Percent Of Total Ration Research Articles

Histological Effects of Different Levels of Sorghum Grain on the Abomasum, Duodenum and Colon of <i>Ghezel×Arkhar-Merino</i> Crossbred Lambs

Sorghum grain is comparable to maize in feeding value and can reduce feed cost and dependency on maize. Sorghum grain containing reasonable amounts of tannin which have ability to bind dietary protein, carbohydrate and minerals. Consuming high amounts of tannins may cause bowel irritation on gastrointestinal tissues. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of replacement of different levels of barley with sorghum grain on histological changes of the abomasum, duodenum and colon. In this study sixteen male Ghezel×Arkhar-merino crossbred lambs were used. Dietary treatments had same amounts of alfalfa hay (20% total DM) and different levels of the barley grain substituted with sorghum grain in which sorghum grain was used in the levels of 0, 60, 70 and 80 percent of total ration. Lambs were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design assignment. At the end of finishing period the lambs were slaughtered and samples were prepared. The gross examination of abomasum, duodenum and colon did not reveal any significant necropsy signs. Samples were preceded by routine histological techniques and H and E staining method. Histological results showed that, abomasum has not distinct histological damage; except increasing of parietal cells and lymphocytosis in lamina propria and tunica submucosa. The presence of lymphocytosis probably is not related to the sorghum usages. microscopic observations of duodenum and colon showed that, higher dietary sorghum grain resulting histological changes as increase of goblet cells, dilatation of lumen of Lyberkohn's glands in order to degeneration of apical parts and brush borders of secretory units surface cells and degeneration of apical parts of villi surface cell. Also hyperemia and sporadic hemorrhage was observed in lamina propria and tunica submucosa of duodenum and colon in high level sorghum diet.

Utilization of a Formaldehyde Treated Casein-Safflower Oil Complex by Growing and Finishing Steers

Sixteen 230 kg steers were fed a 65% ground hay-35% concentrate diet to which the following was added (expressed as a percent of total ration) resulting in six treatments: 5 or 10% casein, 10 or 20% unprotected casein-safflower oil (1/1), and 10 or 20% protected casein-oil. The casein-safflower oil complex was protected from ruminal fermentation by treating the emulsion with formaldehyde. There were no differences (P>.05) related to level of casein or to formaldehyde treatment of casein-oil in percentage of dry matter, energy or fiber digestibility nor in percentage of retained nitrogen. Crude protein digestibility was depressed (P<.05) by the presence of oil and tended to be lower as a result of formaldehyde treatment. The plasma concentration of total essential amino acids tended to be higher (P<.05) for steers fed formaldehyde treated casein-oil than for steers fed untreated material. There were no differences (P > .05) related to level of casein or to formaldehyde treatment of casein-oil in percentage of dry matter, energy or fiber digestibility nor in percentage of retained nitrogen. Crude protein digestibility was depressed (P < .05) by the presence of oil and tended to be lower as a result of formaldehyde treatment. The plasma concentration of total essential amino acids tended to be higher (P < .05) for steers fed formaldehyde treated casein-oil than for steers fed untreated material. The percentage of C14, C14:1, C16 and C16:1 tended to decrease as C18:1 increased in steers fed unprotected material or as C18:2 increased in steers fed protected material. At 42 days average C18:2 content of adipose tissue of protected and unprotected casein-oil treatments was 11.1 and 2.9% (P< .001), respectively, while that of casein treatments was 1.8%. There were no differences (P > .10) among treatments in the results of a taste panel evaluation for overall desirability of the meat. Within 14 days steers fed treatments with safflower oil had higher (P < .001) plasma cholesterol concentrations than steers fed no oil. A second experiment was conducted with four 474 kg fistulated steers. The basal diet was supplemented with either 5.7% casein, 11.4% unprotected casein-oil or 11.4% protected casein-oil. Steers fed the formaldehyde treated casein-oil had markedly lower ruminal ammonia concentrations than the other steers. C18:2 did not increase in fat tissue of these steers to the extent of the lighter weight steers of the first experiment, being 5.4% of the fatty acids in longissimus muscle of two steers fed protected material for 48 days.

Evaluation of Cuban High Test Syrup in Chick Rations

IT HAS been reported that cane final molasses may be fed in chick starter rations at concentrations up to 34.5 percent; but optimum results, as determined by growth rate and cost of feed per pound of gain to 6 weeks of age, were obtained on levels of molasses ranging from 7.5 to 23.0 percent of total ration (Rosenberg, 1955). These conclusions were drawn from a study conducted with chicks reared on raised hardware cloth floors where the moisture of the droppings was of no consequence. However, it was noted that the moisture content of the feces increased as the concentration of molasses was raised, and it was suggested that this characteristic may be prejudicial to the commercial use of molasses at comparatively high levels despite its economic advantage.This investigation was undertaken to biologically assay Cuban produced “High Test” syrup, no comparable sugar cane by-product being available in Hawaii at…

Effect of Certain Cations in Cane Final Molasses on Fecal Moisture of Chicks

IT HAS been reported that the domestic fowl can tolerate high levels of cane final molasses during all stages of growth and maturity up to 72 weeks of age. According to Rosenberg (1955), cane final molasses was fed to day-old chicks for 6 weeks at concentrations up to 34.5 percent of total ration, the highest level tested, and optimum results were obtained on levels ranging from 7.5 to 23.0 percent. In other studies (Rosenberg, 1954; Rosenberg and Palafox, 1956), mature chickens also exhibited marked tolerance to comparatively high concentrations of molasses. In the three trials of the latter study, hens reared from day-old and maintained on 28.5 percent molasses produced, from 24 to 72 weeks of age, more and larger eggs, fewer meat- and blood-spotted eggs, suffered approximately the same mortality, and required 3.2 cents less feed per dozen eggs than did their controls.It was observed in these studies …

Response of Growing and Mature Pullets to Continuous Feeding of Cane Final Molasses

INVESTIGATIONS on the ability of growing and laying chickens to tolerate cane final molasses have been reviewed by Ewing (1951) and Scott (1953). In general, as with young chicks, earlier reports have shown that the growing chicken can make effective use of levels ranging around 5 percent of total ration, whereas concentrations in excess of 10 percent tended to induce diarrhea and were uneconomical. Similarly, it was concluded that mature chickens cannot efficiently utilize comparatively high levels of molasses. In contrast, two papers have recently presented studies which tend to refute these earlier reports. It was found that optimum results to 6 weeks of age, as determined by growth rate and cost of feed per unit of gain, may be obtained on concentrations of cane final molasses ranging from 7.5 to 23.0 percent, while other lots of chicks safely tolerated levels as high as 34.5 percent of total ration (Rosenberg, 1955)… .

Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Meal, a Substitute for Alfalfa Meal in Chick Starter Rations

ALFALFA leaf meal and alfalfa meal have long been the standard green feeds in poultry rations that are fed in the Temperate Zone. Commercial poultry enterprises in the tropics and subtropics also depend upon imported alfalfa. One may well wonder at this situation when one looks at the lush vegetation and continuous growth of plant life in the tropics. Surely, among the numerous legumes and grass species that abound, some plants might be raised economically that can replace alfalfa in poultry rations.Feeding trials have been conducted with certain tropical legumes. Quisenberry (1946) found that koa haole (Leucaena glauca) leaf meal effectively replaced imported and Hawaii-produced alfalfa meals when when it was fed to young chicks at 5 percent of total ration. He reported that koa haole leaf meal contained nearly twice as much carotene as alfalfa leaf meal similarly harvested and dried. Growth was depressed, however, when this meal …

An Evaluation of B-Grade Molasses in Chick Starter Rations

RECENT investigations have shown that certain by-products of the sugar cane industry may serve as a source of carbohydrates for growing and laying chickens. Palafox and Rosenberg (1954) reported that New Hampshire chicks fed experimental rations containing as much as 47 percent low-grade sugar-bagasse pith (10:1 by weight) grew as well as those fed a standard starter ration and with excellent feed efficiency to 42 days of age. Older birds, under test from 8 to 15 weeks of age, grew faster than their controls when they were fed rations in which one third of the yellow corn meal (19.5 percent of total ration) was replaced by either low-grade sugar or low-grade sugar-bagasse pith, and growth was not depressed when two thirds of the corn meal was substituted by these products. However, growth rate was significantly depressed when all the corn was replaced by either sugar product. When low-grade sugar-bagasse pith …

An Evaluation of Low-Grade Sugar in Starter and Grower Rations of Chickens

IT HAS been reported by Rosenberg (1953) that mature New Hampshire pullets tolerated high concentrations of either low-grade sugar or a low-grade sugar-bagasse pith mixture (10 to 1 respectively, by weight) when these by-products of the sugar industry were fed during experimental feeding trials that lasted 20 weeks. When the “sugar” mix replaced the cereal grains in a practical-type layer ration at concentrations of 35.5, 49.0, and 57.5 percent of total ration, an average hen-day production of 68.1, 58.9, and 61.0 percent was obtained, while that of the controls averaged 68.9 percent. No adverse effect on livability was noted, although efficiency of feed conversion into eggs was poorer than the controls at all three concentrations. Because no information was available on the potentialities of low-grade sugar as a carbohydrate feedstuff for younger chickens, this study was undertaken to investigate the practical and maximum levels that can be fed in starter …