data reaches the 5–10-yr mark does it become meaningful to the assessment of long-term valve function. In reviewing the literature, no group with a 5–10-yr follow-up reports greater than 50% of the original patients to be alive and well without having suffered any significant complication since surgery. This applies to all types of valve replacement. This low incidence of perfect results is counterbalanced by the fact that deaths attributed directly to the valve are consistently less than 10%. This does not mean that in further follow-up many of these problems and complications are not going to result in a more significant mortality rate. It is also repeatedly stated that the recent advances and alterations in valve design will significantly influence the long-range outlook of valve replacement. it must be carefully indicated that this is speculation and is not supported by factual data. Attempting to draw finite conclusions from data comparing valve types is difficult. Two or three impressions stand out. It would appear, for example, that the fresh aortic homograft has a significantly better long-term record than other types of tissue valves. Both the frozen-irradiated homograft and the gluteraldehyde heterograft are reporting excellent early results. Of the prosthetics, the Smelloff-Cutter valve has probably the best long-term results, and, as opposed to most, it has not undergone recent design change. Cloth-covered valves have had a definite impact on the incidence of thromboembolism and can be used without the ongoing risk of anticoagulants. We are impressed by our observation that the earlier Starr-Edwards valve invariably had attached fibrin and thrombus deposits, even several yr after implantation. Cloth-covered valves are free of these persistent thrombi and significantly decrease the ongoing patient risk from embolism. Unfortunately, the effects of this design change may not be entirely beneficial. In all five of the cloth-covered valves we have inspected at reoperation, there has been definite fabric deterioration and in one instance the cloth dehisced completely from the cage. It is not possible for us, today, to state which valve type is best. The results of valve replacement with short-term follow-up has certainly improved markedly over the 10–12 yr of use. Statistics, however, do not yet indicate any significant improvement in late follow-up data.

Victorian England 1837-1901: Bibliography and Historiography

It may be assumed that a bibliographical survey of a period of history is likely to reveal the nature, strengths and weaknesses of its historiography. This assumption depends to a large extent on the historical rather than bibliographical knowledge which the bibliographer brings to his work. So I would begin by pointing out two things which mere bibliography does not reveal about Victorian historiography. One is the influence upon it of works dealing with earlier, pre-Victorian periods. In any list of the ten most important works for the Victorian historian, one must include Namier's Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III and E. P. Thompson's Making of the English Working Class. Whatever one may think of these works, they are methodologically or ideologically seminal. A second thing not easily revealed by bibliography is the relative styles and types of work done in the United States as distinct from the United Kingdom. The British are more likely to write essays and biographies, and they have a near monopoly of social history; Americans, as everybody knows, are dreadfully monographic; as everybody may not know, they seem to have taken the lead in the field of intellectual history, perhaps because one may more readily depend on printed sources.I should next like to venture some remarks about the relative importance of particular genres in Victorian historiography. The most obvious is that editions of printed sources are of rather less importance for so modern a period of history. Percentage figures are deceptive, however, because Parliamentary Papers and the periodical press are too numerous to be cited individually, and autobiographies and other contemporary works could only be cited sparingly. Thus, while the preparation of printed sources is only a small part of the work done in Victorian history, the actual amount of available printed sources is in fact overwhelming. To this must be added the increasing availability of such sources in microform or photoreproduction, which may well transform historical research. Another observation relevant to genres of historical writing is the much larger prominence of biography in the Victorian field. The taste for biography is itself a Victorian phenomenon, and in certain fields—I have elsewhere discussed its role in religious history— this genre may be unduly prominent, often resulting in a narrowly personalistic approach. Nonetheless, the monograph still dominates the field.

IMPROVING ENGLISH VOCABULARY ABILITY THROUGH WORD SEARCH GAME OF THE SEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMPN 2 ABIANSEMAL IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2009/2010

The present classroom action study dealt with Improving the Students English Vocabulary Through Word Search Game of the Seventh Grade Students of SMPN 2 Abiansemal in Academic Year 2009/2010. The present classroom action study was basically triggered by the fact that the subjects under study still faced problem in vocabulary mastery. The subjects’ vocabulary problem should be instantaneously solved. Words Search Game were expected to be an effective way in improving and developing the vocabulary mastery of the Sevent Grade Students of SMPN 2 Abiansemal in Academic Year 2009/2010. The present classroom action study made use of pre-test and post-test research design with descriptive and quantitative analysis. It consists of two cycles and in each cycle there are four successive sessions. The present classroom action study was started with administering initial refelction (IR) to the subjects under study which was intended to establish the real preexisting vocabulary mastery of the subjects under study. The comparation of mean score of each session within each cycle shows a significant increase. This grand mean figure convincingly increased much higher than the mean figure of the initial reflection or pretest scores. This grand mean figure convincing reveals that there were significant Improvement of the Students’ English Vocabulary of the Seventh Grade Students of SMPN 2 Abiansemal. The questionnaires which were actually intended to measure the changing learning behavior of the subjects under study in learning vocabulary taught through Words Search Game were administered by the end of the cycle I. The results of the comparative percentage figures obtained for the present class study proved that the subjects' learning behavior changed positively, that was, their attitude and motivation heightened significantly.

Human Factors in the United Kingdom

This overview of human factors begins in the days of World War I with the organization of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Medical Research Council. The historical development includes details of various efforts in the field as they relate to flying, physiology, and personnel selection. The authors show the relationship between industrial and government uses of human factors. A brief history of the Ergonomics Society is also presented, with percentage figures for the various specialties that comprise its membership.

Measuring the Cumulative Net Coverage of Any Combination of Media

Despite computers and simulation methods, “naive” media calculation methods which give immediate information still have a place. The proposed method measures, with great accuracy, the total number of readers, viewers, or listeners of a combination of media and issues. It can be used on a total population figure or on any desired category of readers, on absolute or percentage figures. It requires just paper and pencil, or, for more speed, a desk calculator.

Validity in mental health surveys.

In recent years a method of conducting mental health surveys has been developed which relies mainly on interviewing individuals according to a questionnaire. Subjects for the surveys are chosen by statistical techniques so that they will be representative of designated populations regardless of whether or not they have ever had psychiatric treatment. The questionnaires are administered by trained interviewers who as a rule are not psychiatrists; the data are later evaluated by psychiatrists who make a series of ratings on each individual in the survey. Inasmuch as surveys of this type show a very high prevalence of psychiatric disorder in many populations (from 10% to 60%), the question of validity becomes a matter of major importance. In the present study 123 individuals were examined and rated independently by both the survey technique and by a psychiatrist employing his usual clinical approach. After the psychiatrist had made his independent rating he was allowed to see the survey data and also to re-examine the subject again if he wished. He then made a final rating constituting his best judgment based on all information available. The degree of agreement is indicated in Tables I to IV. Table I deals with symptom patterns considered without regard to diagnostic implications. Thus, a given individual may have more than one of these symptom patterns. Table II concerns impairment by reason of psychiatric symptoms. Table III deals with a rating as to whether or not the subject is a psychiatric case: ‘A’ means almost certainly a psychiatric disorder of some sort; ‘B’ means probably; ‘C’ means doubtful; and ‘D’ means almost certainly not a psychiatric case. (Note that the group here studied was deliberately weighted with ‘A’ and ‘D’ ratings and hence is not representative of any population.) Table IV summarizes the agreements. While more work is needed, and studies of this kind should be repeated, the results so far show considerable agreement between the survey and clinical methods. This suggests that the large percentage figures obtained by surveys are properly matters of serious concern and that they have far-reaching implications for the teaching and practice of psychiatry.

Paleogeographic and Paleoecologic Analysis of Planktonic Foraminifera: ABSTRACT

Abundance studies of extinct planktonic Foraminifera are proving a fruitful method of paleogeographic and paleoecologic analysis. Population counts of species and genera in fossil faunal assemblages give approximate percentage figures for paleo-faunal studies. Comparison of population data between two or more stratigraphic sections can be used as an indication of paleo-faunal differentiation and can outline paleogeographic distribution of species. Abundance analysis based on faunal sequences appears to reveal patterns that are repeated within sections from the same faunal province. Application of this method of analysis to planktonic foraminiferal faunas from Maestrichtian and Paleocene assemblage zones in selected sections of the Atlantic, Gulf, and Mediterranean regions indicates distinct paleogeographic and paleoecologic differentiation. Broad generic distributions are evident, whereas there are more distinct geographic limitations on species in the Maestrichtian and Paleocene. There also is some indication of possible geographic subspecies variation. The most marked differentiation occurs along lines of longitude with more favorable comparisons and less marked differences along lines of latitude. A greater number of genera and species are found in low latitudes than in high latitudes in rocks of the Maestrichtian and Paleocene. Faunas from sediments deposited in shallow-water environments are characterized by a limited number of species. The species that do occur usually are the most abundant elements in the planktonic faunas found in sediments deposited in deeper-water environments. End_of_Article - Last_Page 630------------

Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Types

The latest study from the Kinsey Institute, to determine whether persons convicted of sex offenses differ from other individuals, and if so, how, is a truly herculean labor. In a volume of almost 900 pages, the authors record in exhaustive detail various facets (chiefly sexual) of the lives of 1,356 sex offenders, 477 control subjects, and 888 prison inmates convicted of nonsexual crimes. The study is limited to white men over 16. The amount of printed minutiae is monumental, numbing the eye and brain with the profusion of statistical data and tables. The following heading of one of the 167 tables exemplifies the excessive minuteness of inquiry: Arousal From Pictures of Sexual Action by Sexual Arousal From Seeing or Thinking About Females for Control, Prison and Sex-Offender Groups with Female Objects. This table alone contains 208 separate percentage figures. The authors' subdivide sex offenders into 14 classes, including heterosexual

METHODS OF COMPILING CROP STATISTICS IN CHINA*

METHODS OF COMPILING CROP STATISTICS IN CHINA*

What is the Progress of College Freshmen after Acquiring Probationary Status

WHEN THE COLLEGE records of the University of Portland were studied for four freshman classes of 1952, 1953, 1954, and 1955, and repres e n t i n g the graduating classes of 1956, 1957, 1958, and 1959, it was discovered that 28. 7 percent of the tot a 1 freshmen enrolled in these four years, or 3 2 3 out of 1125 students, were on probation after their first semester of college work for failure to obtain a semester grade-point average of at least a 2. 00.1 This percentage is comparable to percentage fig ures found by Boughter, Warner and Holtz^who dis covered that the percentage of students on probation in different colleges ranged from less than 1 per cent to 37 percent of freshman classes. A review of students entering the University shows aptitude ranging from extremely bright to rel atively slow. Since the introduction of the place ment testing program in 1957, the aptitude is ap proximately that of the national average as indica ted by College Entrance Examination Board test scores with a mean of 465. All students are now re quired to take these tests as a condition for admis sion. The aim of this investigation was to make a fol low-up study of the probationers of four fres h m a n classes to determine and analyze what happened to this group after graduation. The probationary po 1 icy of the University of Portland was evaluated in terms of the findings. In general, the investigation sought to throw some light on probationary status at the college level. The study was developed through the use of the normative survey. An analysis was made of the re cords of 323 probationary students representing the four above mentioned classes at the University. All 323 students had left the University, either by grad uation, or by withdrawal without graduating. Thus, a complete study of the educational career in higher education at the University was made of the sample. Nineteen percent of the 323 sample remained and graduated in eight, nine, ten and eleven semesters. Eighty-one percent left without graduation. ROBERT SCHMELZLEE

Behaviour of muscle protein fractions of broilers during freezing and frozen storage

A method has been introduced for the analysis of protein fractions in chicken, in analogy with similar fractionation used for fish muscle proteins. The percentage figures for the most important protein fractions in the breast muscle of 9-week-old broilers were found to be: sarcoplasmic protein 30, »myosin» 59, giving a total of soluble proteins of 89, and stroma proteins 11 per cent. This method was applied to follow possible changes in the solubility of »myosin» during post-mortem aging and subsequent freezing and frozen storage. At the same time, there were determined the pH and water-binding capacity. Organoleptic evaluation was used as a check. It was found that the solubility of »myosin» was lowered only in broilers frozen without aging, after 1 month of storage. Simultaneously, water-binding capacity was lowered, and the meat proved tough by organoleptic test. Prolonged frozen storage, by contrast, caused no loss in solubility of »myosin». The water-binding capacity was lowered after prolonged storage, particularly in broilers frozen without aging.

Contributo alla conoscenza della distribuzione degli antigeni dei sistemi ABO, MN, Rh nella popolazione del Lazio

SummaryIt has been the intention of the Authors to make a contribution to the study of the distribution of the blood groups ABO, MN and Rh among the population of the region of Lazio. A report is made on the results of 1042 blood-group tests carried out on subjects living in the region under consideration, no account beeing taken of their ethnic origins.The data observed have been studied to establish the phaenotype frequency, and to ascertain the proportion of the genes (by making use of the methods based on the criterion of « maximum likelihood »). The χ2 test was also used to make a comparison between the diHe-rent ascertainments.In 502 subjects out of the 1042, the serum was examined for the presence of the antigen « e » which, in fact does not occur very often.A comparison was made between the sample of the population observed and the results with the same criteria in the choice of the subjects. A comparison with similar investigations carried out by other Authors in the region of Lazio has been possible in the case of the ABO and MN blood groups, while for the Rh group there are comparable investigations only for the provinces of Milan and Pavia.The composition of the samples examined has shown some differences which have been evaluated by making use of the most appropriate statistical method. The χ2 test enables us to establish, on the basis of the number of degrees of liberty, what the frequency is of the samples whose representative point is more than χ away from the representative point of the sample chosen as a model. If this frequency is below a certain figure, for example 0.05, we may conclude that the empirical sample is a rare one for the distribution chosen as a model; and this divergence is attributed predominantly to systematic factors, since the empirical distribution is a sample corrisponding to another population.The present population of the region of Lazio, as appears from the researches under examination is at the limits of homogeneity for the distribution of the principle types of the ABO groups: it is difficult to come to a con-elusion concerning the significance of the variation in the frequencies observed by different Authors. In the case of MN group the hypothesis of homogeneity is admissible, but the respective data for the region are as yet too meagre. A comparison between the different populations has given negative results for homogeneity in the case of Rh group.Differences in results among investigations carried out in the same region must be attributed not only to the criteria of choice of the subjects examined (these also may not be a representative sample of the population), but also in the incomplete ethnic homogeneity of the individuals chosen. This is important for the purposes of anthropology, while for the purposes of forensic medicine it is useful to have a classification of the present population independently of the grouping according to ethnic origin. The frequency rate of blood groups can be evaluated by considering the average of the results of numerous investigations, provided that these are similar to each other at least in part. The percentage figures, taken out of all the investigations made in the region compared with each other, are the following; group A = 39,44%, group B = 11.44%, group AB = 3.98%, group O = 45.14%, group M = 33.09%, group N = 17.73% and for group MN = 49.18%.

High-energy electrons in the treatment of malignant tumors of the thorax.

The treatment of malignant neoplasms within the thoracic cage is a challenge to the surgeon as well as to the radiotherapist. The paucity of beneficial results and the low five-year survival rates are an indication of the futility of most therapeutic efforts. Primary carcinomas of the esophagus and of the bronchus continue to present the highest death rates; although the absolute number of individuals who have been successfully treated has increased, the five-year survival percentage figures have shown little improvement, for reasons which are well known. The insidious onset of these neoplasms seldom permits the establishment of an early diagnosis; the advanced stages of the diseases necessitate major surgery. Such procedures, although feasible and in the hands of experienced surgeons technically successful, often result in clinical failures due to the debility of the patients. Radiotherapy faces serious difficulties because the ionizing radiation necessary for control of these neoplasms requires a large tumor dose which often cannot be tolerated by the afflicted patients. An illustration of the problems confronting the surgeon and radiologist is offered in a pertinent instance of a carcinoma of the esophagus where 80 per cent of the esophagus was resected and the entire stomach placed in the thoracic cage (Fig. 1). Within ten weeks after surgery complete obstruction of the remaining part of the esophagus developed as a result of spread of the original carcinoma, with subsequent extension of the disease to the lymph nodes of the neck. The operative result must be considered a failure, although the entire visible neoplasm was eradicated. More than likely, the rapid spread was a sequel of surgery itself. A second example is a carcinoma of the right middle and lower lobes of the right lung. A complete atelectasis developed in the right hemithorax (Fig. 2) following bronchoscopy, and since the patient also suffered from severe asthma and emphysema, surgery was considered to be too great a risk. The obvious need for improvement of surgical results is the establishment of an earlier diagnosis, but the reality has to be faced that, despite serious efforts, this goal probably will not be achieved for a period of many years, and probably not at all unless a simple test is developed for the recognition of cancer in its incipient stage. At present, therefore, we are forced to seek an improvement in the treatment methods which will be applicable even in advanced stages of the disease. There still will remain the limitation that involvement must be confined to the thorax itself; in the presence of metastases to other organs, it is unreasonable to expect more than palliation. We believe that our experience with high-energy electrons in the therapy of malignant neoplasms of the thorax is such as to recommend this modality in their treatment.