Percent Incidence Research Articles

Reaction of Sub-Tropical, Foreign and Wild Genome Introgressed Sugarcane Hybrids against Stalk Borer,Chilo auriciliousDudgeon

Two hundred ninety eight sugarcane genetic resources including 129 varieties, 109 exotic clones, 21 inter-specific hybrids (ISH) and 39 inter-generic hybrids (IGH) were screened against stalk borer under field condition at Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Regional Centre, Karnal during year 2011–13. The percent incidence of stalk borer varied from 2.38 to 70.00% while the infestation index varied from 0.18 to 12.95. None of the studied germplasm was free from stalk borer infestation, however 10.85% varieties, 37.61% exotic (foreign hybrids) clones, 28.57% inter-specific hybrids and 69.23% inter-generic hybrids were least susceptible to stalk borer (infestation index was <2.00). Among the intergeneric hybrids all 26 CYM/CYMA clones (Erianthus arundinaceus and Saccharum spontaneum cyto-nuclear genome introgressed near commercial hybrids), were least susceptible to stalk borer infestation than the released varieties, exotic clones and inter-specific hybrids. The nature of adherence of leaf sheath, stalk length, stalk diameter, sucrose%, sucrose maturity, fibre% did not exert influence on the incidence of stalk borer.

Effectiveness of Trichogramma chilonis against Sugarcane inter node borer

Release of Trichogramma chionis Ishi (Hymenoptera;Trichogrammatidae), were made in one plot in regional sugarcane research station ,Rudrur for biological control of internode shoot borers in sugarcane and compared with control plot .Perusal of data revealed that an average percent intensity of inter node shoot borer damage decreased to 70.70 and 53.87 per cent in 2011 and 2012 respectively and average percent incidence of inter node shoot borer damage decreased to 64.92 and 49.66 per cent in 2011 and 2012 respectively. Population of C. sacchariphagus indicus showed negative correlation with increase in number of parasitized eggs of T. chilonis, which indicates that it can be successfully used for the suppression of sugarcane Inter node shoot borer.

Imaging of native high-density lipoprotein in human coronary plaques by color fluorescent angioscopy.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays a key role in reverse cholesterol transport, and halts the progression of atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to visualize native HDL in the human coronary arterial wall. The fluorescence characteristics of HDL were investigated by color fluorescent microscopy (CFM) using excitation at 470 nm and emission at 515 nm with Fast green dye (FG) as the biomarker. HDL in 30 normal coronary segments, and in 25 white and 25 yellow plaques in excised human coronary arteries, was visualized by color fluorescent angioscopy (CFA) and CFM. Localization of HDL visualized by CFM was compared with that stained by immunostaining using an anti-HDL antibody. FG elicited a characteristic brown fluorescence of HDL. By CFA, the percent incidence of HDL in normal segments, white (early stage of plaque growth) and yellow (advanced stage of plaque growth) plaques was, respectively, 33%, 76% (P<0.05 vs. normal segments and yellow plaques) and 21%. Localization of HDL visualized by CFM did not differ from that stained by immunostaining. In the human coronary arterial wall, HDL deposits infrequently in normal segments, but increasingly deposits with plaque formation, and decreases in the advanced stage of plaque growth.

The Importance of Early Identification and Treatment of Childhood Onset Bipolar Disorder: Creating Specialty Care

Childhood onset bipolar disorder as it is currently treated in the United Stated carries a poor prognosis in the short term based on prospective follow-up studies of clinical samples [1-4] and into adulthood based on retrospective studies in adults [5,6]. This is a problem of enormous proportions given the several percent incidence of the illness in adolescents in the US [7,8] and the findings that twothirds of all adult bipolar illness had it onset in childhood and adolescence (before age 19) and more than a quarter of the illness began in childhood (prior to age 13) [5,9]. Those with childhood onset do much more poorly than those with adult onsets.

Evaluation of Bioagents and Biofertilizers for the Managament of Seed and Seedling Diseases of Sesamum indicum (Sesame)

The study was carried out to evaluate the response of biopeticides and biofertilizers on seed mycoflora and seed quality parameters of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Untreated Sesame seeds were collected from farmers of Nizamabad and Karimanagar districts of Andhra Pradesh in India and discolored seeds were separated and treated with biofertilizers and biopesticides alone and in combination form. The seed mycoflora of Sesame seeds were screened by using Potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and czaepek dox agar media. The results indicate that maximum numbers of fungi were recorded on PDA. The untreated seeds were found to be associated with maximum percent incidence of mycoflora and minimum population was recorded in the treatment of Trichoderma + Pseudomonas formulation followed by Azat obacter + Trichoderma, Pseudomonas and Azatobacter in the decreasing order of efficacy. This study also showed relation of biofertilizers and biopesticides and seed mycoflora on seed germination. Germination percentage was maximum in the treatment Trichoderma + Pseudomonas formulation, Azatobacter + Trichoderma, Pseudomonas and Azatobacter recording 96%, 94%, 90% and 88%, respectively. In the control, germination percentage was minimum compared with other treatments. Seeds treated with the mixed formulation were found beneficial in reducing the pathogenic fungi and decreasing seedling mortality.

Occurrence of potato mop-top virus in Northwest of Pakistan

The Northwest of Pakistan is the leading seed potato producing area of the country. The long presence of powdery scab in potato in the region led us to investigate the occurrence of potato mop-top virus (PMTV) in potato cultivars commercially grown in the region. We surveyed the hilly region, particularly Malakand and Hazara divisions, over 3 years i.e. 2010–2012. We found that PMTV is prevalent in Northwest of Pakistan and were detected in almost all potato cultivars commercially grown in the region. The highest mean percent incidence (19.0 %) of the virus was reported from a field in zone F (Abbottabad) followed by 15.6 % in zone G (Manshera) in Hazara division. In Malakand Division (Zone A–E) the incidence was lower (5–12 %) than Hazara Division. We observed an increase in virus incidence in 2012 as compared to 2010 and 2011 in all major potato growing zones. The identity of the virus was confirmed through bait bioassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in leaves and roots of bait plants, tubers of commercially grown cultivars and also in zoospores of its vector, Spongospora subterranea. Our results indicate that the virus was prevalent in at least 25 (out of 26) sampling locations. We found that internal browning symptoms were positively correlated with the presence of the virus in the tubers when tested through ELISA. The results were further confirmed through RT-PCR in potato tubers with brown arc.

Differences in Thyroid Cancer Trends between New York and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database

Objectives: Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy in the United States. The objective of this study was to examine regional trends in thyroid cancer in New York (NY) and compare results with national trends in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Methods: Thyroid malignancies were identified between 2000-2009 from the NY State Cancer Registry and SEER-18 database. Incidence rates were determined for subgroups, including age cohorts, race, histologic subtype, and stage. Annual percent change (APC) and incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI) between subgroups. Results: IRR was significant between NY and SEER in the overall group (1.23, CI 1.21-1.24, P &lt; 0.0001), whites (1.26, CI 1.23-1.28, P &lt; 0.0001), Asians (1.30, CI 1.23-1.37, P = 0.0001), blacks (1.12, CI 1.06-1.17, P = 0.0002), age cohort 10-24 (1.26, CI 1.18-1.34, P = 0.0003), age cohort 25-44 (1.25, CI 1.22-1.28, P &lt; 0.0001), age cohort 45-64 (1.25, CI 1.22-1.27, P &lt; 0.0001), age cohort 65-84 (1.15, CI 1.11-1.19, P &lt; 0.0001), age cohort 85+ (1.27, CI 1.10-1.39, P = 0.003), local (1.21, CI 1.18-1.23, P &lt; 0.0001), regional (1.24, CI 1.20-1.28, P &lt; 0.0001), and papillary (1.23, CI 1.21-1.25, P &lt; 0.0001). There were also significant increases in APC in these subgroups. Conclusions: Thyroid cancer incidence has been increasing overall between 2000-2009 in both NY and the SEER database. However, rates in NY are significantly increased for select subgroups, especially among white and Asian females between 25-64 years. Physicians treating patients in these subgroups should be aware of the increased incidence of thyroid cancer and have a higher index of suspicion to monitor for potential malignancy.

Incidence of pathogens and field emergence of soybean seeds subjected to harvest delay

This study aimed at evaluating seed health quality, as well as seedling emergence in the field, of eight soybean cultivars (UFV-16, Splendor, Vencedora, Confiança, UFV-18, UFV-TN 105, Garantia, and Celeste) subjected to different harvest periods. To this, seeds were harvested at the growth stages R8, R8+15 days, and R8+30 days, and then submitted to health test and to the test of seedling emergence in field. Results showed that although seeds harvested at 15 and 30 days after the stage R8 had shown a significant increase of fungi infection, especially by Fusarium spp., Phomopsis spp., and Epicoccum spp., the percent seedling emergence in the field was reduced only to seeds harvested 30 days after the reproductive stage R8. Cultivars have shown differentiated behavior between each other in relation to the percent incidence rate of fungi and seedling emergence in the field; and the seeds least infected by fungi were those allowing the highest percent emergence of seedlings in the field.

Antagonistic effect of Biofertilizers against Seed Born Mycoflora of Brinjal (Solanum melongena)

The present study was carried out to evaluate the response of bofertilizers and benomyl on seed mycoflora of brinjal plant. Untreated seeds were collected from local market, and treated with biofertilizer alone and in combination form. The seed mycoflora of brinjal was screened by using potato dextrose agar (PDA), rose bengal agar (RBA), czapex dox agar (CDA) media. The result indicates that maximum six genera of fungi were identified on PDA followed by RBA and CDA media. The untreated seeds were found to be associated with highest percent incidence of mycoflora and minimum population was recorded in the treatment of Cyanbacteria (Cy) alone followed by Benomyl (Ben), Cyanobacteria and Rhizobium (Cy+Rhz), Rhizobium (Rhz), and control (Con).

Gentamicin resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated in neonatal sepsis

Neonatal sepsis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among term and preterm infants. Ampicillin and gentamicin are standard empiric therapy for early onset sepsis. Four cases of neonatal sepsis secondary to Escherichia coli (E. coli) found to be gentamicin resistant occurred within a five week period in one neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). To determine whether these cases could be tied to a single vector of transmission, and to more broadly evaluate the incidence of gentamicin resistant strains of E. coli in the neonatal population at our institution compared to other centers, we reviewed the charts of the four neonates (Infants A through D) and their mothers. The E. coli isolates were sent for Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) to evaluate for genetic similarity between strains. We also reviewed all positive E. coli cultures from one NICU over a two year period. Infants A and B had genetically indistinguishable strains which matched that of urine and placental cultures of Infant B's mother. Infant C had a genetically distinct organism. Infant D, the identical twin of Infant C, did not have typing performed. Review of all cultures positive for E. coli at our institution showed a 12.9 percent incidence of gentamicin-resistance. A review of other studies showed that rates of resistance vary considerably by institution. We conclude that gentamicin-resistant E. coli is a relatively uncommon cause of neonatal sepsis, but should remain a consideration in patients who deteriorate despite initiation of empiric antibiotics.

Cassava Genotype Evaluation for Grasshopper &lt;i&gt;Zonocerus variegatus&lt;/i&gt; (L.) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) Susceptibility in Southern Sierra Leone

Reports of damage by grasshopper <i>Zonocerus variegatus</i> (L.) to cassava and other crops has increased in recent years. The attack on cassava is particularly threatening to the livelihood of many poor subsistence farmers in Sierra Leone. As such, an evaluation was conducted to investigate the use of host plant resistance as an alternative method of managing grasshopper rather than the sole reliance on chemicals. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Two blocks were used (protected and unprotected) with twenty cassava varieties (Slicass 1 05-21, VT 05-02, Slicass 2, SN 05-22, Slicass 1 05-14, Slicass 2 05-17, Slicass 5, VT 05-07, SN 05-41, Slicass 1 05-05, 97/3202-05-04, Slicass 4, Slicass 1 05-42, SN 05-17, Slicass 1, Local, 97/0057-05-04, Slicass 6, 97/0057-05-01 and Slicass 2 05-13) in each block. Pest assessments was done at 3, 6, 9 and 12 Months After Planting (MAP) which coincides with the various seasons; rain, dry and dry-rainy transition periods. Significant differences were recorded in percentage incidence and severity score with respect to cassava variety and time of observation. While seven cassava varieties (Slicass 5, VT05-02, Slicass 4, 97/0057-05-04, 97/0057-05-01, slicass 6 and Slicass 1 05-21) were found to be less susceptible to <i>Z. variegatus</i> (L.), four varieties (Slicass 2 05-17, Slicass1 05-41, Slicass 2 05-13 and 97/005-05-04) out yielded (in terms of tuber weight and number) the released varieties during the two cropping seasons. Percent incidence and severity score was relatively high at 6MAP and 9MAP. Overall, tuber weight and number were higher in the protected plot compared to the unprotected plot during the two cropping seasons. Hence, protecting cassava field from grasshopper infestation may increase yield, number of tubers and invariably the production of good quality planting material that is resistance to grasshopper attack.

Risk factors for drug diversion in a pain clinic patient population

Background: Prescription drug abuse and drug diversion have soared at the same time prescribing practices have increased, prompting the pain medicine community to seek more accurate knowledge of the sources of prescription drugs used nonmedically. Objective: To determine the extent of drug diversion and its risk factors in patients treated in a pain clinic. Methods: An anonymous patient survey was developed based on factors examined for their association with diversion identified from a literature search. Patients were asked to participate as they arrived for appointments at six chronic pain management clinics. Questions ascertained whether patients had experienced drug loss, theft, or diversion and, if so, the number of episodes. Data were analyzed to determine associations between identified risk factors and the following four identified ways of diverting prescription medications: stolen medications, lost medications, sharing of medications, and selling of medications. Data were also analyzed to determine the extent of drug diversion within the studied population. Results: Respondents had experienced a 45 percent incidence of some form of drug diversion on at least one occasion. The most common type of drug diversion was loss due to theft, reported by 30 percent of the respondents. Findings suggest family history of drug abuse and a history of criminal behavior can increase likelihood of drug diversion. Conclusions: Drug diversion in a pain clinic population was common in this brief survey. Such diversion may contribute to the problems of nonmedical use of prescription drugs.Keywords: drug diversion, pain clinic, prescription, patient DOI:10.5055/jom.2012.0135

Risk factors for drug diversion in a pain clinic patient population

Prescription drug abuse and drug diversion have soared at the same time prescribing practices have increased, prompting the pain medicine community to seek more accurate knowledge of the sources of prescription drugs used non medically. To determine the extent of drug diversion and its risk factors in patients treated in a pain clinic. An anonymous patient survey was developed based on factors examined for their association with diversion identified from a literature search. Patients were asked to participate as they arrived for appointments at six chronic pain management clinics. Questions ascertained whether patients had experienced drug loss, theft, or diversion and, if so, the number of episodes. Data were analyzed to determine associations between identified risk factors and the following four identified ways of diverting prescription medications: stolen medications, lost medications, sharing of medications, and selling of medications. Data were also analyzed to determine the extent of drug diversion within the studied population. Respondents had experienced a 45 percent incidence of some form of drug diversion on at least one occasion. The most common type of drug diversion was loss due to theft, reported by 30 percent of the respondents. Findings suggest family history of drug abuse and a history of criminal behavior can increase likelihood of drug diversion. Drug diversion in a pain clinic population was common in this brief survey. Such diversion may contribute to the problems of nonmedical use of prescription drugs.

A Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based analysis of modern South African rodent distributions, habitat use, and environmental tolerances

Goals of this study were to: (1) develop distributional maps of modern rodent genera throughout the countries of South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland by georeferencing museum specimens; (2) assess habitat preferences for genera by cross-referencing locality position with South African vegetation; and (3) identify mean annual precipitation and temperature range where the genera are located. Conterminous South Africa including the countries of Lesotho and Swaziland Digital databases of rodent museum specimens housed in the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, South Africa (DM), and the Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, United States (NMNH), were acquired and then sorted into a subset of specimens with associated coordinate data. The coordinate data were then used to develop distributional maps for the rodent genera present within the study area. Percent habitat occupation and descriptive statistics for six climatic variables were then determined for each genus by cross-referencing locality positions with vegetation and climatic maps. This report presents a series of maps illustrating the distribution of 35 rodent genera based on 19,471 geo-referenced specimens obtained from two major collections. Inferred habitat use by taxon is provided for both locality and specimen percent occurrence at three hierarchical habitat levels: biome, bioregion, and vegetation unit. Descriptive statistics for six climatic variables are also provided for each genus based on locality and specimen percent incidence. As rodent faunas are commonly used in paleoenvironmental reconstructions, an accurate assessment of rodent environmental tolerance ranges is necessary before confidence can be placed in an actualistic model. While the data presented here represent only a subset of the modern geographic distributions for many of the taxa examined, a wide range of environmental regimes are observed, suggesting that more research is necessary in order to accurately reconstruct an environmental signature when these taxa are found in the fossil record.

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Body Contouring in the Male Weight Loss Population

Growing numbers of men are presenting for consultation and potential postbariatric body contouring surgery. Due to concerns about whether men might have increased rates of complications or dissatisfaction with aesthetic surgery, the authors assessed their clinical experience with male patients. The authors examined male patients in their prospective database who had undergone body-contouring surgery. Chi-square analysis, regression analysis, and a binary logistic regression model were used to study categorical variables, surgical outcomes, continuous variables, and significant factors. Odds ratios were calculated. Of 481 patients, 48 (10 percent) were male. There were no significant differences in baseline comorbidities between the genders, except that women had a higher incidence of anxiety/depression. Men had a greater weight loss before body-contouring surgery, but this did not correlate with greater operative time or estimated blood loss. Male gender, however, was associated with a 14.6 percent incidence of postoperative hematoma and a 25 percent incidence of seroma, in contrast to female gender, with 3.5 and 13 percent, respectively. Logistic regression showed that male gender was associated with an increased incidence of hematoma, seroma, and postoperative complications. It was an independent risk factor for hematoma and seroma formation, with odds ratios of 3.76 and 2.65, respectively. Gender was not an independent predictor of wound dehiscence, flap loss, transfusion, or surgical-site infection. Men who are considering body-contouring surgery should be advised that they are at an increased risk of postoperative hematoma and seroma formation. The causal relationship between gender and postoperative complications is an area for further study. Risk, II.

Abstract 2675: Acute Curcumin Treatment Reduces Cerebrovascular Injury and Neurological Deficit in Stroked Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Background: Curcumin, a derivative of the rhizome Curcuma longa , has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties that make it an attractive potential threrapeutic agent for acute ischemic stroke. Studies using curcumin have shown that it provides neuroprotection when administered prior to focal cerebral ischemia or within 30 min to 1h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in normoglycemic animals. We previously reported that 3 h MCAO followed by 21 h reperfusion induces greater edema, hemorrhage, and neurological deficits in type 2 diabetic rats when compared to normoglycemic controls. Therefore, the goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that curcumin, when administered at recanalization, will decrease neurovascular injury, incidence of bleeding, and improve functional outcome in diabetic rats. Methods: Focal ischemia was induced by 3 h MCAO and 21 h reperfusion in sham, untreated, and curcumin-treated groups (n=5-7 per group). A single dose of curcumin (250 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (EtOH + ethyl oleate) was administered at recanalization in control or diabetic (Goto-Kakizaki) rats. Percent (%) infarct, edema ratio (edema/infarct), and incidence of macroscopic bleeding was assessed in all groups. Neurological tests were performed at baseline and 23 h after MCAO to assess locomotor ability (beam walk), grip strength, and the presence or absence of postural reflexes (circling, resistance to push, forearm flexion, and hindlimb extension). Results: Within the untreated groups, % infarct was greater in controls (57.7±5.8% vs. 9.1±1.0%), while edema ratio was greater in diabetic animals (1.8±0.2 vs. 0.2±0.03). Bleeding was present in the ischemic hemispheres of all diabetic rats and in 43% of the controls. Compared to controls, neurological deficits were greater in diabetic animals after focal ischemia (p&lt;0.05). Curcumin reduced % infarct in controls (30.0±9.9% vs. 9.8±1.8%) and improved edema ratio in diabetic rats (0.7±0.05 vs. 0.2±0.04). Curcumin also reduced the incidence of bleeding in both control and diabetic animals (20% vs. 50%). Incidence of pathological postural reflexes in both control and diabetic animals was decreased following curcumin treatment however it did not improve beam walk scores or grip strength in either group (p&lt;0.05). Vehicle-treated animals were similar to untreated controls at all endpoints. Conclusion: Curcumin provides protection against infarct in normoglycemic animals and vascular protection in diabetic animals when administered at recanalization, suggesting that its use as a therapeutic agent at this clinically relevant time point may be beneficial in both groups but through different mechanisms. Additional long-term studies are needed to determine whether acute curcumin treatment at recanalization is sufficient to improve locomotor ability and grip strength deficits beyond 24 h post-MCAO.

Screening of Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates for biological control of Macrophomina phaseolina root-rot of safflower

The aim of this study was to assess the potential bacterial antagonists to control Macrophomina phaseolinaroot-rot of safflower by using screening methods. In total, 38 fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from rhizosphere soil of healthy safflower plants were collected from major safflower growing areas, 13 were initially selected based on dual culture technique on potato dextrose agar media. Furthermore, these13 isolates were screened for reduction of percent incidence of M. phaseolina and to check their efficacy in seed germination and seedling growth in laboratory condition. Most of the isolates showed varying levels of antagonism againstM. phaseolina in both standard blotter method and paper towel method. In addition, few isolates increased percent germination, root-shoot lengths of safflower. Among them, CTPF31 showed the highest ability to reduce the root-rot disease severity in the greenhouse biological control test. The promised fluorescent pseudomonads (CTPF31 and CTPf36) enhanced the defense enzymes, peroxidase, PAL, β 1,3-glucanase, and chitinase after challenge inoculation with the target pathogen. These results indicated that the dual culture technique and seedling assay are more important for selection of promising biocontrol agents against M. phaseolina, besides they also increased the plant growth by controlling the disease as evidenced by induction of defense enzymes. Key words: Plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria, safflower, root-rot, Macrophomina phaseolina, Pseudomonas fluorescens, biological control.

Effect of storage on redgram (Cajanus cajan /L./ Millsp) and greengram (Vigna radiata /L./ Wilczek) with particular reference to lipid composition

The effects of storage on the lipid composition of three redgram (TTB-7, BRG-1, and ICP-8863) and three greengram (PUSA BISAKI, KDM-1, and CHINA MOONG) varieties were studied. Environment variables such as temperature and relative humidity were recorded during storage period. Moisture content was found to increase along with the percent incidence of storage insects. The incidence of storage moulds and insects was recorded in all the samples; results showed that storage moulds belonged to Aspergillus species and the insect Callosobruchus chinensis infested the stored samples. The total fat, triglycerides, phospholipids, free fatty acids and peroxide value were evaluated in the control and in samples stored for three and six months. Results showed that storage depleted total fat (1.94&amp;ndash;1.75 g), triglycerides (1.46&amp;ndash;1.07 g), whereas phospholipids (0.06&amp;ndash;0.21g), free fatty acids (0.002&amp;ndash;0.01 g) and peroxide values (2.14&amp;ndash;4.46 meq) increased. The fatty acid content of palmitic (26.03&amp;ndash;23.56%), stearic (7.4&amp;ndash;5.46%), linoleic (56.2&amp;ndash;45.2%) and linolenic acids (6.9&amp;ndash;4.7%) decreased, but oleic acid content increased (8.3&amp;ndash;21.6%) in all the varieties during storage.

Distribution and Prevalence of Fusarium Crown Rot and Common Root Rot Pathogens of Wheat in Montana.

Distribution of Fusarium crown rot (FCR) and common root rot (CRR) pathogens associated with wheat (Triticum aestivum) in 91 fields in Montana were determined during the 2008 and 2009 crop seasons using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and conventional isolation methods. Correlations (P < 0.001) were found between detection methods for both diseases. FCR was detected in 57% of the fields and CRR was detected in 93% of the fields surveyed. Percent incidence based on isolation from individual tillers was Bipolaris sorokiniana (15%), F. culmorum (13%), and F. pseudograminearum (8%). FCR populations were highly variable across the regions and were not detected in any fields from the Gb5 soil types of Judith Basin and Fergus counties. The spatial distributions of FCR and CRR were affected by elevation, soil type, and temperature. High FCR populations were associated with spring wheat crops rather than winter wheat based on qPCR (P < 0.001). FCR and CRR could produce yield losses in a range of 3 to 35%. This study is the first time that qPCR was used to survey these two pathogen groups, and the merits and weakness of qPCR relative to traditional isolation methods are discussed.