Percent Lean Body Mass Research Articles

Sex Differences In Relative Force And Power Development During A Countermovement Jump

Research has shown that the measurement of countermovement jumps may relate to sport performance and injury. Certain measurements of force production and power output can additionally inform the athlete and coaches of deficiencies in strength and velocity. These measurements can help inform players and coaches of specific training modalities that may lead to improvements in these measurements. Among elite level athletes, biological males often produce more force and power during a counter movement jump, than biological females due to differences in lean body mass and overall body fat percentage. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare normalization methods of force and power production during a counter movement jump in college basketball players. METHODS: 15 Division 1 basketball players participated in the study (7 females, 20.8 ± 2.2 yrs, 1.79 ± 0.09 m., 84.7 ± 12.9 kg; 8 males, 21.5 ± 1.2 yrs, 1.94 ± 0.09 m., 91.5 ± 11.3 kg). Participants performed a warmup consisting of 5 minutes of stationary cycling and dynamic stretching. Participants then performed three countermovement jumps on two force plates (Bertec Inc.) while data was collected and analyzed using Noraxon MR:16 software. Body composition was assessed using air displacement plethysmography (Bod Pod, Cosmed). RESULTS: Biological males (11.5 ± 4.4 %) had reduced body fat percentage compared to biological females (25.6 ± 4.4%, p < 0.001). Biological males jumped 11.8 cm higher (46.2 ± 4.1 cm) than biological females (34.3 ± 71 cm, p = 0.001). When normalized to body mass, concentric power (33%, p < 0.001) and concentric force (11%, p = 0.03) were higher in biological males compared to biological females. When normalized to lean body mass, there were no significant differences in concentric power or concentric force between males and females. When concentric peak force was normalized to only lean body mass, biological females showed a nonsignificant increase of 6% (p = 0.19) compared to biological males. CONCLUSION: Jumping power and force differences were reduced between biological males and females when normalized to lean body mass, likely due to the increase in body fat percentage in biological females. These data suggest that care should be taken when considering methods of normalization for gender comparisons of jumping power and force.

Early flattening of the oxygen pulse during the cardiopulmonary exercise test in asymptomatic adults and its association with cardiovascular risk factors

BackgroundIndividuals with cardiovascular exercise limitations present oxygen pulse morphology with early flattening (plateau) during the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Although this oxygen pulse response is well known in cardiac patients, these changes' prevalence and clinical relevance in asymptomatic individuals are not known. We aimed to quantify the proportion of asymptomatic adults with an early flattening of the oxygen pulse and investigate its association with classical cardiovascular risk factors. MethodsWe carried out a cross-sectional study with a sample of 824 adults aged between 18 and 80 years. We assessed anthropometry, body composition, and cardiovascular risk. In addition, we obtained cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses during a ramp protocol treadmill CPET. ResultsThe prevalence of early flattening of the oxygen pulse was 36.8%. These participants were predominantly females, older, less educated, with a higher body mass and percentage of fat and a lower percentage of lean body mass. After a multinominal multiple logistic regression analysis, we identified female sex (odds ratio, 5.46: 95% confidence interval, 3.73–7.99), low education (2.24: 1.47–3.42), dyslipidemia (1.67: 1.14–2.45), smoking (1.64: 1.00–2.69), and physical inactivity (1.39: 1.02–1.96) as the leading independent predictors of the early flattening of oxygen pulse. ConclusionThe early flattening of oxygen pulse is common in asymptomatic adults and is highly determined by modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. These results suggest that identifying the early flattening of oxygen pulse may be helpful in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Association of aerobic fitness and body composition in people with down syndrome

People with Down Syndrome (DS) present metabolic differences when compared to the general population, which ends up at a higher prevalence of overweight and lower rates of aerobic fitness. The aim of this study was analysing the association of aerobic fitness and body composition in individuals with DS. Thirty individuals with DS from the city of Londrina / Brazil with a mean age of 18.00±3.66 years were evaluated. The variables body mass index, body fat, and aerobic fitness (VO²peak) were investigated. Men were taller than women, presented a higher percentage of lean body mass and higher VO²peak, while women showed higher means for android, gynoid and total fat. Aerobic fitness was positively associated with bone mineral density and inversely associated with nutritional status, lean body mass and body fat.

Adiposity-Related Predictors of Vascular Aging From a Life Course Perspective-Findings From the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study.

The main objective of this study was to study predictors of vascular health with focus on adiposity-related factors. Glucose metabolism, blood lipids, inflammatory markers and body composition were assessed 15 years before assessment of vascular health which was assessed with pulse wave velocity (PWV) in 660 subjects born 1934–44. In a univariate analysis in women the strongest association with PWV was seen for age, systolic blood pressure, dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, inflammatory markers and body fat percentage measured in late midlife and PWV measured 15 years later. In men age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, dysglycemia, and body fat percentage in late midlife were associated with PWV. One novel finding was that adiposity-related factors were strong predictors of vascular health, something not fully encapsulated in BMI, lean body mass or body fat percentage alone. A higher fat mass index was associated with worse vascular health, which was not ameliorated by a higher lean mass index. Our findings stress the importance to study body composition and fat and lean body mass simultaneously because of their close interaction with each other also in relation to vascular health.

Implications of face mask use on body composition assessment by air-displacement plethysmography.

The BOD POD (COSMED USA Inc., Concord, CA) is a common instrument used to assess body composition by employing air displacement plethysmography and whole-body densitometry to determine body volume. This instrument requires isothermal conditions during testing; therefore, the introduction of outside isothermal air can impact testing results. With the COVID-19 pandemic introducing face mask mandates, it is unknown whether the use of a face mask during BOD POD testing may lead to erroneous measurement by introducing isothermal air. Thus, the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the impact of wearing a surgical face mask compared to not wearing a surgical face mask on body composition assessment among adults. During testing, female subjects were required to wear a swimsuit or form-fitting lycra shorts and a sports bra and male subjects were required to wear form-fitting lycra shorts. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) level one surgical face masks (bacterial and particulate filtration efficiency of 95%) and standard swim caps were provided by researchers. Variables of interest included percent body fat, body fat, percent lean body mass, and lean body mass. Participants (n=33) completed one test wearing a mask and one test without a mask back-to-back with conditions held constant. Dependent-sample sign tests, Bland-Altman Plots, and Passing-Bablok regression analyses were used to test mask-on versus mask-off differences and agreement between variables of interest. There were no significant median differences in any body composition results between face mask use and non-face mask use using dependent-sample sign tests. Bland-Altman Plots demonstrated acceptable agreement between mask usage and non-mask usage. No significant differences were seen in the slopes of the variables using Passing-Bablok regression. Results suggest that wearing a face mask does not appreciably impact body composition results. Therefore, ASTM level 1 disposable surgical face mask does not introduce a significant amount of isothermal air during BOD POD testing.

Umami detection threshold among children of different ethnicities and its correlation with various indices of obesity and blood pressure

Sensitivity to savory taste has been linked to high consumption of savory foods and increased risks of obesity and hypertension. However, there are limited studies that investigate whether obesity indices are correlated with the differences in umami taste perception, particularly in children. This study aimed to investigate the umami detection threshold among children of different ethnicities and the threshold's correlation with obesity indices and blood pressure. A total of 140 subjects were recruited and consisted of a nearly equal distribution of children from three main ethnicities (37.2% Malays, 31.4% Chinese, 31.4% Indians). Umami detection threshold was measured using the two-alternative, forced-choice staircase procedure. Body weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure of children were measured. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Mean umami detection threshold was 1.22 ± 1.04 mM and there were no observable differences attributable to the subjects' ethnicities. Body fat percentage was negatively correlated (r = −0.171, p < 0.05), while lean body mass percentage was positively correlated (r = 0.171, p < 0.05) with umami detection threshold. These findings revealed that umami taste perception correlated with children's body composition, but not other anthropometric indicators and blood pressure. Future studies should explore the correlation between umami taste perception and children's total dietary intake.

Physiotherapy using a free-standing robotic exoskeleton for patients with spinal cord injury: a feasibility study

BackgroundEvidence is emerging for the use of overground lower limb robotic exoskeletons in the rehabilitation of people with spinal cord injury (SCI), with suggested benefits for gait speed, bladder and bowel function, pain management and spasticity. To date, research has focused on devices that require the user to support themselves with a walking aid. This often precludes use by those with severe trunk, postural or upper limb deficits and places the user in a suboptimal, flexed standing position. Free-standing exoskeletons enable people with higher level injuries to exercise in an upright position. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of therapy with a free-standing exoskeleton for those with SCI, and to determine the potential health-related benefits of this intervention.MethodsThis 12-week intervention study with 12-week waitlist control and 12-week follow up, provided people with SCI scoring < 5 on the mobility section of the spinal cord independence measure (SCIM-III) twice weekly therapy in the REX (Rex Bionics, Auckland, NZ), a free-standing lower limb robotic exoskeleton. The primary outcome measure of interest was function, as measured on the SCIM-III. A battery of secondary outcomes was included. Participants also completed a survey on their perceptions of this treatment modality, to determine acceptability.ResultsForty-one potential participants were screened for eligibility. Two females (one ASIA A, one ASIA C) and one male (ASIA B) completed all 24 intervention sessions, and the follow up assessment. One participant showed positive trends in function, fatigue, quality of life and mood during the intervention phase. Grip and quadriceps strength, and lower limb motor function improved in another. Two improved their percentage of lean body mass during the intervention phase. Remaining results were varied across patients, time points and outcomes. The intervention was highly acceptable to all participants.ConclusionWith three of 41 potential participants being eligible and completing this study, our results show that there are potential benefits of exercise in a free-standing exoskeleton for people with severe mobility impairment due to SCI, for a small subset of patients. Further research is warranted to determine those most likely to benefit, and the type of benefit depending on the patient characteristics.Trial registration The trial was registered prospectively on 20 April 2018 at www.anzctr.org.au/ (ACTRN12618000626268)

Effects of Isolated Soy Protein Supplementation Combined with Aerobic Exercise Training on Improving Body Composition, Anthropometric Characteristics and Cardiopulmonary Endurance in Women: A Pilot Study.

Today, women are concerned with health promotion but also with improvements in body weight and shape. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise training (AET) combined with isolated soy protein (ISP) supplementation on the body composition, anthropometric characteristics, and cardiopulmonary endurance of women. The qualified subjects were randomly assigned to AET or AET + ISP groups. Women in the AET + ISP group were given an ISP-rich supplement (40 g/day) 5 days a week for 8 weeks; those in the AET group were given the same amount of water in an identical manner. All women received 60 min of AET twice a week for 8 weeks at an intensity of 40–65% heart rate reserve (HRR) and their body composition, anthropometric characteristics, and physical fitness were measured one week before and after the 8-week AET class. A total of 16 subjects (age: 36.13 ± 5.76 years) completed the study and were included in the dataset. The results of this study show that the AET + ISP group obtained greater reductions in body weight (effect size = 0.99), body mass index (BMI, effect size = 1.04), percentage body fat (PBF, effect size = 1.18), circumferences (waist and hip, all effect sizes > 0.8), and greater gains in the percentage lean body mass (PLBM, effect size = 0.89), compared with the AET group, without significant differences in 20 m multi-stage shuttle run test (20 m MST). We conclude that there is a trend for the consumption of ISP following AET to improve the body composition and anthropometric characteristics in women, compared with those who received the same AET without ISP supplementation.

486 UTILITY OF 18F-FDG/PET FOR PREDICTING HISTOPATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO NEOADJUVANT INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY AND CHEMORADIOTHERAPY FOR ESOPHAGEAL AND JUNCTIONAL CARCINOMA

Abstract Neoadjuvant treatment followed by esophagectomy is the standard therapy for patients with resectable esophageal cancer. Data have demonstrated that patients with pathologic complete response (pCR) have better survival. Several studies have been exploring whether 18F-FDG/PET performed during neoadjuvant treatment can predict a pCR, but the results are conflicting. The aim of this study was to assess the role of 18F-FDG PET/CT for predicting the histopathological response to neoadjuvant induction chemotherapy (IC) and chemoradiotherapy (CR). Methods Patients with proven squamous cell or adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or GEJ were enrolled in this prospective study. Patients received two cycles of IC with carboplatin and paclitaxel followed by concurrent CR and then esophagectomy. Metabolic response was evaluated according to PERSIST criteria by 18F-FDG PET/CT performed at baseline, at day 14 of chemotherapy and four to eight weeks after the completion of CR. Tumoral pretreatment, induction and posttreatment FDG-standardized uptake value normalized to lean body mass SULmean and percentage change were assessed. These parameters were correlated with the pathologic response using the Mandard tumor regression grade (TRG) scale. Results Thirty patients finished the IC plus CR and 16 had esophagectomy. The median age was 57 years, 75% were male and 56% had adenocarcinoma. The mean of SULmean prior to treatment, after one cycle of IC and after CR were respectively 6.12, 4.67 and 1.52. After one cycle of IC, one patient had metabolic progression, eight remained stable and seven had partial metabolic response. All metabolic responders had good histopathological response (Mandard 1 or 2). After CR, five patients had complete metabolic response (CMR). However, three of them had poor histopathological response (Mandard &amp;gt;2). Conclusion Our initial results suggests that the early PERSIST-based metabolic response evaluation appears useful to predict a good histopathological response. Thus, an interim 18FFDG PET/CT may help to identify good responders during the neoadjuvant treatment. However, the late metabolic response evaluation after CR had a poor pathologic correlation. In this way, a CMR after CR should not be assumed to be synonymous of complete pathologic response.

DIABETES OR OBESITY; MAJOR EFFECTOR OF ALTERED LEVELS OF GHRELIN AND LEPTIN

Background: Ghrelin and leptin are the key hormones involved in the energy homeostasis and plays a relevant role in regulating hunger and satiety stimuli afferent to the brain. Abnormalities in the levels of ghrelin and leptin are often associated with the obesity and type 2 diabetes complications. However, there are no studies clarifying whether ghrelin and leptin levels have stronger association with obesity or Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Aims:To evaluate and compare the independent effect of major dening factors of obesity and diabetes on ghrelin and leptin concentrations. Materials And Methods: Anthropometric measures such as height, weight, waist (WC) and hip circumference (HC), Body mass index (BMI), Basal metabolic rate (BMR), fat percentage, lean body mass, were taken. Assessed daily physical activity and energy intake. Biochemical parameters such as fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, HBA1c, ghrelin, leptin and insulin levels were measured. Statistical Analysis: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Chi-square (χ2) test Pearson's correlation coefcients, Multiple stepwise linear regression model analysis were performed. Result: The diabetic subjects irrespective of obesity showed signicantly higher waist to hip ratio, HOMAIR levels of fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose and signicantly lower levels of Ghrelin than non-diabetics. Similarly, obese subjects irrespective of diabetes have signicantly higher BMR and higher levels of Leptin than non-diabetics. Asignicantly higher BMI, fat mass percentage and lower lean body mass percentage were observed in obese subjects irrespective of diabetes than non-obese subjects. Among non-obese, diabetics have higher BMI, Fat mass percentage and lower lean body mass percentage. The levels of insulin were signicantly higher in diabetic obese subjects. HOMAIR (P≤0.0001) and Postprandial glucose (P≤0.05) showed negative independent effect and QUICKI (P≤0.0001) showed positive independent effect on the levels of ghrelin. BMI (P≤0.05) showed a positive effect and lean body mass percentage (P≤0.0001) showed an inverse effect on levels of leptin. Conclusion: It is evident from the study that low levels of ghrelin are predominantly associated with diabetes parameters when compared to parameters of obesity and on the contrary increased leptin levels have much stronger association with measures of obesity than diabetes. Evidence of altered leptin and ghrelin levels in these disorders infers vice versa, their respective roles in obesity and lean diabetes.

Nutritional status and body composition in children with Cystic Fibrosis

The pulmonary function which determines the prognosis of the disease in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) depends directly on their nutritional status. Normal body mass index (BMI) for a given age/sex of the patient is considered to correspond with normal nutritional status. However, it is known that in CF patients only lean body mass (musculoskeletal and visceral) correlates directly with lung function. Bioimpedansometry, as the he method for assessing body composition in children with cystic fibrosis is actual, informative and available in pediatric practice. Body composition indicators can be used in these patients not only for diagnostic and prognostic purposes, but also for monitoring the course of the disease in a particular patient and correction of nutrition.The estimation of body composition with bioimpedance method in children with CF, carried out in this study, shows that in children with normal and even low BMI, the percentage of lean body mass is low, which requires measures to increase muscle/bone mass, the strength of the respiratory muscles especially, both by correcting the protein component of the diet, and by increasing physical / sports activity, in addition to compulsory respiratory physiotherapy.

Comparison of the effect of soya protein and whey protein on body composition: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials.

Essential amino acids (EAA) promote the process of regulating muscle synthesis. Thus, whey protein that contains higher amounts of EAA can have a considerable effect on modifying muscle synthesis. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of soya and whey protein supplementation on body composition. Thus, we sought to perform a meta-analysis of published randomised clinical trials that examined the effect of whey protein supplementation and soya protein supplementation on body composition (lean body mass, fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage) in adults. We searched PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, up to August 2020, for all relevant published articles assessing soya protein supplementation and whey protein supplementation on body composition parameters. We included all randomised clinical trials that investigated the effect of whey protein supplementation and soya protein supplementation on body composition in adults. Pooled means and standard deviations were calculated using random effects models. Subgroup analysis was applied to discern possible sources of heterogeneity. After excluding non-relevant articles, ten studies, with 596 participants, remained in this study. We found a significant increase in lean body mass after whey protein supplementation (weighted mean difference (WMD: 0·91; 95 % CI 0·15, 1·67; P = 0·019). We observed no significant change between whey protein supplementation and body mass, fat mass and body fat percentage. We found no significant change between soya protein supplementation and body composition parameters. Whey protein supplementation significantly improved body composition via increases in lean body mass, without influencing fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage.

Nutritional status in older patients with acute coronary syndrome and comorbidity

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Older patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) require a special management, taking into account comorbidity and gerontological syndromes. Obesity paradox and nutritional status as a factor of poor prognosis need further study. The aim of this study was to investigate nutritional statusin older patients with ACS and comorbidity. Materials and methods 90 older patients (51 males and 39 females, mean age was 67.0 ± 6.2 years) admitted to hospital with ACS were studied. ACS with ST-segment elevation (STE-ACS) and without ST segment elevation (NSTE-ACS) were diagnosed according to ESC Guidelines (2017 and 2015, respectively). STE-ACS was diagnosed in 17 (18.9%) patients, NSTE-ACS - in 73(81.1%) patients. All patients had cardiovascular pathology before hospitalization: 86 (95.6%) patients had arterial hypertension, 71 (78.9%) - coronary artery disease, 37 (41.1%) patients - myocardial infarction in history. Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was estimated. Comorbidity was regarded as high at index ≥ 6 scores. Nutritional status was assessed: the presence of obesity, type of obesity, body composition, including percentage of lean and fat tissue. Quality of life, frailty syndromeand personal characteristics were evaluated. Results The CCI was 5.9 ± 1.9 scores. 50 (55.6%) older patients with ACS had high comorbidity. Half of patients (43; 47.8%) had frailty syndrome.Obesity was observed in33 (36.7%) patients, 52 (57.8%)hadoverweight,62 (68.9%)- abdominal obesity. 85 (94.4%) - had a higher percentage of fat tissue.Patients with ACS and high comorbidityhad lowertotal water volume (37.9 ± 5.1and40,8 ± 5.8 liters resp., p = 0,01) and lean body mass (51.9 ± 7.0and55,9 ± 7.5 kg resp., p = 0,01)and higherthe percentage of body fat(40.9 ± 8.9and35,8 ± 6.7 % resp., p = 0,01)compared to patients with low comorbidity. Olderpatientswith ACS andfrailty syndrome had higherthe percentage of body fat(43.9 ± 9.4and31,9 ± 6.3 % resp., p = 0,002)andlowerthe percentage of leanbody(62.9 ± 6.4and71,3 ± 4.9 % resp., p = 0,00008)compared to patients without frailty syndrome. There was a direct relationship between the level of anxiety and depression and the percentage of body fat( r = 0.45, p &amp;lt; 0.0001; r = 0.36, p = 0.001 resp.) and negative relationship with physical functioning (r=-0.46, p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Conclusions Older patients withACS are characterized byhigh comorbidity and frailty. Body composition is dependent on comorbidity: patients with ACS and high comorbidityhadlowertotal water volume, lean body massandhigher percentage of body fat(sarcopenic obesity)compared to patients with low comorbidity.

The Effects of Exercise During a 10-Week Basic Military Training Program on the Physical Fitness and the Body Composition of the Greek Naval Cadets.

The period of basic military training (BMT) is a sudden change in the individual habits of the trainees and is characterized by significant improvements in body composition such as the percentage of body fat (%BF) and lean body mass (BM). Research has shown that physical activity during the period of BMT lasting 7-10 weeks has positive effects on the physical condition and BM of cadets. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of training combining cardiovascular conditioning, circuit strength training, swimming, team sports, and obstacle course on physical fitness and body composition during a 10-week BMT period over 4 years in the Hellenic Naval Academy (HNA). The sample consisted of 185 Greek cadets of the HNA (age: 18.4 ± 0.7 years, height: 1.77 ± 6.7 m, BM: 72.6 ± 9.1 kg), of which 153 was male (age: 18.3 ± 0.6 years, height: 1.79 ± 5.8 cm, BM: 75.3 ± 7.6 kg) and 32 was female (age: 18.6 ± 0.9 years, height: 1.68 ± 2.8 cm, BM: 59.9 ± 3.1 kg).The cadets participated each year for 4years in the BMT, performing 94 training sessions, five times a week. The weekly training program included cardiovascular conditioning, circuit strength training, swimming, team sports, and obstacle course. The measurements of the participants before and after BMT were on BM, %BF, and body mass index (BMI); on the number of sit-ups (SU1), push-ups (PU1), and pull-ups (PullU1) in 1minute; and on the 12-minute aerobic Cooper test (12-min run). The results of the study showed that the BM of the cadets decreased significantly by 2.5%, (t184 = 17.591, P<.01), in men by 2.7% (t152 = 16.243, P<.01) and in women by 2.2% (t31 = 9.280, P<.01). Body mass index (BMI) decreased significantly by 2.6% (t184 = 17.681, P<.01), in men by 3.0% (t152 = 16.046, P<.01) and in women by 2.3% (t31 = 9.224, P<0.01). Reduction in %BF in all cadets reached 11.3% (t184 = 8.134, P<.01), for men -14.8% (t152 = 8.918, P < .01) and women -2.1% (t31 = 0.860, P>.05) without significant differences between the measurements.The number of push-ups in 1minute (PU1) significantly increased by 27.6% (t184 = -27.813, P<.01), in women by +35.6% (t31 = 13,864, P<.01). The number of sit-ups in 1minute (SU1) significantly increased by 27.3% (t184 = -30.501, P<.01), for men +28.8% (t152 = -29.862, P<.01). The number of pull-ups in 1minute (PullU1) reached 20.8% (t184 = -13.426, P<.01) in total, at similar levels in men (t152 = -13.918, p<.01) and women (t31 = -2.820, P<.01).On the 12-min run, the significant improvement exceeded 10.8% (t184 = -45.289, P<.01), in men by 11.1% (t152=-45.222, P<.01) while in women by 9.0% (t31 = 15.709, P<.01). The results of this study showed that 10 weeks of BMT, which combined cardiovascular conditioning, circuit strength training, swimming, team sports, and obstacle course improved the body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, and the strength of the Greek HNA cadets.

NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN OLDER HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS DEPENDING ON COMORBIDITY

Objective: Obesity and the type of obesity are an important prognostic factor in older patients with hypertension and comorbidity (including chronic heart failure (CHF)). The aim of this study was to investigate nutritional status in older hypertensive patients with CHF. Design and method: 119 older hypertensive patients withCHF (89 males, mean age was 68.9 ± 6.7 years) were studied. Arterial hypertension was defined according to ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension, 2018. Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was estimated. Comorbidity was regarded as high at index less or equal 6 scores. Nutritional status was assessed: the presence of obesity, type of obesity, body composition, including percentage of lean and fat tissue. Results: The CCI was 5.9 ± 1.9 scores. 67 (56.3%) older hypertensive patients with CHF had high comorbidity. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was more common in the comorbidity structure (57; 47,9%). Obesity was observed in 59 (81.9%) patients, 56 (77.8%) with abdominal obesity, 116 (97%) - had a higher percentage of body fat. Lean body mass index, body fat index, percentage of lean body mass and percentage of body fat did not differ in patients depending on the level of comorbidity (p &gt; 0.05). There was a direct relationship between the percentage of body fat and CCI (r = 0.30, p = 0.006). However, patients with CKD had lower total water volume (42.4 ± 6.9 and39,1 ± 6.7 liters resp., p = 0,009) and lean body mass (58.0 ± 9.4and53,7 ± 9.3 kg resp., p = 0,01) compared to older hypertensive patients with CHF without CKD. Conclusions: Older patients with arterial hypertension and CHF are characterized by obesity (abdominal obesity) and sarcopenic obesity. Body composition is independent on comorbidity. However, patients withCKD had lower total water volume and lean body mass, which also causes a poor prognosis.

Nutritional status and body composition in individuals with overweight or obesity using usual and unusual indicators

Objective: the aim of this study is to explore the nutritional status in adults according to usual and non-usual components of body composition. Methods: this is a descriptive study involving a sample of 274 Brazilians adults from the south of the country. The participants had their body composition assessed by an octapolar bioimpedanciometer (InBody 520 - Biospace) and the anthropometric parameters according to the WHO standard. The data was analyzed by the descriptive and inferential statistic with the software SPSS version 22.0. Results: The participants were grouped by nutritional status and sex. There were statistical differences between the groups (both nutritional status and sex) in all the variables, except age and stature. The correlation among the variables were also significant, except for the Lean Body Mass and Body Fat Percentage (LBM vs BFP) and for the Lean-to-Fat-Ratio and Lean Body Mass (LFR vs LBM). Final considerations: The results has shown that the usual and the non-usual parameters of body composition are related (most of them) and were more strongly related in the female group.

Vitamin D status in infancy and cardiometabolic health in adolescence

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with obesity-related conditions, but the role of early life vitamin D status on the development of obesity is poorly understood. We assessed whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] at age 1 y was related to metabolic health through adolescence. We quantified serum 25(OH)D in samples obtained at age 1 y from 306 participants in a cohort study in Santiago, Chile. Anthropometry was performed at ages 5, 10, and 16/17 y. At 16/17 y, we determined body composition using DXA and quantified metabolic parameters in a blood sample. We examined the associations of infancy 25(OH)D with BMI-for-age z-score (BMIZ) at ages 5, 10, and 16/17 y; with percentage fat and percentage lean body mass at age 16/17 y; and with a metabolic syndrome (MetS) score and its components at age 16/17 y. Infancy 25(OH)D was inversely associated with BMIZ in childhood. Every 25-nmol/L difference in 25(OH)D was related to an adjusted 0.11 units lower BMIZ at age 5 y (95% CI: -0.20, -0.03; P=0.01) and a 0.09 unit lower BMIZ change from ages 1 to 5 y (95% CI: -0.17, -0.01; P=0.02). Also, every 25-nmol/L 25(OH)D in infancy was associated with an adjusted 1.3 points lower percentage body fat mass (95% CI: -2.2, -0.4; P=0.005) and an adjusted 0.03 units lower MetS score (95% CI: -0.05, -0.01; P=0.01) at age 16/17 y, through inverse associations with waist circumference and the HOMA-IR. Serum 25(OH)D at age 1 y is inversely associated with childhood BMIZ, percentage body fat at age 16/17 y, and a MetS score at age 16/17 y. Intervention studies are warranted to examine the effects of vitamin D supplementation in early life on long-term cardiometabolic outcomes.

Changes in Menopausal Risk Factors in Early Postmenopausal Osteopenic Women After 13 Months of High-Intensity Exercise: The Randomized Controlled ACTLIFE-RCT.

The menopausal transition is a critical period in women’s lives. Exercise might be the most promising non-pharmaceutic intervention to address the large variety of risk factors related to the pronounced estradiol decline during peri- and early-postmenopause. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an 18-month multipurpose exercise program on risk factors and symptoms related to the menopausal transition. Fifty-four women 1–5 years postmenopause with osteopenia or osteoporosis were randomly assigned 1) to a high impact weight-bearing/high-intensity/velocity resistance training group (EG: n=27) exercising three times a week or 2) to an attendance control group (CG: n=27) that performed low-intensity exercise once a week. Both groups were supplemented with cholecalciferol and calcium. The primary study endpoint was bone mineral density (BMD) at lumbar spine (LS) and total hip, secondary outcomes were lean body mass (LBM), total and abdominal body percentage, metabolic syndrome Z-Score (MetS-Z), menopausal symptoms and muscle strength and power. Due to COVID-19, the study was stopped after 13 months. We observed significant effects for BMD-LS (EG: 0.002±.018 versus CG: −.009±0.018 mg/cm2, p=0.027) but not for BMD total hip (EG: −0.01±.016 versus CG: −.009±0.020 mg/cm2, p=0.129). LBM improved significantly in the EG and decreased in the CG (0.39±1.08 vs −0.37±1.34 kg, p=0.026). Total and abdominal body fat improved significantly in the EG and was maintained in the CG (−1.44±1.49 vs −0.02±1.55 kg, p=0.002 and -1.50±2.33 vs 0.08±2.07 kg, p=0.011). Significant effects in favor of the EG were also determined for menopausal symptoms (p=0.029), hip/leg extension strength (p<0.001) and power (p<0.001). However, changes of the MetS-Z did not differ significantly (p=0.149) between EG and CG. In summary, with minor exceptions, we demonstrated the effectiveness of a multipurpose exercise protocol dedicated to early-postmenopausal women on various risk factors and complaints related to the menopausal transition.

Whole Egg Vs. Egg White Ingestion During 12 weeks of Resistance Training in Trained Young Males: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Bagheri, R, Moghadam, BH, Ashtary-Larky, D, Forbes, SC, Candow, DG, Galpin, AJ, Eskandari, M, Kreider, RB, and Wong, A. Whole egg vs. egg white ingestion during 12 weeks of resistance training in trained young males: a randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 411-419, 2021-The primary purpose was to compare the effects of whole egg ingestion and egg white ingestion during 12 weeks of resistance training (RT) on muscle cross-sectional area, body composition, muscular strength, and anaerobic power in resistance-trained young males. A secondary purpose was to examine systemic hormonal responses. Thirty resistance-trained young males were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups: Whole eggs + RT (WER; n = 15) or egg whites + RT (ERT; n = 15). Whole eggs + RT ingested 3 whole eggs immediately following RT, whereas ERT ingested an isonitrogenous quantity consisting of 6 egg whites immediately following RT. Before and after 12 weeks of whole-body undulating periodized RT (3 sessions per week), knee extensor muscle mass and cross-sectional area (computed tomography), lean body mass and body fat percentage (bioelectrical impedance), muscular strength (knee extension, handgrip strength), Wingate (cycle ergometer), and serum concentrations of hormones were assessed. There was a significant group × time interaction for body fat percentage, serum testosterone, knee extension, and handgrip strength with greater improvements observed in WER. There was a significant main effect of time (p < 0.05) for knee extensor muscle mass, cross-sectional area, lean body mass, anaerobic power, and all other blood hormones. There was a trend (p = 0.06) in the WER group for having a greater change in lean body mass compared with that of ERT. Postexercise whole egg ingestion increases knee extension and handgrip strength, testosterone, and reduces body fat percentage compared with postexercise egg white ingestion, despite no group differences in muscle mass, in resistance-trained young males. Whole eggs consumption may be preferable during RT programs geared toward the improvement of muscular strength and body fat percentage.

Šiaurietiškojo ėjimo įtaka vyresnio amžiaus žmonių kūno kompozicijai ir fiziniam aktyvumui

This paper analyzes the impact of Nordic walking on body composition and physical activity in older adults. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of Nordic walking on body composition and physical activity in older adults. In order to achieve the objective, the concepts of Nordic walking, physical activity and body composition were defined in this paper as well as their impact on older adults. The older people’s attitudes towards physical activity, physical activity level, body composition were determined, and the elderly activity program using the Nordic walking classes was prepared. The study involved 16 older adults from Biržai city, Lithuania. Subjects ranged in age from 64 to 77 years (67.55 ± 4.06 years). Body composition was measured using body composition analyzer IOI 353, physical activity – an accelerometer ActiGraph wGT3X-BT. Measurements were conducted at the beginning and at the end of the programme. The descriptive statistics was conducted using the method of statistical data analysis: calculated arithmetic means, standard deviations, percentage values. Wilcoxon test was used to compare two dependent samples. Results were considered statistically significant when p ≤ 0.05. Data were analyzed using statistical data processing program SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 20.0 package and Microsoft Excel 2016 software package. Nordic walking training programme had a positive impact on the body composition changes of the target group. Anthropometric indicators of the target group decreased: body mass weight decreased by 2.05 kg (p =0.286), BMI decreased by 0.91 kg / m2 (p = 0.374), body fat decreased by an average of 0.48 kg (p = 0.790), lean body mass percentage increased by 0.1 percent (p = 0.760). Implementation of Nordic walking training programme shows a positive impact on the physical activity of older adults. In spring session, when the education programme has started, targeted group went 3321 steps more during Nordic walking days, and in the autumn session – 1301 steps more compared with other days. Keywords: physical activity, Nordic walking, body composition.