Percent Rise Research Articles

Effect Of Isometric Handgrip Exercise On Hypercapnia-induced Shear-mediated Dilation In The Internal Carotid Artery

The previous study reported that flow-mediated dilation in peripheral conduit arteries decreased following an acute bout of isometric exercise. On the other hand, it remains unknown whether an acute isometric exercise affects cerebrovascular endothelial function. PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of acute isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise on hypercapnia-induced shear-mediated dilation in the internal carotid artery (ICA). METHODS: Four subjects participated in the present study and performed four 2-min IHG exercises at 25% of maximum voluntary contraction. Shear-mediated dilation in the ICA as an index of cerebrovascular endothelial function was measured by using Doppler ultrasound before and immediately after the IHG exercise protocol. Shear-mediated dilation in the ICA was induced by hypercapnia (target end-tidal carbon dioxide; +10mmHg from individual baseline value) and was calculated as the percent rise in peak diameter from baseline value. RESULTS: ICA blood velocity and diameter did not change after acute IHG exercise protocol compared with resting value. Also, shear-mediated dilation in the ICA was unchanged by IHG exercise protocol (4.4±2.0 vs. resting value, 4.5±1.9, P=0.84). CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, the IHG exercise trials did not change cerebrovascular endothelium function. These findings suggest that the response of cerebral endothelial function to IHG exercise is different from that of the peripheral endothelial function.

Something in the Pipe: Flint Water Crisis and Health at Birth

Flint changed its public water source in 2014, causing severe water contamination. We estimate the effect of in utero exposure to polluted water on health at birth using the recent Flint water crisis as a natural experiment. Matching vital statistics birth records with various sources of data, we employ a Difference-in-Differences (DID) approach as well as a Synthetic Control Method (SCM) to identify its causal impact on key birth outcomes. Our results suggest that the crisis modestly increased the rate of low birth weight (LBW) by 1.1-1.8 percentage points but had little effect on length of gestation or prematurity.The effects are larger for black or less educated mothers. Children born to disadvantaged mothers demonstrated 1.2-2.0 percentage points (or 10.4-17.4 percent) and 0.2- 0.6 percentage points (or 9.5-28.6 percent) rise in LBW and VLBW, respectively. We find little evidence that the Crisis increased fetal death, suggesting that the scarring effect in utero may dominate the channel of mortality selection. These results survive a rich set of placebo and falsification tests. Finally, our results lend support to three mechanisms at work linking water contamination and birth outcomes, i.e. biological effect, maternal stress, and avoidance actions.

The impact of maize price shocks on household food security: Panel evidence from Tanzania

Using three waves (2008/09, 2010/11, 2012/13) of the Tanzanian National Panel Survey, this study investigates the impact of maize price shocks on household food security. Between 2008/09 and 2012/13, calorie intake stagnated for urban households, yet sharply deteriorated for rural households. The latter was driven by a significant decline in the consumption of the major staple maize which showed strongest price hikes among all major food items. Fixed-effects regressions indicate a clear negative relationship between maize prices and average household energy intake. Almost all population groups were found to be negatively affected by maize price shocks, with rural landless households being the most vulnerable group. In particular, a 50 percent rise in maize prices decreases caloric intake for rural (urban) households on average by 4.4 (5.4) percent, and for rural landless households by 12.6 percent. Results further indicate that subsistence agriculture can act as an effective strategy to insure against food price volatility.

A comparative study of assessment of prognosis of hip fracture patients of various age groups at a tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Over the past few decades, there had been a decline in the incidence of hip fractures, although there has been an exponential rise in the total number of fractures. Every year, it has been observed that approximately four percent rise occurs in the relative risk of mortality among elderly patients. Hence; we undertook the present study to assess the occurrence of hip fractures in patients of various age groups.Materials & Methods: The present study included assessment the frequency of occurrence of 200 patients with hip fractures in various age groups. Out of 200 patients, 40 were males and 160 were females. The mean age of patients with hip fractures was 79.2 years. Out of 200, 85 cases were of femoral neck fractures and 115 cases were of trochanteric fractures. Classification of femoral neck fractures was done bases on the classification of Garden and classification of trochanteric fractures was done based on classification of Evans. Classification of all the subjects at the time of injury was done into following groups: Group I: Subjects between age group of 64 to 75 years, Group II: Subjects between age group of 76 to 85 years, Group III: Subjects between age group of 86 to 95 years, and Group IV: Subjects with age of 96 years and above. Comparison was done in between these groups in terms of performance status at the time of admission, functional outcome and survival outcome. All the results were analysed by SPSS software.Results: Significant difference was obtained while comparing number of patients affected with dementia and anaemia in all the study groups. Number of males in group I, II, III and IV were 8, 14, 15 and 3 respectively. On comparing the ambulation prognosis in between the ambulatory and non- ambulatory patients in all the study groups, we observed statistically significant results.Conclusion: For achievement of better and favourable prognosis in hip fracture patients, early ambulation should be carried.

Связь суточных колебаний содержания цитокинов с изменением ритмов артериального давления при эссенциальной артериальной гипертензии II стадии

Today, increasing attention is being paid to the role of circadian rhythms in pathology. There are time-of-day-dependent immune markers that provide valuable information about disease progression. The aim of this study was to measure evening and morning concentrations of a few cytokines (interleukins, adhesion molecules, tumor necrosis/growth factors, etc.) in the peripheral blood of patients with stage II essential hypertension and to investigate how they correlate with a nocturnal blood pressure decline. Blood samples were collected from 90 patients with stage II EH at 7:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. Cytokine concentrations were measured using immunoassays. Based on 24-h blood pressure monitoring, the patients were distributed into 3 groups: dippers, non-dippers and night-peakers. The morning to evening ratios of cytokine concentrations in patients with EH differed from those in healthy controls due to an increase in the evening concentrations of somnogenic cytokines (IL1β, IL1α) and LIF, sLIFr, and M-CSF whose daily fluctuations patterns remain understudied. On the whole, the fluctuation patterns of the measured cytokines in patients with stage II EH who had had the condition for 10 to 14 years and were receiving no antihypertensive treatment at the time of our study differed from those displayed by healthy controls. A twenty percent rise in the evening concentrations of IL1α, LIF, sLIFr, M-CSF, and erythropoietin contributes significantly to pathological blood pressure rhythms (as demonstrated by the groups of non-dippers and night-peakers) in patients with stage II EH receiving no antihypertensive therapy. Understanding the pathophysiological role of cytokine levels and their fluctuations over a 24-h cycle could inspire new methods for EH prevention and reduce end-organ damage.

Minimum Cost Multiobjective Programming Model for Target Efficiency in Sample Selection

In this study, we developed a model which elaborates relationship among efficiency of an estimator and survey cost. This model is based on a multiobjective optimization programming structure. Survey cost and efficiency of related estimator(s) lie in different directions, i.e., if one increases, the other decreases. The model presented in this study computes cost for a desired level of efficiency on various characteristics (goals). The calibrated model minimizes the cost for the compromise optimal sample selection from different strata when characteristic j is subject to achieve at least 1−αj level of efficiency of its estimator. In the first step, the proposed model minimizes the variance for a fixed cost, and it then finds the rise in cost for an αj percent rise in efficiency of any characteristic j. The resultant model is a multiobjective compromise allocation goal programming model.

Determinants of Inflation Sources in Iraq: An Application of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model

Most economists agree that the emergence of substantial inflationary pressure in Iraq was due to the monetary growth arising from large increase in the money supply by government to finance enormous budget deficit. This was true especially during the comprehensive sanction imposed on the country between 1990 till 2003. Others point out to exchange rate depreciations as another cause to inflation. Such controversy about the causes of inflation in Iraq has necessitated studying this phenomenon quantitatively. Our main contribution is to assess empirically the effects of money supply, exchange rate, and import on inflation in Iraq over the period 1995–2015. Using the ARDL bounds testing approach, we estimated the long-run effects of those variables on real inflation. In addition, we attempt to draw attention to the impact of changes in global prices on the phenomenon of inflation in Iraq. It is analyzed that money supply, exchange rate and import, changes inflation to 0.59, -0.85, and 0.11 percent points respectively by one percent rise in long-run. The Error Correction model with a negative sign remained statistically significant with the approximately 34% speed of adjustment to restore the equilibrium in the long-run, which was convergent quickly.

The Stability of Population and GDP Growth: A Comparative Analysis Among Different Nations in the World

The relationship between population growth and economic growth appeared differently in different countries. It became a debated issue for one country group from another where each country group classified by their income level. This article draws on data of forty countries that is twenty seven years long with each income group consists of ten countries. For panel data analysis the study introduces some econometric tests such as Unit root test, Country Pedroni (2004) cointegration test, Phillips-Peron cross section test, Johansen normalized cointegrating tests and Vector error correction test. The outcome states that in low income countries both variables are in equilibrium and reveals positive relationship. By one percent rise in the growth of population, in the long run, for high income and upper middle income countries the growth rate of GDP will drop by 1.19 percent and 0.044 percent respectively. Meanwhile, significant positive results come from lower middle income and low income countries which were the growth of GDP upswing by 0.44 percent and 0.42 percent respectively by the one percent increase in the growth of population. In high income countries, growth of GDP falls due to rise of the growth of population but the growth of population needs 1.47 year to reach to the equilibrium.

A quasi-experimental study of the effects of yogic practices on pulmonary functions and exercise-induced bronchial lability in children with controlled asthma

Background: It has been observed that regular practice of yogic postures (asana) and breathing exercises (pranayama) improves the airway dynamics of healthy persons. This can be helpful for reducing exercise-induced bronchial lability, and thus yoga and pranayama could be used as an effective management strategy for asthma. Objectives: The objective was to study the effect of 12 weeks of regular yogic practices on pulmonary functions and exercise-induced bronchial lability in asthmatic and healthy children. Objectives: The objective was to study the effect of 12 weeks of regular yogic practices on pulmonary functions and exercise-induced bronchial lability in asthmatic and healthy children. Materials and Methods: Thirty asthmatic children attending pediatrics outpatient department were enrolled as cases (Group I) and thirty apparently healthy children who were having no any family history of asthma were enrolled as controls (Group II). Both the groups were further divided into four subgroups namely Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb (Groups Ia and IIa – not practicing yoga and Groups Ib and IIb – practicing yoga). The yoga groups (Ib and IIb) performed yoga regularly for 45 min daily for 12 weeks under the guidance of a yoga expert. Spirometry (lung volume and capacities as well as flow rates) along with exercise-induced bronchial lability testing was done at baseline and at 12 weeks in all participants. The responses to exercise were quantitated as the percentage rise and fall in the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) during and after exercise and Exercise Lability Index (ELI). Results: Group Ib (asthmatics, practicing yoga) had significant increases in vital capacity (VC), forced VC (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1%), and PEFR and a decrease in percentage fall in PEFR and ELI at 12 weeks. Group IIb (healthy, practicing yoga) had highly significant increases in VC, FVC, and FEV1 and a significant increase in PEFR and a decrease in ELI at 12 weeks. Conclusions: By improving pulmonary functions and reducing exercise-induced bronchial lability, yoga helps asthmatics as well as healthy children to cope better with vigorous physical activities.

Optimizing the AKI definition during first postnatal week using Assessment of Worldwide Acute Kidney Injury Epidemiology in Neonates (AWAKEN) cohort.

Background:Neonates with serum creatinine (SCr) rise ≥ 0.3 mg/dL and/or 50% SCr rise are more likely to die, even when controlling for confounders. These thresholds have not been tested in newborns. We hypothesized that different gestational age (GA) groups require different SCr thresholds.Methods:Neonates in Assessment of Worldwide Acute Kidney Epidemiology in Neonates (AWAKEN) with ≥1 SCr on postnatal days 1–2 and ≥1 SCr on postnatal days 3–8 were assessed. We compared the mortality predictability of SCr absolute (≥0.3 mg/dL) vs percent (≥50%) rise. Next, we determine usefulness of combining absolute with percent rise. Finally, we determined the optimal absolute, percent, and maximum SCr thresholds that provide the highest mortality area under curve (AUC) and specificity for different GA groups.Results:The ≥0.3 mg/dL rise outperformed ≥50% SCr rise. Addition of percent rise did not improve mortality predictability. The optimal SCr thresholds to predict AUC and specificity were ≥0.3 & ≥0.6 mg/dL for ≤29 weeks GA, and ≥0.1 & ≥0.3 mg/dL for >29 week GA. The maximum SCr value provides great specificity.Conclusion:Unique SCr rise cutoffs for different GA improves outcome prediction. Percent SCr rise does not add value to the neonatal AKI definition.

How energy consumption is related to agricultural growth and export: An econometric analysis on Iranian data

Abstract Iranian agriculture has been supported by cheap energy for decades. So the question of whether this policy had brought any real outcome in terms of sector growth and export is of high importance for policy making. This paper tries to empirically identify such relation by using time series econometrics techniques including causality and cointegration tests for the period 1967–2015. Main results confirm existence of a unidirectional causality from energy consumption to agricultural growth while no relation is found between energy consumption and export. Other findings revealed that one percent increase in energy use results in 1.29 percent rise in agricultural growth in the long-run. In order to avoid detrimental impacts on sector growth, gradual liberalization of energy price for agricultural uses is recommended.

Confirmation of ovulation from urinary progesterone analysis: assessment of two automated assay platforms

Urinary concentrations of the major progesterone (P4) metabolite pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PDG) are used to confirm ovulation. We aimed to determine whether automated immunoassay of urinary P4 was as efficacious as PDG to confirm ovulation. Daily urine samples from 20 cycles in 14 healthy women in whom ovulation was dated by ultrasound, and serial weekly samples from 21 women in whom ovulation was unknown were analysed. Daily samples were assayed by two automated P4 immunoassays (Roche Cobas and Abbott Architect) and PDG ELISA. Serial samples were assayed for P4 by Architect and PDG by ELISA. In women with detailed monitoring of ovulation, median (95% CI) luteal phase increase was greatest for PDG, 427% (261–661), 278% (187–354) for P4 Architect and least for P4 Cobas, 146% (130–191), p < 0.0001. Cobas P4 also showed marked inaccuracy in serial dilution. Similar ROC AUCs were observed for individual threshold values and two-sample percent rise analyses for P4 Architect and PDG (both >0.92). In serial samples classified as (an)ovulatory by PDG, P4 Architect gave ROC AUC 0.95 (95% CI 0.89 to 1.01), with sensitivity and specificity for confirmation of ovulation of 0.90 and 0.91 at a cutoff of 1.67 μmol/mol. Automated P4 may potentially be as efficacious as PDG ELISA but research from a range of clinical settings is required.

Corporate grantmakers increasing their giving

The latest research on corporate philanthropy shows that U.S. companies have continued to increase their grantmaking over the last few years, with total corporate giving reaching a record $23.8 billion in 2017, a 15 percent rise over three years. The research, compiled by the CECP: The CEO Force for Good, in association with The Conference Board, is included in the CECP's Giving in Numbers: 2018 Edition.

Human resource management practices and firm outcomes: evidence from Vietnam

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to estimate the effects of human resource management (HRM) practices on firm outcomes at the firm level in Vietnam.Design/methodology/approachThe paper employs a fixed-effects framework for the estimation using a panel sample of manufacturing firms from small- and medium-sized enterprise surveys between 2009 and 2013.FindingsThe paper finds that, on average, a firm that provides the training for new workers gains roughly 13.7, 10 and 14.9 percent higher in output value per worker, value added per worker and gross profit per worker, respectively, than the counterpart. Moreover, an additional ten-day training duration for new employees on average leads to a 4.1 percent increase in output value per worker, a 3.0 percent rise in value added per worker and a 3.0 percent growth in gross profit per worker. The paper also uncovers that a marginal 10 percent of HRM spending results in about 2 and 1.6 percent rises in output value per worker and value added per worker, respectively.Originality/valueUsing the case of Vietnam, this paper shows the important roles of HRM practices in explaining firm outcomes.

ESTIMATION OF SLOPE LENGTH FACTOR (L) AND SLOPE STEEPNESS FACTOR (S) OF RUSLE EQUATION IN THE EUPHRATES RIVER WATERSHED BY GIS MODELING

Specific effects of topography over any area watershed erosion are estimated through the LS factor as the product of slope length L and slope steepness factor S using RUSLE equation. The LS factor map of Euphrates watershed was derived from the raw Digital Elevation Model (DEM) by using of ArcMap 10.2 software, the DEM images were provided from United State Geological Survey (USGS) website. The DEM were consisting of sixteen images with cell resolution of 30m*30m, the DEM of Euphrates watershed is ranged from -100 m to 466 m, 98.83% of Euphrates basin area of DEM within the range 0 to 457 m. The slope in percentage rise map of Euphrates watershed is required to estimate the LS factor, the most of slope of this study was ranged from zero to five which represent about 93.12% from total area of basin. The LS factor of Euphrates basin is ranged from (0) to (8010.61), 94.25% of Euphrates watershed area have the LS factor of the range from (0) to (1). Furthermore, the LS factor values more than 500 of watershed have a small area, so the factor value can be considered up to 500 and neglect the other large values of LS factor. The LS values more than 3 were identified the lines of Euphrates river, distributary channel, rills, interrill and gully.

Validation of nickel isotopes neutron cross sections using nickel spherical benchmark

The fast leakage neutron spectra have been measured on spherical nickel benchmark assembly of diameter 50 cm. The 252Cf neutron source with approximate emission of 5.0·108 n/s was placed into the centre of the sphere. Fast neutron spectrum in the range of 1–10 MeV was measured in the distance of 1 m from the sphere centre by means of proton recoil method using scintillation stilbene crystal. The experimental data were compared to transport calculations based on several evaluated nuclear data libraries using MCNP6. MCNP6 was compared with SCALE/MONACO program using the same ENDF/B-VII.1 library which leads to different differential neutron flux results. Best experimental agreement with calculation in MCNP6 is achieved with ENDF/B-VII.1 library. Contrary, worst agreement is achieved with JENDL-4.0 and CENDL-3.1 libraries. Furthermore, cross section sensitivity analysis for elastic and inelastic scattering for both main nickel isotopes (58Ni, 60Ni) was performed. It was shown that 58Ni isotope has higher influence on the result than 60Ni isotope in the entire energy range under study. The highest influence has the elastic XS of 58Ni around energy of 1.5 MeV. The inelastic cross section (XS) of 58Ni dominates in the energies above 2 MeV where two percent rise due to the inelastic XS leads up to 3.3% decrease in the neutron flux.

APA Calls on Administration to Defend Patient Protections in ACA

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Government NewsFull AccessAPA Calls on Administration to Defend Patient Protections in ACALinda RichmondLinda RichmondSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:17 Jul 2018https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2018.7b9AbstractThe Department of Justice deemed the individual mandate to carry health insurance along with key patient protections “unconstitutional,” threatening to gut Obamacare.APA strongly condemned the decision last month by the Trump administration to not defend the patient protections provided in the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the case Texas v. United States.The unusual decision of the Department of Justice (DOJ) to not defend a U.S. law opens the door to allow insurers in the individual market to deny coverage or raise the premiums for Americans with preexisting conditions or a history of using more health care. Although the precise number is hard to pin down, at least 18 million individuals buy insurance outside of the group market and would be affected by such a change, according to a data analysis by the Kaiser Family Foundation. Moreover, about 130 million Americans have at least one preexisting health condition and could potentially lose coverage or face rate increases.“We strongly condemn the administration’s decision not to defend the patient protections provided in the Affordable Care Act, an established law of the land,” APA President Altha Stewart, M.D., said in a statement. “This is harmful to the health of Americans and is very short-sighted, considering the nation is in the midst of an opioid epidemic and a 30 percent rise in suicide rates. We call upon the administration to reverse this decision and defend the rights of our patients.” The Department of Justice filed a memorandum June 7, advising a U.S. District Court that it would not defend the ACA’s individual mandate to maintain health coverage. Rather, the DOJ found the mandate to be “unconstitutional” as of January 1, 2019. That’s when the Tax Cuts Jobs Act eliminates the ACA’s penalty for individuals who do not carry insurance.In a prior court battle, the Supreme Court had upheld the ACA’s individual mandate, which requires most people to carry minimum essential health insurance, but only in so far as it was a tax provision that yielded at least some revenue for the federal government. But because the Tax Cut Jobs Act eliminates the ACA’s penalty for not carrying insurance starting January 1, it will no longer generate revenue. Thus, the DOJ determined that the individual mandate will no longer be constitutional as of that date. Texas, along with 19 other states, had filed a federal lawsuit in February challenging the individual mandate and other patient protections in the law.At the same time, the DOJ also advised the court to strike down two of the ACA’s key patient protections intended to help individuals purchasing non-group health insurance: “guaranteed issue,” which requires insurers to provide coverage to those with preexisting conditions, and “community rating,” which requires insurers to charge the same premiums regardless of medical history.“The Executive Branch has a longstanding tradition of defending the constitutionality of duly enacted statutes if reasonable arguments can be made in their defense,” Attorney General Jeff Sessions noted in a letter to Congress June 7. Nevertheless, “I have concluded that this is a rare case where the proper course is to forgo defense” of the mandate for individuals to buy insurance, he wrote. Sessions wrote that the decision had been made with the approval of President Trump. APA also teamed up with five other medical organizations representing more than 560,000 physicians and medical students to lobby on the issue. “We strongly urge the Department of Justice to reconsider its decision in Texas v. United States. [We] all seek policy solutions that increase access to affordable health care that provides all individuals, regardless of their gender, race, and health status, reasonable protections against discrimination in coverage and pricing,” they wrote in a June 11 statement.California Attorney General Xavier Becerra formed a coalition with 17 attorneys general to fight to uphold the ACA and is vowing to explore all legal options to defend it. The group filed a motion to intervene in Texas v. United States and became defendants in the case in mid May. A group of patient advocates, medical associations, public health experts, economists, and legal experts also submitted amicus briefs to the court in support of the group.Next, the judge in the case will review the filings and determine whether a hearing is needed in this case. The state of Texas must respond to the democratic state attorney general’s filings this month. ■The DOJ’s brief can be accessed here. APA’s statements are available here. ISSUES NewArchived

Twelve autologous blood transfusions in eight cats with haemoperitoneum.

The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical use and outcome of autologous transfusions in cats with intracavitary haemorrhage. A retrospective descriptive study was performed. Computerised medical records of a single referral centre were searched for cats receiving an autotransfusion. Medical records were evaluated for underlying disease process, autotransfusion technique, autotransfusion volume, time period over which the autotransfusion was given, packed cell volume (PCV) pre- and post-autotransfusion, percentage rise in PCV, use of other blood products and any complications of the procedure. Survival to discharge and survival at 2 months was documented. Between July 2012 and March 2018 a total of 12 autotransfusions were performed in eight cats. All patients were diagnosed with haemoperitoneum. Four of the eight cats were diagnosed with abdominal neoplasia, three had postoperative haemorrhage and one had a traumatic haemoperitoneum. Three cats received more than one autotransfusion. Blood was collected using a 23 G butterfly catheter and 20 ml syringe in 7/12 collections, a 23 G needle and 20 ml syringe in 2/12 collections and directly into syringes from the open abdomen at the time of surgery in 3/12 collections. A median volume of 50 ml (range 25-80 ml) was collected and administered, meaning a median volume of 16.5 ml/kg (range 9-26 ml/kg) was administered. The autologous transfusions were given over a median of 3 h (0.25-6 h). Five cats were given another blood product alongside the autotransfusion. Median percentage PCV increase was 5% (range 1-7%). Anticoagulant was used in 5/12 autotransfusions. No clinically relevant adverse effects were reported. Six of the eight cats survived to discharge. Two month survival was 60% (3/5). Autologous transfusion appears to be a safe and effective technique for stabilising cats with haemoperitoneum. This technique allows rapid and cheap provision of blood and avoids the need for an allogenic blood donor.

PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF RANQUE-HILSCH VORTEX TUBE

Vortex tube separates pressurized fluid into hot and cold fluid streams simultaneously. Geometrical and operational parameters affect this separation. The study deals with experimental investigations of effect of geometrical and operational parameters. L/D ratio (15, 16, 17 and 18), number of nozzles (2, 4 and 6), nozzle geometry (straight and Spiral), divergence angle (0, 2, 3, 4 and 5), valve angles (30 to 90 deg. in steps of 15 deg.) and cold orifice diameter (5, 6 and 7mm) are variables. For all the experiments, air is working fluid. Airflows at different pressures ranging from (200 to 600 kPa in steps of 100kPa).CMF variation is in the range from 0 to 1 for all geometries. The effects on energy separation were analyzed with respect to CMF and Mach number. The results are expressed in percentage rise and drop. Similarity relation is developed and results are compared with literature.

Brain Tumours: Rise in Glioblastoma Multiforme Incidence in England 1995-2015 Suggests an Adverse Environmental or Lifestyle Factor.

Objective To investigate detailed trends in malignant brain tumour incidence over a recent time period. Methods UK Office of National Statistics (ONS) data covering 81,135 ICD10 C71 brain tumours diagnosed in England (1995–2015) were used to calculate incidence rates (ASR) per 100k person–years, age–standardised to the European Standard Population (ESP–2013). Results We report a sustained and highly statistically significant ASR rise in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) across all ages. The ASR for GBM more than doubled from 2.4 to 5.0, with annual case numbers rising from 983 to 2531. Overall, this rise is mostly hidden in the overall data by a reduced incidence of lower-grade tumours. Conclusions The rise is of importance for clinical resources and brain tumour aetiology. The rise cannot be fully accounted for by promotion of lower–grade tumours, random chance or improvement in diagnostic techniques as it affects specific areas of the brain and only one type of brain tumour. Despite the large variation in case numbers by age, the percentage rise is similar across the age groups, which suggests widespread environmental or lifestyle factors may be responsible. This article reports incidence data trends and does not provide additional evidence for the role of any particular risk factor.