Percent Of Food Research Articles

Sixty Percent of Foods Advertised in Grocery Store Flyers are Not In-line with Canada's Food Guide.

Purpose: To evaluate foods advertised in discount and premium grocery flyers for their alignment with Canada's 2007 Food Guide (CFG) and assess if alignment differed by food category, season, page location, and price.Methods: Weekly flyers (n = 192) were collected from discount and premium grocery chains from each of 4 seasons. Health Canada's Surveillance Tool was used to assess food items as in-line or not in-line with CFG.Results: Of 35576 food items, 39.7% were in-line with CFG. There were no differences in proportions of foods not in-line in discount versus premium flyers (60.9% and 60.0%, respectively). Other Foods and Meat & Alternatives were advertised most (28.0% and 26.3%, respectively; P<0.001). Milk & Alternatives were the least advertised food group (10.3%). Vegetables & Fruit (19.6%), Grains (21.6%), Milk & Alternatives (20.6%), and Meat & Alternatives (20.2%) were promoted least in Fall (P<0.001). A higher proportion of foods advertised on middle pages were not in-line (61.0%) compared with front (56.6%) and back (58.8%) pages (P<0.001). Not in-line foods were more expensive ($3.49, IQR=$2.82) than in-line foods ($3.28, IQR=$2.81; P<0.001).Conclusions: While there was no difference in healthfulness of foods advertised in discount versus premium flyers, grocers advertised more foods not in-line with CFG. Government policies to improve the food environment should consider grocery flyers.

Modern Trends in Long-Term Dynamics of the Acute Intestinal Infectios Incidence of Bacterial and Viral Etiology

Relevance. According to the scientific literature in the Russian Federation (RF), over recent years there has been a decrease in the incidence of acute bacterial intestinal infections (AII) and, conversely, an increase in the incidence of AII of viral etiology. The reasons for these trends remain unclear in many respects. Goal. To study the trends in the long-term dynamics of the incidence of AII of bacterial and viral etiology among the population of the RF. Materials and methods. The work uses the materials of state reports of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being for 2000 - 2018. The incidence rates of bacterial AII (dysentery, salmonellosis, intestinal yersiniosis, Escherichiosis and intestinal infections caused by opportunistic bacteria) and viral AII (rota-, noro-, enterovirus infections), as well as the results of microbiological control of food and drinking water were studied compliance with sanitary regulations. Results. A tendency towards an increase in the incidence of acute intestinal infections with an average annual rate of 1,7% in population of the Russian Federation was revealed. At the same time, there was a decrease in the incidence of bacterial AII with an average annual rate of 3,8% and, conversely, an increase in the incidence of viral AII with an average annual rate of 384,1%. These changes were observed on the back of a decrease of samples` percent of food and drinking water that did not meet sanitary standards for bacteriological indicators, and an expansion of the range of virological methods for diagnosing viral AII. Conclusion. During 2000–2018 revealed a decrease in the incidence of bacterial OCI in the Russian Federation against the background of improved quality of food and drinking water according to microbiological indicators and, on the contrary, a sharp increase in the incidence of viral OCI associated with the expansion of the spectrum and scope of diagnostic virological studies.

The Challenges of Women Leadership and Management in India

Women represent half of the population in world but continuously face the problems of inequality in every field whether it is in government or non-government organizations and particularly face the problems for leadership because men always think that women cannot be a good leader or manager but at the domestic level men agree for the women work because men always think women only good for domestic work. Achieving equality for women in corporations, at all levels, is a long and demanding journey, which requires the implication of the whole company and the strong commitment of the top management. According to the United Nations publications on “women challenges of year 2000,” “women constitute half the world’s population, perform two-thirds of the world’s work, but receive only one tenth of its income and own less than one-hundredth of its property” More than 40 percent of women represent world’s labor force and half of the world’s population. Over the years government tries to make policies and programs to advance women in government enterprises and organizations. In developing countries particular in rural areas women produce more than 55 percent of food grown. Various studies show that women proved to be successful owners of the business and also successful managers (Koshal, M., Koshal, R. K., & Gupta, A. K). The report highlights that women comprise 16 percent at junior management level, 4 percent each at middle and senior levels, and only 1 percent in organizational leadership positions (CEOs) (Women managers in India: Challenges and opportunities (2009) Centre for Social Research p. 2). This paper is based on Secondary data. The paper highlights the challenges of women leadership and management in India.

The Food Supply Prior to the Implementation of the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising.

This study aimed to evaluate the composition of the food supply ahead of the implementation of the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising (Law 20.606) in June 2016. The INFORMAS (International Network for Food and Obesity/Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) Research, Monitoring and Action Support) framework for monitoring the composition of the food supply was used. The Law’s initial (2016) and final (2019) limits were used to evaluate if foods would receive a “High in” warning for Calories, Sodium, Sugars and/or Saturated Fats (initial/final, solids: >350/275 kcal; >800/400 mg; >22.5/10 g; >6/4 g; liquids: >100/70 kcal; >100/100 mg; >6/5 g; >3/3 g respectively). Foods were excluded if they required reconstitution, had missing information or if total labeled energy was estimated as incorrect (n = 942). In February 2015 and 2016, fieldworkers photographed a purposeful sample of packaged food and beverage products (n = 5421 and n = 5479) from 6 different supermarkets in Santiago, Chile. Seven percent of foods had no added critical nutrients (n = 720). Two-thirds of products had critical nutrients exceeding at least one initial limit indicative of a “high in” warning. Under the final phase limits, only 17% of foods would have zero warning labels. By 2019, 10 of the 17 food and beverage categories studied are predicted to have less than half of their products without a high in sodium warning label. While 8 of the 17 categories studied are predicted to have less than half their products without a high in total sugars or a high in total calories warning label, respectively; while even fewer food and beverage categories are predicted to be without a high in saturated fat warning label. Most products will have to be reformulated to avoid at least one front-of-package warning label.

The Impact of Cash and Food Transfers: Evidence from a Randomized Intervention in Niger

AbstractWe contribute to debates regarding the use of cash and in‐kind transfers by providing new evidence from a very low income setting, rural Niger. We motivate our findings through the use of a conceptual model that emphasizes that the impact of cash and food transfers on dimensions of food consumption—both quantity and quality—will differ by the income level of the household and whether or not the food transfer is extra‐marginal. Consistent with this model, households in localities randomized to receive the food basket experienced larger, positive impacts on measures of dietary diversity than those receiving the cash transfer. By contrast, households receiving cash were more likely to make bulk purchases of grains and spent more money on private transfers and debts. Despite the seasonal dimensions to food insecurity in Niger, the relative impact of food and cash transfers on our measures of dietary diversity did not vary markedly by season.

Association between salt substitutes/enhancers and changes in sodium levels in fast-food restaurants: a cross-sectional analysis.

Restaurant foods have high sodium levels, and efforts have been made to promote reductions. The objective of this study was to understand if salt substitutes and enhancers are associated with changes in sodium levels in fast-food restaurants. A longitudinal database (MENU-FLIP) containing nutrition information for Canadian chain restaurants with 20 or more locations nationally was created in 2010 and updated in 2013 and 2016. In 2016, when available, ingredient lists were collected from restaurant websites and searched for the presence of salt substitutes/enhancers. Changes in sodium levels (per serving) and the prevalence of salt substitutes/enhancers in 222 foods from 12 of the leading fast-food restaurant chains were compared across 3 time points. Sixty-nine percent of foods contained a salt substitute/enhancer. Substitutes/enhancers were found in every restaurant chain (n = 12) for which ingredient data were available. The most common substitutes/enhancers were yeast extracts (in 30% of foods), calcium chloride (28%), monosodium glutamate (14%) and potassium chloride (12%). Sodium levels in foods that contained substitutes/enhancers decreased significantly more (190 ± 42 mg/serving) over the study period than those in foods that did not contain a substitute/enhancer (40 ± 17 mg/serving, p < 0.001). Salt substitutes and enhancers are prevalent in restaurant foods and are one means by which restaurants may be lowering sodium levels in their foods. At this time, the potential consequences of these findings, if any, are uncertain.

Customary Access: Sustaining Local Control of Fishing and Food on Kaua‘i’s North Shore

Where Hawai`i’s land and sea once supported a population close to contemporary times, today 90 percent of food consumed in Hawaiʻi is imported and delivered on container ships. Once plentiful in the bays and coral reefs surrounding these islands, fish is now frequently shipped in and store bought. Yet, local families in parts of Hawai`i have maintained self-sufficiency in part of their food system through communal surround net fishing, employing ancestral knowledge, mobilizing community effort, and sharing catch from these collective harvests. This article examines the role of access in perpetuating surround net harvests and sharing through hōʻihi (respectful reciprocity); konohiki (inviting ability); and kuleana (rights based on responsibilities). It concludes by considering the implications of the findings for food systems and food security.

Food Consumption Patterns and Implications for Poverty Reduction in Pakistan

The global food crisis of mid-2000s resulted in a several-fold increase in the prices of essential food items. Resultantly, the incidence of food insecurity, hunger, and poverty has increased in many developing countries [Ivanic and Martin (2008); Harttgen and Klasen (2012); De Hoyos and Medvedev (2009); World Bank (2010); Regmi and Seale (2010); Andreyeva, et al. (2010). Pakistan is also hit hard by this crisis. Prices of several food items increased by more than a 100 percent since 2006-07. Consequently, nearly half of the population is currently unable to meet its minimum (subsistence) caloric requirements for healthy and productive living [Malik, et al. (2014)]. A large proportion of household expenditure is spent on food (on average about 48 percent in 2010) and thus very little is left for the other expenditures necessary for human welfare, such as, health and education. Moreover, dietary diversity is extremely limited. Nearly 70 percent of food expenditure is on cereals, dairy, sweeteners, and fats. Wheat is the major source of calories, providing about half of the total daily calories [Malik, et al. (2014)]. However, the price of wheat increased by 125 percent between 2005-6 and 2010-11. Existing analyses indicate that these price shocks entail significant additional expenditures to maintain their pre-crisis consumption levels [Haq, et al. (2008); Friedman, Hong, and Xiaohui (2011)]. There is thus overwhelming evidence that rising food prices and the decline in real wages have serious implications for poverty, food security, and nutrition through food consumption patterns in the country

Can budget support to the cotton sector be used more efficiently? An assessment of the policy support measures in Mali and Burkina Faso

In Burkina Faso and in Mali, cotton is the main cash crop, export of cotton lint accounting for 60 percent and 15 percent of the value of national exports, respectively, in 2014. To maintain the level of cotton production, the Governments of Burkina Faso and Mali support the sector by ensuring stable and remunerative prices for producers. Indeed, analyses based on the Monitoring and Analysing Food and Agricultural Policies (MAFAP) methodology show that the policy environment supported producer prices by 21 and 12 percent in Burkina Faso and Mali, respectively, between 2005 and 2012. To do this, a price stabilization fund is implemented to support the sector in case prices on the international market fall. The MAFAP analysis shows that this type of price intervention, with other cotton-related budgetary transfers, represented 9 percent of food and agricultural expenditure in Burkina Faso between 2006 and 2012 and 31 percent in Mali. The present analysis assesses the level of policy support to the cotton sector in both countries. This is done, first, by calculating and discussing the level of price distortion within both countries for the 2005-2012 period, using the observed Nominal Rates of Protection at producer level. Two adjusted NRP are also computed, one using an adjusted benchmark price for cotton 2014 Annual Meeting of the International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium (IATRC)that is netted out of policy interventions at the international level (Anderson, 2006) and one using an alternate, non-misaligned CFA Franc to US dollar exchange rate (BCEAO, 2013). The comparison between the three nominal rates of protection provides insights on the level of domestic price distortion that compensates endogenous inefficiencies (high production and transport costs) against price distortions that result from exogenous causes (international price distortions and Euro to Dollar exchange rate misalignment). The cost of the price distorting policies, but also of other budgetary transfers such as input subsidies and the building and maintenance of infrastructure, is then examined for Burkina Faso and Mali. A budgetary allocation analysis is proposed, along with the computation of Nominal Rates of Assistance that reveal the full extent of policy support to the cotton value chain. The value chain inefficiencies are then discussed, using the Market Development Gap indicator, which was computed for the cotton value chain in both countries. The analysis reveals that a higher producer price that could be obtained by Mali and Burkina Faso producers, should inefficiencies be corrected through sound investment policies.

The Impact of Cash and Food Transfers: Evidence from a Randomized Intervention in Niger

We assess the relative impacts of receiving cash versus food transfers using a randomized design. Drawing on data collected in eastern Niger, we find that households randomized to receive a food basket experienced larger, positive impact on measures of food consumption and diet quality than those receiving the cash transfer. Receiving food also reduced the use of a number of coping strategies. These differences held both at the height of the lean season and after the harvest. However, households receiving cash spent more money on agricultural inputs. Less than five percent of food was sold or exchanged for other goods. Food and cash were delivered with the same degree of frequency and timeliness but the food transfers cost 15 percent more to implement.

PROPHYLACTIC ROLE OF DIETARY ZINC AGAINST CADMIUM TOXICITY IN BROILER CHICKS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF CADMIUM ON THE LEVEL OF SOME ELEMENTS IN VARIOUS TISSUES

The objective of the present study is to detect in appropriate way evidence of cadmium toxicity as a consequence of exposure to sublethal doses added to drinking water at the concentration level of 10 and 100 ppm singly or in combination with a low concentration of zinc(5ppm) as daily supplement to chicks for 30 days. The body gain in 10 and 100 ppm Cd-treated chicks was significantly decreased at one month. Moreover, the percent of food and water consumption were reduced. Addition of zinc (5ppm) to 100 ppm Cd-exposed chicks enhanced the gain in body weight as well as food and water consumption. The erythrocytic count, haemoglobin content and hematocrit values were significantly decreased in all cadmium-treated groups. Zinc supplementation improved the haematological pictrue to slight extent. The serum of Cd-treated chicks showed a Significant increase in AST, ALT, Alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin levels. On the other hand, total proteins were decreased. The cadmium level in liver, kidneys, skeletal muscle, small intestine and bone exceeded over controls in all treated chicks. Zinc supplementation (5ppm) decreased the cadmium accumulation in the investigated tissues. Zinc levels were reduced in bone and increased in liver, kidneys, skeletal muscle and small intestine. The copper content was decreased in kidneys and increased in the skeletal muscles. Significant decrease in the iron content was observed in the liver, kidneys, small intestine and bone. It could be concluded that dietary zinc plays a prophylactic role against cadmium toxicity.

A simple method of establishing tolerances for pesticide residues in different countries.

At the early stage of using pesticides, some countries that do not have sufficient knowledge of the safety of pesticides may feel inadequate to establish tolerances for pesticide residues. Some published tolerances indicate that levels set for the same pesticides in different countries may vary from a few times to as high as 50 times for lindane. Furthermore, some of the tolerances are so low that they are not practical for agricultural uses. To solve these problems, the following equation was devised and accepted in Taiwan for establishing tolerances for nine pesticides applied to several vegetables. Tolerance=Id×Wb/Wf×Ft×√Pt Where Id is ADI (acceptable daily intake) expressed in milligrams of residues per kilogram of body weight, and obtained from the correlation of U.S. tolerances and ADI values published by FAO/WHO; Wb (in kg) is the body weight; Wf (in kg) is the daily food consumption; Ft is the percent of food treated; and Pt is the percent of a pesticide used on each group of crops. With the consideration of toxicological data, properties of pesticides, safety factors, and dissipation of residues on treated crops, temporary tolerances were established in Taiwan for parathion (0.75 ppm), methyl parathion (0.75 ppm), diazinon (0.5 ppm), lindane (5 ppm), dicofol (5 ppm), malathion (5 ppm), dichlorvos (0.5 ppm), naled (1 ppm) and mevinphos (0.75 ppm), and time intervals between the last application and harvest time were set at 14, 7, 4, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, and 1 day, respectively. Final tolerances may be established after further studies on residues in commercial fields, in food markets, and in prepared food. Using this method of establishing tolerances, the only experimental data needed are local residue dissipation rates for each pesticide on treated crops. Other data can be obtained either from basic manufacturers or from published or unpublished statistics.