Percentage Of Sand Research Articles

Free-living nematode assemblages along a water-depth gradient in the Perdido belt, northwestern Gulf of Mexico

This study investigated nematode assemblages in the Perdido belt, northwestern Gulf of Mexico (GoM) in terms of species composition, distribution, density, and diversity. We examined 27 sediment samples collected at depths of 44-3466 m. The nematodes were identified at the lowest level possible and classified into four trophic groups based on their buccal cavity. Additionally, their sex and stage of life were determined. The sediment composition was determined, as well as the percentage of organic carbon (OC). The density per site fluctuated between 0.02 and 13.30 ind/10 cm2. A total of 1768 nematodes were identified, belonging to 9 orders, 35 families, 96 genera, and 153 species, of which 9 genera and 15 species are new records for the GoM. The families Xyalidae and Comesomatidae were the most diverse genera (9 and 8, respectively). Sabatieria sp. 1 was the most abundant and widely distributed species. The number of species varied at different depths (range 1-60 species) and Pielou evenness (0.7-1). Most of the organisms collected were adult females. The non-selective deposit feeders were the most abundant (49%), followed by epigrowth feeders (20%). Most of the sites consisted of sand (range 10.1-70.2%). The percentage of OC varied at different depths (0.1-1.4%). No significant correlation was found between species richness and depth. The species composition changes with depth, density and most of the trophic groups tend to decrease with increasing depth. The dominant species are more related to the percentage of sands and silts than to clays and OC.

MEIOFAUNA IN TROPICAL MONTANE STREAMS: BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS REGULATING COMMUNITIES

Meiofauna is a group of heterotrophic organisms smaller than macroinvertebrates but larger than microfauna and characterized by groups such as testate amoebae, ciliates, and nematodes. They are a link between bacteria and resources and macroinvertebrates. However, tropical meiofauna is poorly studied; thus, our goal was to characterize meiofaunal community composition and abundance and assess potential environmental variables controlling these community dynamics. Monthly samplings of meiofauna were conducted for eight months in Quebrada Prieta, El Yunque National Forest, Puerto Rico. Sampling was made in 12 pools, and data on discharge, sediment characteristics, and biotic variables were also collected. A total of 62 meiofaunal morphospecies were identified, with nematodes dominating the community, followed by testate amoebae. Bacterivores and detritivores taxa dominated the community. Meiofaunal abundance was negatively related to discharge and positively to the percentage of coarse sand, nitrate, and macroinvertebrate abundance. The composition of meiofauna in Quebrada Prieta is like the composition reported for temperate streams, at least in major meiofaunal groups present. However, the community in Quebrada Prieta was dominated by testate amoebae. In contrast, temperate streams are often dominated by rotifers and nematodes. Both abiotic and biotic variables are important for meiofaunal communities in the headwater streams in Puerto Rico.

Performance evaluation of fibre reinforced concrete specimens using industrial by-products

Increased industrialization and urbanization have resulted in overuse of Cement and Aggregates, which has an impact on the sustainability of the ecosystem. Concrete can be manufactured from industrial leftovers, which eliminates disposal concerns. Here an attempt has been made to partially replace cement with an optimum of 10% bagasse ash and river sand with an optimum of 20% waste foundry sand in concrete. Fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) is manufactured by mixing steel fibres with concrete which will increase the material's ductility and capacity to absorb energy. Fibre reinforced concrete is manufactured by maintaining an optimum percentage of bagasse ash and foundry sand and by varying the proportions (0%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1% and 1.2%) of steel fibre. Mechanical properties of the fibre reinforced concrete specimens using bagasse ash and foundry sand have been studied and compared with conventional specimens.

Design and Performance Evaluation of Constant Head Double Ring Infiltrometer at H.S.T.U.

An indication of soil that allows water to penetrate into the soil profile is infiltration. Increased ground water recharge is aided by increased filtering rate. The purpose of this study was to assess the soils' infiltration qualities in H.S.T.U. With a constant water head double ring infiltrometer with inner ring of 15 cm, outer ring of 30 cm, and a height of 27 cm was designed. To assess soil texture class, electrical conductivity, pH, and moisture content, soil samples were taken using an auger at a depth ranging from 0 to 15 cm from 5 different chosen locations. Infiltration rates were discovered utilizing a constant head double ring infiltrometer to be 17.53 mm/hr, 13.53 mm/hr, 21.34 mm/hr, 22.4 mm/hr, and 16.21 mm/hr. Sand was present in proportions of 61.2%, 54.2%, 63.2%, 67.2%, and 55.2%. The highest percentage of sand was discovered in location L-4. The percentage of silt was found 26.4%, 26.4%, 20.4%, 22.4% and 34.4% accordingly. 12.4%, 14.4%, 11.4%, 10.4%, and 10.4% of the total weight was clay, respectively. The percentage of water content in soil at five different places was 14.74%, 14.12%, 14.62%, 8.62%, and 11.6%, respectively. The findings show that the research field contains the highest percentage of sand and that the penetration rate is also the highest there. Also, showed a proportionate association between infiltration rate and percentage of sand and a negatively proportional relationship with silt, clay particles, and soil moisture content. The average soil infiltration rate for the HSTU campus area was 18.202 mm/hr.

Using Magnetic Susceptibility to Assess Soil Pollution in the Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu with Statistical Approach

Objective: This study used magnetic susceptibility measurements and statistical methods to investigate soil pollution. Method: Using the grid approach, soil samples were collected in and around Tiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nādu. Standard procedures were used to determine the physicochemical parameters of soil samples such as the percentages of sand, silt and clay, EC and pH. A dual frequency susceptibility meter was used to assess the magnetic susceptibility of the soil samples collected at low-frequency (clf) and high-frequency (chf). Multivariate statistical analysis such as factor analysis (FA), Pearson correlation (PC), and cluster analysis (CA) were conducted to determine the influence of Physicochemical parameters on magnetic susceptibilities and to detect soil contamination from anthropogenic or natural sources. Findings: Significant magnetic enhancement values may be concentrated in the soil, indicating ferrimagnetic minerals in the study area in some locations. Novelty: Contamination sources of pollution using magnetic susceptibility with statistical approach. Keywords: Soil; Physicochemical properties; magnetic susceptibility; Statistical Methods; Pollution

Sand Cement Brick Incorporating Palm Oil Clinker as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate

Palm oil industry produces a significant quantity of waste such as palm oil clinker (POC) that can be utilized as fine or coarse aggregates. The POC will cause environmental issues due to improper landfilling at the palm oil mills. The primary goal of this study is to utilise the POC in building materials such as brick. Therefore, with the utilization of POC sand in brick production would assist to minimize the environmental issues around the palm oil mills. Four brick compositions were created using several percentages of POC sand ranging from 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% by volume of sand. All specimens were undergoing water curing process for 7 days and 28 days. The specimens were subjected to compressive strength test, flexural strength test and water absorption test. The utilization of 50% POC sand improves the compressive strength and flexural strength of the brick. The utilization of POC sand in brick leads to the creation of sustainable materials and the preservation of natural sand.

A new method for calculating C factor when projecting future soil loss using the Revised Universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) in semi-arid environments

Understanding how reservoir sedimentation rates may evolve due to climate change is essential for projecting future changes in reservoir water storage capacity. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is commonly used to assess regional soil loss rates because of its suitability for working with the coarse temporal and spatial scale of climate model outputs. Application of the RUSLE for projecting future erosion rates is constrained by the relatively limited number of classes used in projected changes of native vegetation: this typically reduces a wide range of variation in RUSLE cover (C) factors to a single value per class, and these classes may be insensitive to changes in species composition and canopy density with time and space. This paper develops a low-cost, efficient, and objective approach to projecting future C values directly based on widely available Landsat data, downscaled climate model data, and a limited number of terrain variables. Observed C is estimated from Landsat-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Modified Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI) values using standard methods. A linear relationship is established between the observed C values and average annual antecedent temperature, average annual antecedent precipitation, latitude, and percent sand (adjusted R2 = 0.75604, 0.7543, and RMSE = 0.09448, 0.07043, respectively). A proof of principal study demonstrates that, unlike when land cover classes are used to estimates C, a RUSLE model driven by the regression-based C provides a correct order-of-magnitude estimate of observed long-term erosion and sediment yield rates (e.g., an estimate of 2.9–3.2 t ha−1 y-1 is obtained where observed rates range from 1.2 to 3.9 t ha−1 y-1 for the same time period, and up to 8 t ha−1 y-1 historically, while standard formulations of RUSLE yield 16.1 and 0.3 t ha−1 y-1). Using climate model data to estimate both precipitation intensity (R factor) and C in the RUSLE model results in basin wide projected end 21st century soil erosion rates for relative concentration pathway 8.5 of 5.5–7.5 t ha−1 y-1, consistent with expectations for accelerated soil loss in the study area as climate change reduces soil moisture while increasing precipitation intensity. The same model driven by land cover class estimates of C produces soil loss rates an order of magnitude smaller (0.3–0.4 t ha−1 y-1), consistent with a much more heavily vegetated landscape than could be supported under the increasingly arid projected climate.

The Effect of Construction Wastes in Concrete Bricks for Load Bearing Wall

Natural disasters, demolition projects, and construction projects generate massive waste. Materials from demolition, roadwork, and excavation were included in the “construction wastes” category, and more complicated wastes, including cardboard, plastic, metal, and ceramic. The objective of this study focused on the possibility of utilizing construction wastes such as plastic wastes such as reinforcing steel bars, tiles, tie wires, and nails in making effective concrete bricks for the load-bearing wall. Construction wastes such as 10%, 15%, and 20% were used to replace aggregates in concrete. Laboratory tests, such as compressive strength and water absorption tests, were carried out to evaluate replacements on the properties of ordinary Portland cement mixes. Results showed that as the amount of construction waste increases, the compressive strength of brick significantly increases. Also, as the percentage of construction wastes increases, with decreasing sand percentage, the water absorption decreases. Thus, this study on creating sand bricks from construction wastes as a replacement for aggregate is an excellent possibility for utilizing as building and construction material and a workable solution in combating the waste problem.

Effect of slag sand as river sand and its influence on compressive strength of the cement mortar

Cement mortar is widely used in all construction activities due to its strong binding and durable properties. Sand is the main ingredient in preparing cement mortar in different ratios from 1:1 to 1: 8 for various elements in construction. As we are facing a shortfall for river sand, an alternate crushed stone as M−sand is used everywhere for river sand. Mining, crushing rock particles, and stone quarrying also have long-term effects on the environment. Industrial effluents from the manufacturing of steel, copper, and coal also possess some aggregates properties, dumping them as waste, leading to disposal challenges & adverse environmental impacts. Hence researchers are trying different ways to minimize waste disposal and address the scarcity of river sand in construction activities. One such trial is attempted in this study to utilize the waste effluent slag sand obtained from the steel industry as a replacement for sand. The experimental investigation is conducted by replacing slag sand in various percentages from 0 to 100% in the ratio of 1:3 cement mortar. A microstructure test was performed on slag sand to check its feasibility compared to M−sand, and the compressive strength of mortar was analyzed at 3, 7, and 28 days of curing. Also, an Ultrasonic pulse velocity test is performed to evaluate the quality of the mortar. Test results revealed that slag sand increases strength with age. But slag sand absorbs more water compared to M−sand, making the mix stiffer. Adding the extra water corresponds to water absorption percentage, and strength increased further at all ages of curing and improved cement mortar quality. Thus, the optimum percentage of slag sand as a replacement for M−sand is 50% in cement mortar. Thereby helping minimize the disposal challenge by producing eco-friendly mortar and reducing the construction cost. This slag sand proves as a sustainable material for futuristic constructions.

Granulometric calibration of the Erosion Potential Method (EPM) model: Estimation of sediment production that affects a coastal area

The beach sediment at the Ofanto river mouth (Apulia, Southern Italy) is very well sorted, and is mainly represented by medium sand. The granulometric analysis within the Ofanto basin shows a more heterogeneous distribution with coarser sediment prevailing upstream, and medium-fine sands more abundant in the other sectors. The occurrence of placers of volcanic minerals both in the river and in the beach sands allowed us to use them as geo-markers to estimate the grain size reduction from the river’s source to its mouth. The percentage of river sediment producing medium sand at the mouth was calculated for each sector of the Ofanto basin. It was, used as a reduction factor to correct the total budget of sediment production obtained by PyQGIS YES plug-in. In this way it was possible to calibrate the model and identify the areas of the feeding basin mainly contributing to the production of beach sediment at the river’s mouth.

Environmental factors in the spatial variability of demersal fish in a subtropical estuary and adjacent continental shelf

Quarterly collections of demersal fish were conducted between 2014 and 2018 on the adjacent continental shelf and in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (PEC). Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to determine the abundance, richness, and composition of demersal fish assemblages and to list predictor variables responsible for the variability in these ecological descriptors by applying generalized linear models. The collected specimens of demersal fish (n = 25,179) were distributed across 19 orders, 31 families, and 72 species. Fish richness was explained by the following predictor variables: the percentage of fine sand in the sediment, the richness of the benthic megafauna, and sampling sites. The abundance was associated with the predictor variables of the percentage of very fine sand in the sediment, percentage of silt in the sediment, salinity, and sampling sites. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the fish assemblage composition was strongly associated with the salinity gradient and positively correlated with benthic megafaunal species richness. As it is one of the last remnants of the Atlantic Forest, declared by UNESCO as a Natural Heritage of Humanity, the patterns observed in this study will support PEC's coastal management of current developmental demands, particularly related to port activities.

Determination of the Physicochemical Parameters and Pollution Indices in Soils of Obodo Community in Delta State, Nigeria

Oil and gas activities are one of the environmental concerns in the crude oil-rich areas of the Niger Delta. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical level and some pollution indices in the soils of the Obodo community in Delta State to ascertain if there is an anthropogenic influence on the soil quality. Soil samples were collected from 14 sampling stations and 2 control stations during the wet and dry seasons from two soil depths (topsoil, 0 - 15cm) and (subsoil, 15-30cm) according to standard methods and procedures. The study results revealed elevated concentrations of total hydrocarbon content, polyaromatic hydrocarbon, total petroleum hydrocarbon and sulphate with mean values of 138.45 mg/kg (topsoil) and 147.66 mg/kg (subsoil); 52.62 mg/kg (topsoil) and 30.01 mg/kg (subsoil); 229.95 mg/kg (topsoil) and 160.33 mg/kg (subsoil); 54.89 mg/kg (topsoil) and 44.88 mg/kg (subsoil) during the wet season respectively; and mean values of 172.94 mg/kg (topsoil) and 151.46 mg/kg (subsoil); 11.11 mg/kg (topsoil) and 10.25 mg/kg (subsoil); 19.63 mg/kg (topsoil) and 17.99 mg/kg (subsoil); 22.57 mg/kg (topsoil) and 19.95 mg/kg (subsoil) during the dry season respectively. The high concentrations observed in this study indicates anthropogenic influence that may be due to oil spillage, emission from vehicle exhaust, incomplete combustion of coal, and the use of inorganic fertilizer. The results of the index of geo-accumulation and contamination factor showed that the levels of heavy metals were those of unpolluted soil except for the cadmium concentration observed in the topsoil of the study area, which showed moderate pollution during the wet season. The low pH values and a higher percentage of sand in the soil infer that the low heavy metals concentration observed in this study may be due to cations leaching down the aquifer which requires further studies to examine the groundwater quality.

INFLUENCE OF TEAK (Tectona grandis) LINN ON SOIL NUTRIENTS STATUS IN AKANGA TEAK PLANTATION, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA

Teak species have been found to have effects on soil properties different from those of indigenous natural forests in terms of organic matter accumulation and soil properties on the forest floor. This research aims at evaluating the physico-chemical properties of soil under Teak plantations in Akanga Teak plantations, Nigeria. Soils were sampled and analyzed based on procedures described by Bouyoucos, Day, and Reeuwijk. Based on the results, soil particle size from the plantation had the highest percent of sand (74.5±1.1). There was a fluctuation of soil pH between the age series, 1981 age series had the highest pH (6.2±0.0) in both seasons. The nitrogen content had a steady declined as the plant age increased, while the organic matter and phosphorus content increased with the age of the plant species in the area. There was a decline in soil nutrients during the wet season, which also coincided with the active growth period of forest trees. Thus, it is evident from this study that monoculture plantation of exotic species may lead to an initial reduction of soil organic content and nutrient elements in the soil; then a gradual buildup of soil organic matter and exchangeable cations with age.

Changes of Soil Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Vertisol by Organic Matter and Sands Applications

Vertisol has a clay texture, high micropores, and high water and nutrient absorption ability. The high water content of Vertisol causes the air to decrease, thus inhibiting root development. Stretching of the Vertisol structure is expected to increase soil porosity and reduce ion and water absorption. This study examines interactions between organic matter and percent sand on soil porosity and nutrient availability. The study was arranged according to a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), repeated three times. The first factor was seven kinds of organic matter (control, cow dung + banana peel compost, cow dung + leaf litter compost + compost water hyacinth + cow dung, humin, humic acid, and biochar. The application doses are respectively for each treatment: humic acid and humin 20 kg ha-1, biochar 1 Mg ha-1, compost+manure fertilizer 15 Mg ha-1. Changes in soil chemical characteristics were evaluated against pH, C-org, and Available-P, while changes in soil physical characteristics were evaluated against bulk density, particle density, and soil porosity. The results showed that the combination of organic matter and percent sand could improve the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. Bulk density (BD), particle density (PD), and soil porosity increased with the addition of sand. The organic matter significantly correlated with improving soil properties was humic acid, humin, biochar, compost, and manure, with the best percentage of sand at 20%.

Modeling Soil Water Retention Under Different Pressures Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System

Soil Water Retention (SWR) is an important process in drainage, surface, and groundwater partitioning, hydrological modeling, water supply for irrigation, etc. Assessment of SWR characteristics is complex and difficult to conduct spatially in varied locations. Therefore, Pedotransfer Functions (PTF) which are empirical relations with easily available physical properties are commonly used. In the present study, the evaluation of soil moisture at different suction pressure using the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) approach based on soil texture (percentage of gravel, sand, silt, and clay) and compare with the PTF approach. The analysis was conducted for a total of eleven sites of two adjoining commands in India. The pressure plate apparatus along with coarse and fine sieve analysis, titration, and other tests were carried out to determine SWR, texture, organic carbon, and bulk density. The comparative analysis of Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies of the best-fitted PTF models and ANFIS model confirmed that the ANFIS model can capture all variations of soil texture across all sites with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of nearly 1.0 indicative of an exact match, while no single PTF-based model can be used for all the sites. Therefore, the ANFIS model can be used to model soil water retention for the central India region using easily available texture properties of soils.

A study on factors affecting the wear of steel track undercarriage

PurposeReducing wear of undercarriage track propulsion systems used in heavy construction equipment decreases the maintenance costs and increases the equipment's life. Therefore, understanding key factors that affect the wear rate is critical. This study is an attempt to predict undercarriage wear.Design/methodology/approachThis research analyzes a sample of track-type dozers in the eastern half of North Carolina (NC), USA. Sand percentage in the soil, precipitation level, temperature, machine model, machine weight, elevation above sea level and work type code are considered as factors influencing the wear rate. Data are comprised of 353 machines. Machine model and work code data are categorical. Sand percentage, elevation, machine weight, average temperature and average precipitation are continuous. ANOVA is used to test the hypothesis.FindingsThe study found that only sand percentage has a significant impact on the wear rate. Consequently, a regression model is developed.Research limitations/implicationsThe regression model can be used to predict undercarriage wear and bushing life in soils with different sand percentages. This is demonstrated using a hypothetical scenario for a construction company.Originality/valueThis work is useful in managing maintenance intervals of undercarriage tracks and in bidding construction jobs while predicting machine operating expense for each specific job site soil makeup.

Effect of Fly Ash and Steel Fiber Content on Workability and Mechanical Properties of Roadway Side Backfilling Materials in Deep Mine

The stable bearing capacity of roadside backfill body (RBB) is the key to control the surrounding rock deformation of gob-side entry retaining (GER) in deep mining. In this paper, slump and uniaxial compressive strength tests were conducted to study the changes of the slump and RBB mechanical properties of RBB fresh mixture under the influence of different percentages of fly ash (FA), river sand, and amounts of steel fiber (SF) admixture. The results show that (1) the slump first increases and then decreases with the increase of the FA proportion, while 20% of FA proportion is the critical point. In addition, SF has little influence on slump. However, when the proportion of FA is 60% and the content of SF is 0.4%, the slump reaches the minimum value of 130 mm. (2) The peak strength and residual strength increase with the increase of the FA proportion, and the strength gain starts to decrease when the FA proportion exceeds 40%. Moreover, SF only has a small effect on the peak strength when the dosage is 0.8%. (3) The post-peak strain difference decreases with the increase of the FA proportion and increases with the increase of the SF content. The addition of SF can make up for the reduced capacity of RBB to post-peak deformation caused by the addition of FA to a certain extent. (4) The addition of fly ash does not change the brittle failure mode of RBB. Furthermore, after the addition of SF, RBB changes from brittle to ductile failure mode. This study can provide experimental and theoretical basis for improving the bearing capacity of RBB and maintaining the stability of GER.

Properties of Sustainable Concrete Utilization Foundry Sand

The reduction of natural sand used in concrete as fine aggregate due to widely concrete usage has led to search for another alternative to sand. The effect of using foundry sand waste to partially replaced sand by weight in concrete has been studied in this paper. Percentages (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) of waste foundry sand have been used and the results of workability, dry density, water absorption, compressive strength, split tensile and flexural strength with reference concrete mix that contain natural sand 100% have been compared. The chemical and the physical properties of foundry sand have been examined. Substitute waste foundry sand up to 30% has decreased workability and has increased the density. The 30% replacement has recorded the more increase in compressive and splitting strength of about 25.6% and 17.2% respectively for age 7 days, while 10.7% and 15.6% respectively at age 28 days. Waste foundry sand has been less effective in enhancing the flexural strength than compressive strength. The 40% replacement has showed poor results. The effect of superplasticizer has been studied on 40% waste foundry sand mix. Using superplasticizer 1% of cement weight has recorded increase in compressive and splitting strength of about 9.9% and 4.4% respectively for age 7 days, while 2.8% and 9% % respectively at age 28 days when compared to the reference mix.

Effect of polypropylene fibre on cementitious mortar early shrinkage cracking using the eccentric-ring test

The effects of polypropylene fibres on mortar and cement-paste cracking were investigated using different amounts of fibre fractions and eccentric rings under restrained-shrinkage conditions. Eccentric-ring tests were conducted to investigate early-age shrinkage cracks. The characteristics of restricted cementitious materials were described by evaluating the cracking time and using concrete mixtures that are less likely to crack. Different fibre-volume fractions significantly enhanced the width, area, and age of cracking. Increasing the water-cement ratio and sand percentage increased the cracking age. The eccentric-ring test showed a greater susceptibility to cracking in cement-mortar composites. The mechanical strength was assessed, and the impact of polypropylene fibres was investigated.

The Role of Structural Characteristics of Soft Sediment on Absorption of Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC) and Physicochemistry Due to Human Induced Pollution in The Lower Bonny Estuary, Rivers State, Nigeria

The role of structural characteristics of soft sediment on absorption of total hydrocarbon content (THC) and physicochemistry due to human induced pollution in the lower bonny estuary were studied in a bid to measure the danger of human actions along the catchments on the estuary. Samples were collected and analyzed from five sampling stations representing fuel depot site, garbage dump, fishing spots, living quarters and an upstream station far removed from direct human impacts (control). Sediment samples were collected for six months representing wet and dry seasons. Samples were analyzed for THC, Organic Carbon, phosphate (PO4), Electrical conductivity (EC), and pH. Sediment particle was also determined by the hydrometer method. Result from the investigation reveal that there were significant seasonal differences in measured parameters (p<0.05). pH and THC and EC in wet season>dry season. While Organic Carbon and PO4 in wet season < dry season. Sample stations did not show any significant difference (p>0.05). Soil sediment analyses reveal that percentage of sand in sediment was uniform throughout the wet and dry season and all sample stations. Clay content was constant in all stations in dry season but fluctuated in the wet season between stations. Silt content in sediment fluctuated between stations in both wet and dry seasons. THC and physico-chemical parameters did not have any direct correlation with sediment characteristics.Station 5 (control) revealed lower values in almost all measured. parameters compared to other stations, implying greater ecological stability in the control station. The findings of this work is suggestive of the fact that Bonny estuary is under a subtle threat from land-based activities.