Percent In Magnitude Research Articles

Can Wage Subsidies Boost Employment in the Wake of an Economic Crisis? Evidence from Mexico

The rise in unemployment during an economic crisis poses a significant concern to policy makers. This paper measures the effect of a program in Mexico that granted firms in certain industries wage subsidies if they decided to keep their workers instead of letting them go during the recent economic crisis. The analysis uses monthly administrative data on employment at the industry level, along with propensity score matching to construct groups of eligible and ineligible durable goods manufacturing industries that display statistically identical pre-program trends in employment. Difference-in-difference results show a positive but not statistically significant effect of the wage subsidies on employment during the program?s eight-month duration, ranging from 5.7 to 13.2 percent in magnitude, depending on the specification. The size of the effect increases to 24 percent after the program ended and the results indicate that employment after the program recovered faster in eligible industries than in ineligible industries.

High Probability of Foreshock Occurrence and Significant Probability of Multiple Events Associated with Magnitude >=6 Earthquakes in Nevada, U.S.A.

Sixty percent of magnitude 5.5 and larger earthquakes in the western Cordillera were preceded by foreshocks (Doser, 1989). Foreshocks also preceded the 2008 Wells ( M w 6.0; Smith et al. , 2011) and the 2008 Mogul ( M w 5.0; Smith et al. , 2008; dePolo, 2011) earthquakes in Nevada. Understanding foreshocks and their behavior is important because of their potential use for earthquake forecasting and foreshocks felt by communities act as a natural alarm that can motivate people to engage in seismic mitigation. A majority of larger earthquakes in Nevada had foreshocks, and several were multiple earthquakes of magnitude ≥6. Multiple major earthquakes can shake a community with damaging ground motion multiple times within a short period of time, such as happened in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2010 and 2011 (Gledhill et al. , 2011; Bradley and Cubrinovski, 2011). Several of Nevada’s multiple events occurred within 12 hours of each other, which presents a particular hazard to emergency responders and the general public. Twenty‐three magnitude ≥6 historical earthquakes have occurred in Nevada since 1857 (Fig. 1). Earthquake catalogs used in this compilation include Slemmons et al. (1965) and Bolt and Miller (1975). Historical research and reanalysis of Nevada earthquakes have been conducted by Slemmons et al. (1965), Toppozada et al. (1981, 2000), dePolo et al. (2003), dePolo and Garside (2006), and dePolo (2012). Research on preinstrumental earthquakes consisted of systematically reviewing available earthquake catalog information and newspaper accounts. Local daily newspapers were found to be the best source of information because of their continuous nature. These records are not necessarily complete but can have important information on earthquake activity. In this study, when a local earthquake occurred beforehand and in the same general area as the event being reviewed, it was considered a foreshock. Pre‐event information varied, with less …

Cu addition and its role in thermoelectric properties and nanostructuring in the series compounds (InSb) nCu m

We have performed a comparative investigation of the series compounds (InSb) n Cu m to assess the roles of Cu addition on the thermoelectric properties and nanostructuring in bulk InSb. Detailed temperature dependent transport properties including electrical conductivity, the Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity are presented. The Seebeck coefficients of In 20Sb 20Cu ( m: n = 1:20) are increased by 13 percent in magnitude if compared to those of InSb, which is responsible for the 22 percent enhancement in the highest ZT value at 687 K. Although the magnitudes of κ L are larger than those of InSb over the entire temperature range, a remarkable reduction in lattice thermal conductivities ( κ L) was observed with measuring temperature elevation. Such changes are mainly due to the precipitation of a large number of Cu 9In 4 nanoparticles with the size of smaller than 5 nm, dispersed in the matrix observed using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images.

Amplifying the Pacific Climate System Response to a Small 11-Year Solar Cycle Forcing

One of the mysteries regarding Earth's climate system response to variations in solar output is how the relatively small fluctuations of the 11-year solar cycle can produce the magnitude of the observed climate signals in the tropical Pacific associated with such solar variability. Two mechanisms, the top-down stratospheric response of ozone to fluctuations of shortwave solar forcing and the bottom-up coupled ocean-atmosphere surface response, are included in versions of three global climate models, with either mechanism acting alone or both acting together. We show that the two mechanisms act together to enhance the climatological off-equatorial tropical precipitation maxima in the Pacific, lower the eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures during peaks in the 11-year solar cycle, and reduce low-latitude clouds to amplify the solar forcing at the surface.

Are There Treatment Duration Differences in the Seattle and Denver Income Maintenance Experiments?

Abstract This paper re-examines the labor supply responses in the Seattle and Denver Income Maintenance Experiments (SIME/DIME). Specifically, the original experimental results show a significantly larger labor supply response for men and women from dual-headed households in the five-year Negative Income Tax (NIT) treatment relative to those in the three-year NIT treatment. Although typically thought of only as an NIT experiment, the SIME/DIME also included a job training experiment that enrolled roughly 60 percent of households, including both NIT treatment and control households. The original empirical specification imposed strong assumptions on the treatment response to the job training experiment in order to increase the precision of the estimated parameters. Once these assumptions are relaxed, the labor supply differences between men in the three- and five-year NIT treatments fall by over 50 percent in magnitude and become statistically insignificant. The analogous differences for women are almost entirely explained by these specification changes. Whereas the original findings of the SIME/DIME were inconsistent with the standard life-cycle labor supply model, the results of the re-analysis are mostly consistent with the model.

Report on a multicenter fMRI quality assurance protocol

Temporal stability during an fMRI acquisition is very important because the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) effects of interest are only a few percent in magnitude. Also, studies involving the collection of groups of subjects over time require stable scanner performance over days, weeks, months, and even years. We describe a protocol designed by one of the authors that has been tested for several years within the context of a large, multicenter collaborative fMRI research project (FIRST-BIRN). A full description of the phantom, the quality assurance (QA) protocol, and the several calculations used to measure performance is provided. The results obtained with this protocol at multiple sites over time are presented. These data can be used as benchmarks for other centers involved in fMRI research. Some issues with the various protocol measures are highlighted and discussed, and possible protocol improvements are also suggested. Overall, we expect that other fMRI centers will find this approach to QA useful and this report may facilitate developing a similar QA protocol locally. Based on the findings reported herein, the authors are convinced that monitoring QA in this way will improve the quality of fMRI data.

Semi-analytical solution for the viscoelastic relaxation in spherical earth with an axisymmetric craton

We present a semi-analytical solution for 2D forward modelling of viscoelastic relaxation in a spherical earth model with a nested axisymmetric craton. The present semi-analytical approach provides a model response against which more general numerical algorithms can be validated. Numerically, we model the impact of a high-viscosity craton located below the lithosphere in Fennoscandia on surface vertical and horizontal displacements. In agreement with previous results, we show that a high-viscosity region in the upper mantle can influence surface vertical displacements by the order of 10 percent in magnitude. This effect is much greater for surface horizontal displacements and may change completely the pattern of surface movements.

ノーマルモード関数展開を用いたFGGE再解析データのエネルギー比較解析

In this study, spectral energetics characteristics of FGGE III-b original analyses and the re-analyses are compared in order to assess the achievement of the FGGE project. We compare both of the GFDL and ECMWF versions of the old and new FGGE analyses. It has been noted that the old version of the FGGE GFDL data is noisy, containing excessive small-scale disturbances. The GFDL dataset also appears to be inconsistent with respect to the wind and mass balance. These characteristics result largely from the technique of the continuous data injection as well as from GFDL's philosophy such that the observed data should avoid model bias as much as possible. In contrast, the old version of the FGGE ECMWF data appears to be too smooth, showing a significant damping of divergent wind, especially in the tropics. The data assimilation and initialization cycle at the ECMWF is based on a philosophy such that a successful analysis is one which leads to a successful weather prediction. With this concept, the ageostrophic component of the atmospheric motion is damped to less than 5 percent in magnitude. According to normal mode energetics diagnosis, which separates atmospheric motions into Rossby and gravity modes, it turns out that the gravity mode energy level ECMWF is only 58 percent of that in GFDL for the old analyses.The FGGE original analyses have been revised by the FGGE re-analysis based on knowledge and criticism gained after the FGGE. The GFDL re-analysis is now smoother, and the ECMWF re-analysis contains much divergent wind. In this study we have conducted the same normal-mode energetics analysis for the FGGE re-analyses, and the results are compared with the FGGE original analyses. It is found, however, that the gravity-mode energy level in ECMWF is still only 42 percent of that in GFDL. The significant difference remains in the re-analyses as before The possible causes of this discrepancy are discussed.

Hydrocarbon Vapor Diffusion in Intact Core Sleeves

AbstractThe diffusion of 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane (TMP) and 2,2,5‐trimethylhexane (TMH) vapors put of residually contaminated sandy soil from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) field research site at Traverse City, Michigan, was measured and modeled. The headspace of an intact core sleeve sample was swept with nitrogen gas to simulate the diffusive release of hydrocarbon vapors from residual aviation gasoline in and immediately above the capillary fringe to a soil‐venting air flow in the unsaturated zone. The resulting steady‐state profile was modeled using existing diffusivity and air porosity estimates in a balance of diffusive flux and a first order source term. The source strength, which was calibrated with the observed flux of 2,2,4‐TMP leaving the sleeve, varied with the residual gasoline remaining in the core, but was independent of the headspace sweep flow rate. This finding suggested that lower soil‐venting air flow rates were in principle as effective as higher air flow rates in venting LNAPL vapors from contaminated soils. The saturated vapor concentration ratio of 2,2,4‐TMP to 2,2,5‐TMH decreased from 6.6 to 3.5 over the duration of the experiments in an expression of distillation effects. The vertical profile model was tested against sample port data in four separate experiments for both species, yielding mean errors ranging from 0 to—24 percent in magnitude.

Lump Partitioning of IC Bipolar Transistor Models for High-Frequency Applications

A physical basis for parameter extraction of a two-lump bipolar transistor model for high-frequency applications is presented. S-parameter data taken from devices is compared to that generated from a two-lump model predicted by physical theory using 2-D finite element device simulation. Errors within 5 percent in magnitude and 5° in phase are obtained for all four S-parameters for a frequency range up to f/sub T/ and across the full current range. New physical understanding of the effects of dc current flow on high-frequency behavior of bipolar transistors is presented.

Glory undulations in scattering of oriented Ga( 2P 3/2) atoms by rare-gas atoms

Effects of the initial atomic orientation on the total cross section α were measured for Ga—rare-gas collisions by using magnetically state-selected and oriented Ga( 2P 3/2 atoms. The orientation effect Δσ/σ was found to be several percent in magnitude. Orientation-dependent glory phenomena were clearly observed. The measured effects are analyzed in terms of a pair of potentials for the Ω = 3/2 and 1/2 states of the quasi-molecule.

Solar Modulation Effects in Terrestrial Production of Carbon-14

This paper is concerned with the expected deviations in the production rate of natural 14C on the earth due to changes in solar activity. We review the published estimates of the global production rates of 14C due to galactic and solar cosmic ray particles, and present new estimates of the expected secular variations in 14C production, taking into account the latest information available on galactic cosmic ray modulation and long-term variations in solar activity. Estimated secular variations are related to data on atmospheric 14Cf 12C ratios based on tree rings. It is concluded that the observed higher frequency wiggles in atmospheric 14C/12C ratios occurring with time scales of about two hundred years and of 1 to 2 percent in magnitude (de Vries, 1958; Suess, 1970a,b; 1979; Damon, Lerman, and Long, 1978), are largely due to solar activity dependent modulation of the galactic cosmic ray flux by solar plasma. These variations override a slowly varying sinusoidal change of about 10 percent in magnitude during the last approximately 8000 years, which is believed to be primarily due to changes in the geomagnetic field. The high frequency modulation effect in 14C production is substantial, about 20 percent, which, considering the response function of the atmosphere (cf Houtermans, Suess, and Oeschger, 1973), is adequate to explain the observed 14C wiggles (also named Suess wiggles or de Vries oscillations) if in the past, periods of large modulation effects and also periods of weak modulation persisted, ie, the sun remained both active and inactive over long periods of time, of the order of several decades to centuries. The pioneering investigations of Eddy (1976; 1977) of the ancient records of solar activity make it plausible that the 14C wiggles in the ancient 14C/12C ratios are primarily due to modulation of galactic cosmic ray flux by a varying sun. Thus, the 14C wiggles are good indicators of solar activity in the past. We also present revised estimates of the production rates of 14C on the earth due to solar flare accelerated cosmic rays and limits of direct accretion of 14C on the earth.

Approximate asymptotic solution of surface field due to a magnetic dipole on a cylinder

A simple approximate expression for the surface magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole on a conducting circular cylinder is obtained. This solution is asymptotic for a large cylinder radius, and may be used everywhere on the cylindrical surface including the penumbra and the deep shadow. In the limit that the cylinder radius is infinite, it becomes identical to the known exact solution of a dipole on a conducting plane. For a surface ray propagating in parallel to the axis of the cylinder, the transverse surface magnetic field is found to vary asymptotically as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(ks)^{-1/2}</tex> , where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</tex> is the distance from the source. This behavior is distinctively different from the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(ks)^{-1}</tex> variation of the surface ray on a plane, and is explained in terms of the dependence of the surface curvature in the binormal direction of the ray. Our solution is basically derived from the classical work of V. A. Fock, but contains a conjecture that has been partially verified. We apply our solution to calculate the mutual admittance between two slots on a cylinder, and obtain results which are in excellent agreement with those calculated from the exact modal solution. For a cylinder with a radius of one wavelength or larger, this agreement is within several percent in magnitude and a few degrees in phase, even for zero separation between the two slots. A comparison of the present solution with two other asymptotic (GTD) solutions is also given.

Weak neutral currents and photoproduction of lepton pairs

We have explored the consequences of weak neutral currents in the photoproduction of lepton pairs at high energies. Specifically, we have calculated the effects of the parity nonconserving interference between the weak amplitude and the purely electromagnetic Bethe-Heitler amplitude. This interference contributes to an asymmetry between the lepton pairs and, in addition, the leptons acquire a longitudinal polarization. Numerical results are presented for the Weinberg-Salam model and are typically a few percent in magnitude.

Photoinduced Changes in the Crystal Anisotropy of Si-Doped YIG

It is found that the cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy of Si-doped YIG can be changed by exposing a single crystal to light at 77 or 4.2 K. The experiment is done using a (110) plate sample in a rotating sample magnetometer (RSM). Doping levels of 0.01 to 0.017 Si per formula unit Y3Fe5O12 have been studied. The experimental problem is to distinguish changes in the crystal anisotropy from changes in the induced anisotropy, since both are influenced by light. This separation is possible by analysis of the RSM outputs at different frequencies and phase angles. We observe changes in the quantity (−32K1−14K2); the changes are a few percent in magnitude, occur within a few seconds or tens of seconds after the light is turned on, and persist for long times (many minutes) after the light is turned off. For low levels of Si doping, irradiation at 77 K produces large changes in the part of the cubic anisotropy attributable to the Fe2+ present. The measured change in anisotropy for all samples is an increase in magnitude at 77 K, but a decrease at 4.2 K. The effect is not observed in Ca-doped YIG, confirming previous conclusions that ferrous ions are principally responsible for photoinduced anisotropy effects.

An Electronic Multiplier for Accurate Power Measurements

The time division multiplier-type wattmeter is based on a new principle of operation. An operational amplifier operates as an integrator of the sum of Ez (one of the two inputs) and either +E8, or -E8, E8 being an internal standardized voltage. A pulse-width modulation in the form of switch reversals is obtained which differs from balance condition by an amount proportional to Ex. Instantaneous multiplication provides a wattmeter with dc accuracy of ± 0.1 percent up to at least 10 kHz. The output voltage is ± 1 volt for a ± 1-volt input from Ex and Ey. To obtain the required flat frequency characteristics, a coupling transformer and an adjustable resistor are provided. A time constant of 6.8 X 10-9 seconds has been achieved. The voltage signal is readily provided by a precision ratiotran. Errors of ± 0.0001 percent in magnitude and 50 microradians in phase angle are reasonable.

The Comparison Reflectometer

The comparison reflectometer is an instrument designed to locate and measure the characteristics of reflections in waveguide and transmission-line systems: it is particularly suitable for measuring small reflections in precise microwave measuring instruments up to one meter in length. It consists of a reflectometer in which the returning waves are combined with an accurately known reference wave and a measure of the total reflection coefficient is recorded automatically on punched paper tape at a number of preset frequencies covering a particular waveband. From sets of readings taken without, and with, the test component connected, a computer calculates and plots the distribution of reflections as a function of distance and prints out their magnitudes and phases. The reflection coefficients of individual discontinuities are also plotted by the computer as a function of frequency on Smith charts. Under suitable conditions point reflections may be Iocated in X-band waveguide within a few tenths of a millimeter and measured with an accuracy of /spl plusmn/3 percent in magnitude and /spl plusmn/ 5/spl deg/ in phase angle. The method compensates for imperfections in the reflectometer and so reduces the background level of spurious reflections to less than 0.00006.

Exchange Energy of Electrons in Metals and Ionic Crystals

The exchange energy of valence electrons in both monatomic and diatomic crystals is computed in the Bloch approximation for the case where the lowest electronic wave function in the band shows considerable spatial variation. Only ground-state wave functions which are spherically symmetric in each atomic cell are considered, but within this limitation two types of spatial variation are considered: radial variation in the unit cell, and the variation in a diatomic lattice due to the wave function being more concentrated on one of the atomic species than on the other. The results of the calculation show that, for a monatomic solid, deviations from uniformity in the wave function have a relatively small effect on the exchange energy; in highly ionic diatomic solids, however, the exchange energy may be increased up to 50 percent in magnitude over the free-electron value as a result of the electron density in anion cells being different from that of cation cells.