Percent Of Households Research Articles

Climate Change and Adaptative Strategies of the Communities of Panchkhaal Municipality

Climate change has now become an unquestionable fact that affects the complex relationships between physical landscapes, natural resources, and their modification by local communities to adapt the impact of climate change. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the climate change and adaptive strategies of the community of Panchkhaal Municipality Ward No.13. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources using mixed[1]method research design. Primary data were collected from field observation, questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions and key informant survey. Secondary data were collected from reviews of published and unpublished documents. The finding shows that traditional adaptive strategies have been changing due to decline in food crop production since the last two decades. As a result, 52.5 percent households seem to be adapting new opportunities for diversifications- altering cropping times, application of agricultural inputs, tunneling and organic farming to adjust to the consequences of climate change. However, the adaption rates are varying depending on time and space and also it is varying on the basis of adaptive capacity of local community. Thus, strong policy efforts should be prepared to mitigate adverse impact of climate change on traditional farming methods.

THE SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL SECURITY IN RURAL AND URBAN AREA OF PAKISTAN DURING COVID-19

Food insecurity and health is turning out to be one of the biggest issues of the world especially in the pandemic. Developing countries are particularly affected badly from the problem of food insecurity and malnutrition. Food and nutrition (macro and micro nutrition) status was assessed by using the calories and nutrition intake method in the rural and urban areas of district Faisalabad and food security index was used to estimate the absolute food security status. Primary data set about 500 households were collected from the rural and urban areas. The results show that calories and macronutrient’s security status was better in the urban areas while the situation of micro nutrients was better in rural areas. It was found 49 percent households in rural areas and 43 percent households in urban areas were food and nutrition secure. The impact of covid-19 was evident in urban areas especially in low-income households and people who earn daily wages. The regression analysis showed that prevalence of disease, Education, household income, family size, number daily intake meals, age of household head and land size were significant impact on the food and nutrition security status in both rural and urban areas.

Valuing Interventions to Reduce Indoor Air Pollution— Fuelwood, Deforestation, and Health in Rural Nepal

Household energy use, forest and poverty are entangled in developing countries with environmental and health problems. Dependence on wood for cooking fuel generally increases the dependency of poor people on forests. This fuelwood consumption is not only linked to the forest environment, but also to the health of the inhabitants due to indoor air pollution. As the women are exposed more to the smoke pollution than the men, and children are more sensitive to it than adults, the issue of fuel is also linked with the gender and child issues. Fuelwood is the main source of cooking energy in Nepal and will remain so for foreseeable future. About 66 percent of households use wood as the main fuel for cooking. Only about 13 and eight percent households, mostly in urban areas, use kerosene and LPG respectively. The households using biogas as the main fuel is less than two percent [CBS (2002)]. One study shows that over 89 percent of total energy use in Nepal comes from the traditional fuels [ADB (2003)]. Wood and other biomass fuels (crop residues as well as animal dung) can substitute for each other, though most consumers have a general preference for wood over other biomass [FAO (1997)]. With socio-economic development, the fuel used by a household changes to better ones in the fuel-ladder. Everybody likes to maximise their utility by choosing more convenient and prestigious fuel subject to the budget constraint. Climbing the fuel-ladder generally means stepping up from dung cakes or crop residues, fuelwood, kerosene, biogas, LPG and ultimately to the electricity. Moving to the higher steps in the ladder means better respiratory health of the family members due to lower emission.

Antenatal and Postnatal Care among Women of the Danuwar Community at Panchkhal

Antenatal and postnatal care of mother is so important for the health of mother as well as the baby. Antenatal and postnatal care services are amongst the recommended interventions aimed at preventing maternal and newborn deaths worldwide. The objective of this research study was to assess the antenatal and postnatal care and practice of the Danuwar community at Panchkhal. This study was conducted in Panchkhal ward no 8, Pipaltar, Kavre. A descriptive study design was used for the study. There were total 198households in Pipaltar ward no eight. 50 percent households (99 households) were taken through simple random sampling procedure. The respondents were married Danuwar women aged from 15-49 either pregnant or having children. Only one respondent was taken from each sample household. Interview schedule were used to collect the data. The finding of the study revealed that majority of the respondents (66.67%) women had health checked up during pregnancy. Rest of them had not checked up health because of lack of knowledge, shyness and lack of time. Most of the pregnant women faced vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, bleeding, backache, tiredness health complication during the period of pregnancy. Most of the pregnant women (68.69%) had taken T.T. injection and normal diet during pregnancy. Almost (92.93%) women were kept at unsafe places after delivery because of the custom and most of the Danuwar women (97.98%) had no practice of going to health center for health check-up after delivery. Almost all of the Danuwar women consumed ‘Juwano’ soup, meat, ghee in the period of postnatal (within 6 weeks after delivery).

Time Bomb from the West: Video, the Advertising Industry, and Consumer Culture in Late-Socialist Czechoslovakia

Time Bomb from the West: Video, the Advertising Industry, and Consumer Culture in Late-Socialist Czechoslovakia

Assessing Availability and Consumption of Water Resource Dynamics in Selected Districts of Bihar, India

Bihar is well known as third most populous and least urbanized State of India. Bihar is lagging far behind in process of urbanization with 11.3 percent of people living in urban areas. The major share of urban population lives as urban poor with either no access or limited access to basic amenities like safe drinking water. In Bihar, only 4.4 per cent of households have access to tap water connection. As high as 89.6 percent households of the state depend on hand pump/tube well/bore hole for drinking water. Though, urban reforms were introduced a long ago but their implementation and impact on urban areas is too slow which makes conditions of urban Bihar worse. The present research study is based on primary data. The study carries out critical evaluation of urban infrastructure with special reference to safe drinking water in selected districts of Bihar. The study also analyzes role of urban local bodies, local governance and other related agencies in providing safe drinking water in Bihar. Study find out that in study area liters/capita/day consumption of water is lower than the levels recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Further, the major population of seven districts of Bihar consumes water in range between 50-135 liter per capita per day. Overall people perception about the quality of water is satisfactory but with increasing pressure on drinking water resource its quality has deteriorated over the years and proper management of water resource is required.

Analysing the Predictors of Financial Stress and Financial Well-Being among the Bottom 40 Percent (B40) Households in Malaysia.

This paper aims to analyse factors affecting financial stress among the Bottom 40 Percent (B40) group of Malaysian households, reflecting overall financial well-being. Data were collected through questionnaires from 1008 respondents across five major regions in Malaysia. The data were analysed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). This study provides evidence that financial behaviour, financial vulnerability (debt and income), and locus of control (luck and self-confidence) significantly affect financial stress among B40 households. The results show a significantly positive relationship between financial stress with financial vulnerability (debt and income) and locus of control (self-confidence). On the contrary, financial behaviour and locus of control (luck) show a significant negative relationship with financial stress. The result also indicates that financial stress affects financial well-being. Overall, the findings indicate that policy-makers should invent more effective and substantial stimulus packages or other measures to reduce the financial burden on B40 households. The findings could eventually provide insights for future research to delve into the social impact of financial stress. This study also has established a valid and reliable instrument to measure financial stress involving B40 households in Malaysia that eventually reflects the financial well-being of this group of people.

POVERTY SITUATION OF THE FARMERS IN THE SOUTHERN RURAL AREAS OF BANGLADESH: A CASE STUDY ON BARUIPARA, BAGERHAT

The present study aims at assessing the poverty situation of the rural farmers and its extent in a particular area of a southern district of Bagerhat, Bangladesh. The poverty situation had been analyzed by using the facts of income and living standard considering the conditions of clothing, housing, education, occupation, availability of food, and medical facilities. Relevant data were collected from 50 households (from the total of 300) involved in crop and non- crop cultivation. The households, estimated monthly income of Tk. 2754 (referred to as "1$ a day") was considered as extremely poor and Tk. 5508 (referred to as"2 $ a day") as moderately poor. In the study area 24 percent households were found to be extremely poor and 40 percent were moderately poor. The pattern of income and expenditure of the households concerned revealed the facts that about 34 percent were poor in clothing, about 28 percent were illiterate, whereas 48 percent were in want of food. Regarding housing, 26 per cent houses were match box type house, and about 62 percent could afford to avid of the indigenous medical facilities, 46 percent could go to public clinic during illness. The extent of poverty had been tried to be studied by drawing a poverty line using the cost of basic needs. Therefore, the poverty situation requires a comprehensive strategy in order to maintain sustainable resources as a means to reduce the existing condition of poverty.

Binary Choices of Households about REDD Regime in Nepalese Forest

This study studies empirically whether REDD is a better alternative to community forest of Nepal. The data set of the study is primary nature in which the primary data sets were collected from the household survey in the Kafle community forest of Lamatar-6, Lalitpur District, Nepal. The study has employed descriptive statistics and probit models to analyze the data sets. The study found 45 percent households depend on the community forest for livelihood materials (firewood, leaf litter, grass, water), along with Service and Agriculture income sources. As a result of binary choice, the study in mixed familiarity with REDD finds only 44 percent of households expect that REDD will be a better livelihood alternative to the poor. Further, 63 percent of households expect livelihood from REDD. Large household respondents don’t believe that REDD will be a better alternative livelihood for the poor. Almost all households expect REDD for livelihood objectives. From estimation, household stakeholders who have good asset holdings (land and livestock) think that REDD will be not a better livelihood alternative to the poor. However, the household stakeholders who have literacy, different food sufficiency level, landholding (1>), different earnings per day, Rsex, per day earning, and age thinks that REDD will be a better alternative. Thus, the poor households expect a livelihood role from REDD in Nepal. Therefore, REDD should be more beneficial to the poor household stakeholders and their livelihoods.

Influence of Socio-economic Attributes on Travel Behaviour in the Rural Areas of Nigeria: Towards a Sustainable Rural Planning and Development

ABSTRACT The socio-economic characteristics of individual and group have been found to significantly have an impact on their mobility and travel behaviour. Hence, this study examined the influence of socio-economic characteristics of households in the Rural areas of Nigeria on trip making. The study adopted the multi-stage sampling technique method where 12, 365 registered buildings were systematically selected out of a total of 28,341 buildings. Systematic sampling technique was used to survey 4 percent of households, representing 495 household heads of a total 12,365 registered buildings by means of questionnaire administration. The study revealed that majority of the respondents were between the age of 60–69 years and utilized the non-motorized (walk & bicycle) means of transport. The result of the multiple regression analysis further revealed that Age and Income were the significant socio-economic variables influencing trip making of households. This study thus advocates the influence of demographic attributes on households’ travel behaviour. Therefore, rural communities should be given equal privilege as urban areas when formulating transport policies as a result of their unique and distinct socio-economic attributes.

Impact of lockdown due to COVID-19 on nutrition and food security of the selected low-income households in Bangladesh

This study aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on household food security and the nutritional status of the children and identify the risk factors associated with it. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 220 households having at least one under 5 children of Narayanganj district in Bangladesh. Household food insecurity, coping strategies and nutritional status of children were the main outcome variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the significant determinants. A total of 93.2 % of households were food insecure, with 32.3% experiencing mild, 18.6% facing moderate, and 42.3% undergoing severe food insecurity. Forty seven percent households used high coping strategies and 93.2% of households consumed less expensive/preferable food as the common coping technique. Logistic regression analysis showed the variables significantly associated with moderate to severe food insecurity were low household income before COVID-19 (AOR = 46.07, CI: 13.68–155.10), more reduction of family income (AOR = 32.47, 95% CI: 9.29–113.41), maternal occupation as housewife (AOR = 7.73, CI: 2.59–23.07), losses of job (AOR = 4.28, CI: 1.31–13.98) and higher family members (AOR = 3.39, CI: 1.07–10.71). The prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting in children under 5 years of age were 29.0%, 23.4% and 15.6%, respectively. Significantly the independent predictors of stunting were maternal occupation, education, age, household head occupation, child age, and the coping strategy score. Household dietary diversity score was an important independent predictor of underweight and wasting. In conclusion, social safety net initiatives for vulnerable households along with maternal education and employment should be strengthened to reduce hunger and malnutrition.

Assessment of quality of health of native ethnic tribes of cold desert Leh- Ladakh

The present study was carried out to assess the Quality of Heath of Native ethnic tribes of cold desert Leh - Ladakh. These ethnic tribes being the inhabitants of remote areas of cold desert were lagging behind in almost all the basic facilities and their overall living conditions were not conducive for human health. The study reveals that the number of health institutions were only 1.83 per 1000 population. Overall rate of morbidity was 18.83 percent. Near about 96.84 per cent households were having supply of drinking water by taps but regular water supply was noticed only in 20.87 per cent households. Near about 70.39 percent households in urban areas were having dustbins but disposal of waste in dustbins were noticed in only 17.96 per cent of households. About 62.62 percent of households were having drainage facility but majority of households (54.37%) were having open drainage. All these worse housing conditions leads to worst health conditions of people. The main objective of the present study was to analyse the housing characteristics of ethnic population in different blocks and come up with the suggestions for the improvement of same that will lead to better health conditions.

Evaluation of WASH indicators associated with diarrhoeal disease among under-five children in an urban slum pocket, Mumbai city, India: a community-based repeated cross-sectional study

Abstract Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) practices are important factors in preventing diarrhoea. The objectives of this study were to assess the behaviour of the mothers of under-five children with regard to WASH practices, water quality, incidence rate of diarrhoea and the WASH predictors responsible for diarrhoea and water contamination, using multivariate regression analysis. The present study was conducted in households (n=55) having under-five children (n = 88) based in an urban slum pocket of Mumbai city, India. Key satisfactory practices included (percent household following them in parenthesis) boiling of water (63.6%) and daily cleaning of storage containers (74.5%). Households followed unsatisfactory practices during water transfer (72.7%), handwashing (58.2%), defaecation location (96.4%) and disposal of children's faeces (98.2%). The incidence rate of diarrhoea among <5-year-old children was 4.7 diarrhoeal episodes/100 child months. 86 and 39.7% of untreated and boiled drinking water samples had coliforms, while 12.5 and 5.1% had E. coli, respectively. Untreated drinking water and water sourced from shared taps were significantly associated with the incidence of diarrhoea (p < 0.05), and inconsistent in-house treatment of water was significantly associated with the presence of coliforms in drinking water (p < 0.05). The study results suggest that WASH advocacy and an improvement in sanitation-related infrastructure for the slum population can reduce diarrhoeal incidence.

Distress financing in coping with out-of-pocket expenditure for maternity care in India

BackgroundThe cost of maternity care is seen as the barrier in utilizing maternity care, resulting in high maternal deaths. This study focuses on the distress financing and its coping mechanisms associated with maternity care expenditure in India so that corrective measures can be taken to reduce the burden of maternity care.MethodsThis study used the National Sample Survey (NSS) data conducted in 20,014–15 (71st round of NSS) and 2017–18(75th round of NSS). We define distress financing as use of formal borrowing, borrowing from friends or family or sale of asser to finance maternity care. Percentage of pregnant/delivered females using distress financing were calculated.. The present study also used multinomial logistic regression with 95% to understand the impact of socio-economic variables on distress financing and concentration index to measure the inequality in maternity care expenditure.ResultsThis study found that the maternity care expenditure has decreased from the INR. 9379 in 2014–15 to INR. 7835 in 2017–18. The percentage of households using distress financing is higher among the poorest (13.2%). Almost 14% of the SC households experience distress financing. Among EAG + A states, particularly in Madhya Pradesh and Uttarakhand, the percentage of households are which experience a high level of distress financing increased from 8.9 to 18.3 and 0.7 to 8.1 from 2014–15 to 2017–18 respectively. The study finds that more urban households (37%) utilized insurance than rural households (26%). Among EAG + A states, 67.9 percent of households were dependent upon household savings, and it was 63.6 percent in the non-EAG states. The households with a high burden of maternity care expenditure were at higher risk of borrowing money to finance the cost of maternity as compared to use of savings/income for the same (relative risk (RR) (R: 2.59; P < 0.01; 95% CI: 2.15–3.13). Mothers belonging to the SC caste were at significantly higher risk (RR: 1.43; P < 0.1; 95% CI: 1.07–1.91). of using borrowings as compared to the use of income/savings. Mothers with college education were 50% more likely to use health insurance as compared to those with primary education.ConclusionsThe study found that even though many programs for maternity care services are there, the maternity care expenditure, particularly the delivery care expenses, is very high in many states. The study recommends that India should increase subsidized maternity care facilities to decrease catastrophic maternity expenditure among households.

Assessment of adaptive capacity and adaptation to climate change in the farming households of Eastern Himalayan foothills of West Bengal, India

The Indian agricultural sector is highly vulnerable to climate change. Hence, the adoption of appropriate adaptation measures by the farmers is crucial for reducing the adverse effects, and it is expected that farmers with higher adaptive capacity would be better equipped to respond to the rapidly changing climatic conditions. Therefore, understanding the factors that are likely to influence farmers’ adaptive capacity is critical for efficiently targeting adaptation and capacity-building initiatives. Based on the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF), this study explored farming households’ adaptive capacity in three climatic hazard-prone villages of the Eastern Himalayan foothills of West Bengal, India. The Analytical Hierarchy Process was used to assign weights to the indicators under the SLF, and the consistency ratio was 0.04, indicating the adequacy of the derived weights for assessing adaptive capacity. The findings showed that only 11.41 percent of households had a high adaptive capacity, whereas 60.40 and 28.19 percent had moderate and low adaptive capacity, respectively. It is found that a large number of households having a low adaptive capacity left their land as fallow. While the majority of households with moderate and high adaptive capacity diversified their farming systems or switched from traditional staple cereals to less water-intensive cash crops. The differences in natural, physical, and financial capital are mainly responsible for the differential adaptive capacity among the farming households in this region. However, there were considerable differences among the villages in terms of asset distribution. Therefore, sustainable adaptive capacity-driven policy initiatives to enable efficient adaptation and agrarian welfare are of paramount importance in this region.

Household Food Insecurity in DKI Jakarta Province at The Beginning of The Covid-19 Pandemic

Food insecurity is a global issue that’s concern not only in poor and developing countries, but also in developed countries. Its conditions have worsened since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic where social restrictions and economic contraction caused many people to lose their jobs, incomes, and increased poverty. DKI Jakarta was one of the most economically affected provinces at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic where economic growth in the first quarter of 2020 recorded grow 5.06 percent year on year (the lowest in the last ten years) and slowed down by 0.56 percent overall quarter to quarter, and an increase of poverty 1.11 percent, the highest in Indonesia. This study examines the effect of household characteristics in DKI Jakarta on their food insecurity status at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic. The data used is the March 2020 Susenas which was analyzed descriptively and inferentially using firth logistic regression. The results showed that there were 4.47 percent of households in DKI Jakarta had food insecurity status at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic. In general, households with food insecurity status are poor, don’t have social security, the head of the household doesn’t work and less than high school education.

Peramalan Penjualan Olein Curah di Perusahaan Pengolahan Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Double Moving Average

Bulk olein is one of the products produced by Palm Oil Processing Company. Bulk cooking oil controls 75 percent of the production market share in Indonesia and about 77.5 percent of households in Indonesia use bulk cooking oil because the price is cheaper than packaged cooking oil. Demand for olein in the future is predicted to be continued to increase, so it is necessary to estimate future sales so that production activities become more effective and efficient. The method used in this study is the double moving average (DMA), which is one of the forecasting methods with data that has a trend. The calculation will be done by comparing the result of 3 moving, 4 moving and 5 moving. Forecasting error is calculated using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The calculation results show that the average MAPE from DMA with 5 moving has the smallest value. To verify these results, an analysis of the processed data was carried out, namely looking for data with the furthest distance from the linear line, namely t3 data and t7 data. The data is omitted in data processing and then the MAPE error value is recalculated. The results obtained are that DMA with 3 moving results have the smallest error, which is 11.863 percent. For this reason, the chosen forecasting calculation is a double moving average with 3 moving.

Rural Livelihoods at Risk: A Case of Devghat Gaunpalika in the Western Hills, Nepal

People's livelihood determines by a variety of factors- availability of assets, opportunities, and restrictions created by the environment, and people's evaluation of these factors. The present paper aims to analyze adversities of rural livelihoods focusing on the case of Devghat Gaunpalika of Tanahun district, Nepal. This article is based on primary data/information acquired from a field survey conducted during December 2017 through group discussion, key informant interview, and field observation. People in the Devghat area perform farm and off-farm activities to eke out wide shorts of their livelihood needs. However, livelihood in this area is at risk owing to combination of adversities such as food insufficiency, shortage of facilities and services, low level of educational attainment, lower household income, and others. Three-fourth of the households adopted agriculture as their main occupation to fulfil their household needs. Household income is low. About of 62 percent households earn below NRs 5000 per month. Twenty-five percent of the population earns their livelihood by working as wage-based labors. A low level of educational attainment and poor coping capacity also indicate local livelihoods at risk.

Impact of COVID-19 on Wages of the Labours in India

We know about Plague Pandemic, Cholera Pandemic, Influenza Pandemic and the most recent Covid-19 Pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic is world’s one of the dangerous human calamities. In the year 2020, Covid-19 have impacted human lives and survival in various ways. One of the ways in which Covid-19 have impacted on human lives in affecting the wages of labour in India. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, India went under a lockdown condition for over three months. This lockdown has created a big depreciative influence on the economy which eventually impacted on business and their labours. In the year 2020 during second wave of Covid-19, over 10 million people lost their jobs and 97 percent households in the country have witnessed decline in incomes. The government is working hard to recover the loss as well as to secure the lives in the country.

Rural Households’ Multidimensional Poverty and Its Determinants in Konso Woreda, SNNP Region, Ethiopia

Eradicating poverty in all its forms is one of global society's sustainable development goals. This requires creative and rigorous efforts to measure and reduce multidimensional poverty in a way that ensures no one is left behind. Despite a couple of efforts made to measure multidimensional aspects of welfare at the national level, limited studies have been done in rural parts of the country, where most poverty researches focused in unidimensional poverty. Hence, this study quantified the extent and examined the determinants of rural household multidimensional poverty status using the Alkire-Foster method and the ordered logistic regression model, respectively. Crosssectional data set was collected from 397 randomly selected households using structured questionnaire. Living standards indicators contribute the most to multidimensional poverty, while empowerment contributes the least. The study revealed that multidimensional poverty headcount, intensity, and the index were found to be 80.35 percent, 55.97 percent, and 44.8 percent, respectively. Among the sampled households, 2.2 percent of households were non-poor, 17.8 percent were vulnerable, 52.6 percent were moderately poor, and 27.4 percent were severely poor. According to the ordered logit model, the probability of a household being in multidimensional poverty was determined negatively by sex(male), expenditure, family size, land size, and employment level, while age and distance to the nearest health center are positively influencing it. Hence, promoting family planning, diversifying income sources and viable labor-intensive rural employment opportunities, provision of improved energy sources, electricity, clean water, and a road network would reduce a multifaceted rural poverty.&#x0D; Keywords: Deprivation Score; Konso; Multidimensional Poverty Index; Ordered Logit Model