Fat Percentage Research Articles

The associations of n-3 fatty acid intake with handgrip strength and muscle mass indices in older adults: A cross-sectional study from UK Biobank

ObjectivesTo investigate the associations of n-3 fatty acid intake with handgrip strength and muscle mass indices in older adults. A secondary aim was to investigate whether these associations differed by physical activity status. Research methods & proceduresA cross-sectional study included 53,170 participants aged 60 years and over from the UK biobank (25,324 men and 27,846 women). The primary outcomes were grip strength index and muscle mass index, the predictor variable was n-3 fatty acid intake and the covariates were age, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, physical activity, multimorbidity count, total energy intake, body fat percentage and the month of assessment. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed across 5 models. Model 1 was unadjusted; model 2 adjusted for age, ethnicity, deprivation index and month of assessment; model 3 adjusted as in model 2 plus total energy intake; model 4 as in model 2 plus multimorbidity count; and model 5 as in model 4 plus body fat percentage. ResultsIn model 5, higher n-3 fatty acid intake was positively associated with the grip strength index in women. For each additional gram of n-3 fatty acid consumed per day, there was an increase of 0.03 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.00 to 0.06 kg/m2) in active women and 0.04 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.00 to 0.07 kg/m2) in inactive women. However, no significant associations were observed in men, whether active (p = 0.405) or inactive (p = 0.323). Additionally, no significant associations were found between n-3 fatty acid intake and muscle mass index in either active (p = 0.858) or inactive (p = 0.250) men, or in active (p = 0.909) or inactive (p = 0.187) women. ConclusionAlthough n-3 fatty acid intake was associated with grip strength index in older women, regardless of their activity status, the magnitude of this association was very small and unlikely to be clinically relevant. Additionally, n-3 fatty acid was not associated with muscle mass index.

Long Duration Load Carriage Performance Is Associated With Army Combat Fitness Test Scores and Fat-Free Mass.

Sax van der Weyden, M, Merrigan, JJ, and Martin, J. Long duration load carriage performance is associated with Army Combat Fitness Test scores and fat free mass. J Strength Cond Res 38(11): 1959-1966, 2024-A common occupational task for the military is carrying heavy loads for long periods of time. The US Army has set a time standard of 3 hours to complete a 19.31-km march with a 15.9-kg ruck sack for combat arms training and specialty schools. The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics associated with 19.31-km foot march completion rates in Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) Cadets. Demographics, anthropometrics/body composition, Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) scores, and vertical countermovement jump (CMJ) data were collected on 65 ROTC cadets who conducted a 19.31-km foot march. Independent t tests and Mann-Whitney U tests compared variables between those who did and did not finish the foot march in less than 3 hours. Logistic regressions were used to calculate the odds of completing the foot march using military experience, fat-free mass, ACFT, and CMJ outcomes. Cadets who met the 3 hours standard had lower body fat percent, greater fat-free mass, higher ACFT scores, and higher CMJs than those who did not. In addition, for every one point increase in ACFT score and 1-kg increase in fat-free mass, a cadet's chances of finishing the foot march increased by 6.1 and 24%, respectively. When analyzing ACFT events separately, 2-mile run was the only significant variable, and for every 1 point increase in 2-mile run score, a cadet's chances of finishing the foot march increased by 9%. Thus, aspiring and current soldiers should train to improve aerobic fitness and build muscle mass in preparation for load carriage requirements.

An Elevated FIB-4 Score is associated with the severity of heart failure

Abstract Background Liver disease and heart failure (HF) are known to be closely associated. Non-invasive tests (NIT), such as the FIB-4 score, have been recommended by different guidelines to rule out advanced liver fibrosis and to stratify the risk of liver-related outcomes in patients with chronic liver diseases. Purpose Thus, our goal was to evaluate the connection between the FIB-4 index, heart failure, associated comorbidities, and cardiological biomarkers that predict the risk of liver fibrosis in patients with heart failure. Methods HF patients hospitalized in the cardiology department were divided into a group with an FIB-4 index <1.3 (indicating a low risk of liver fibrosis) (n=53) and a group with an FIB-4 index ≥1.3 (indicating intermediate and high risk of fibrosis) (n=59). Clinical examinations, laboratory results, echocardiography with Vivid E95-GE Healthcare, non-invasive body mass analysis with Body Composition Analyzer (Tanita Pro), and measurements of NT-proBNP, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), galectin-3, fatty acid-binding protein (FABP), copeptin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations were performed. Results The patients with an FIB-4 index ≥1.3 had significantly higher: left ventricular volume index (LAVI) (p=0.004), E/E’ ratio (p=0.004) and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (p=0.003) compared to group with low risk of liver fibrosis. There were no differences in body mass compartments between groups except for ECW/TBW (%) - an index of body water distribution, which was lower in low-risk liver fibrosis group (p=0.0002). Patients with an FIB-4 index ≥1.3 had also lower: GFR MDRD (median 59.95 vs 85.1 mL/min/1.73 m²; p<0.001), total cholesterol (116.5 vs 15 mg/dL; p=0.002), LDL cholesterol (median 56 vs 93 mg/dL; p<0.0001) and HDL cholesterol (median 39 vs 47 mg/dL; p=0.03). Regarding heart failure biochemical biomarkers, patients with low risk of liver fibrosis had significantly lower level of NT-proBNP (median 37 vs 161 pg/ml; p<0.0001), GDF-15 (median 399.6 vs 898.9 pg/ml; p<0.0001) and FABP (median 101 vs 264,7 pg/ml; p=0.04). In a multiple logistic regression model the factors that were independently associated with the risk of liver fibrosis in HF patients based on an FIB-4 index were GDF-15 >724 pg/ml (OR 33.7, 95%CI: 6.5-174.2; p=0.0001), and NT-proBNP >129 pg/ml (OR 19.9, 95% CI: 3.8-103; p=0.0001) (Figure 1) Conclusion Our study suggests association between an elevated FIB-4 score and heart functions, and kidney impairment with fluid overload but not with higher total and low density cholesterols fractions or percentage of fat. Higher GDF-15 and NT-proBNP levels are independently associated with the risk of liver fibrosis based on an FIB-4 index. FIB-4 index in HF patients is an easy method to monitor the risk of liver fibrosis and might help to predict the HF progression and CVD complications.

Effects of a Six-Month Physical Activity Program on Health Risk Factors and Body Composition Among Overweight and Obese Middle-Aged Adults

Introduction. Physical activity is vital for preventing and managing lifestyle-related diseases, which pose significant health and socio-economic challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a six-month supervised physical activity program on health risk factors and body composition in middle-aged individuals with overweight or obesity. Methods. The study involved 166 men and women aged 30 to 65 years, with a body mass index (BMI) ranging from 26 to 35 and moderate to severe health risks. Participants of the study were engaged in a six-month physical activity training program designed in accordance with World Health Organization guidelines. Comprehensive assessments were performed at baseline and after the intervention, including measurements of various anthropometric and body composition parameters, as well as evaluations of functional performance. Fitness tests were also conducted to assess participants’ physical capacity and to monitor improvements throughout the training period. Results. Baseline measures of body mass composition and age demonstrated a strong positive correlation with visceral fat rating (VFR) in both men (r = 0.364, p < 0.001) and women (r = 0.420, p = 0.002). Following the six-month training program, participants exhibited an average improvement of 30% (p < 0.001) in their Cooper endurance test results. The physical activity intervention positively impacted body mass index (BMI) and various body composition metrics, including fat mass, VFR, and muscle mass, across all participants and most subgroups (gender, BMI, and age). In males, training at higher maximum heart rate (HRmax) zones significantly contributed to a reduction in the percentage of fat mass (80–89% HRmax) and an increase in the percentage of muscle mass (70–79% and 80–89% HRmax). Conclusions. The study indicates that a six-month supervised physical activity program significantly improves health risk factors and body composition (visceral fat reduction and improvement in percent of fat and muscle mass) among middle-aged individuals with overweight or obesity. Therefore, we advocate for the integration of structured physical activity interventions into healthcare practices to effectively enhance health outcomes in this population.

The CT-derived fat-free muscle fraction is associated with inflammation and predicts outcome in patients with aortic stenosis undergoing TAVR

Abstract Background The ESC guidelines underscore the importance of objective risk stratification in making patient-centered decision for valve interventions. However, they primarily rely on surgical risk scores, not considering essential factors such as frailty. Computed tomography (CT) is a routine part of the pre-interventional workup in patients undergoing TAVR and allows for body composition analysis, including the assessment of fat-free muscle fraction (FFMF) as an indicator of muscle quality. Purpose This study aimed to assess the correlation between FFMF and both inflammation and endocrine disorders, and to investigate the predictive value of FFMF in patients with aortic stenosis undergoing TAVR. Methods The study included 789 patients undergoing TAVR between 2017 and 2019. Evaluations involved CT scans to assess body composition. Using densitometric thresholds, the skeletal muscle area at L3/L4 level was separated into fatty and lean muscle to calculate the FFMF. The cohort was divided into tertiles of high, medium, and low FFMF, Figure 1. Results The study population was 45.5% female with a mean age of 81.2±6.0 years. Overall, 261 (33.1%) patients had a high FFMF, 293 (37.1%) had a medium FFMF, and 235 (29.8%) had a low FFMF. Patients with a low FFMF were older (82.3±5.9 vs 81.6±5.6 vs 79.8±6.2 years, p<0.01) and had higher rates of atrial fibrillation (52 vs 43 vs 37%, p<0.01), compared to those with a medium and high FFMF. Regarding body composition, low FFMF patients had a higher percentage of body fat (28.7±11.2 vs 26.8±9.1 vs 24.2±9.6%, p=0.01) and a lower percentage of body muscle (30.9±5.3 vs 31.3±4.2 vs 32.7±4.4%, p=0.03). Moreover, a low FFMF was associated with inflammation, as indicated by increased levels of C-reactive protein (6.3 vs 4.2 vs 3.1 mg/l, p<0.01) and procalcitonin (0.06 vs 0.05 vs 0.05 µg/l, p=0.01). Endocrinological assessment revealed lower levels of estradiol (6.8 vs 14.7 vs 15.0 pg/ml, p=0.02) and testosterone (0.18 vs 0.48 vs 2.35 ng/ml, p<0.01) as well as higher levels of cortisol (8.9 vs 7.7 vs 7.6μg/dl, p=0.05) in low FFMF patients. Regarding clinical outcomes, low FFMF was associated with increased one-year mortality (23.4%) compared to medium (11.6%) or low FFMF (3.8%, p<0.01), Figure 2A. This difference persisted over five years (p<0.01), Figure 2B. ROC curve analysis showed that FFMF had the strongest association with one-year mortality (AUC 0.75, p<0.01) and was superior to the STS-PROM (AUC 0.65) and EuroSCORE II (AUC 0.64). Multivariate analysis revealed that low FFMF was independently associated with mortality following TAVR (OR: 3.19 [CI: 1.64 – 6.22], p<0.01). Conclusion The CT-derived FFMF is associated with inflammation and endocrinological disorder in patients undergoing TAVR. Importantly, a low FFMF is a strong and independent predictor of dismal outcomes. FFMF assessment can seamlessly integrate into routine pre-interventional CTs, offering a promising objective parameter for outcome prediction.

Body fat or muscle underneath body mass index in heart failure patients: characteristics and prognostic values

Abstract Background Body Mass Index (BMI) has been recognized as a prognosticator for heart failure (HF) in that higher BMI relates to lower mortality. However, limited data are available whether body composition underneath BMI would further differentiate patients with a better or worse outcome, especially in those with lower or normal BMI. Purpose To investigate the characteristics of body fat and body muscle in HF patient groups with different BMI, and their impact on prognosis. Methods Between July 2021 and July 2022, hospitalized HF patients who were suitable for the examination underwent body composition analysis by using bioelectrical analyses (BIA) in the stable state after decongestion therapy and before discharge. Percentage of body fat (PBF) and percentage of body muscle (PBM) were calculated by dividing the mass of body fat, or body muscle, respectively. Patients were divided into underweight (<18.5kg/m2), normal weight (20-24.9 kg/m2), overweight/obese (≥25kg/m2) based on BMI, who were followed for 180 days for all-cause death. Results 127 consecutive patients with obtained data were finally enrolled (60±15 years, 70% males), including 20 (15.75%) underweight, 75 (59.06%) normal weight, and 32 (25.19%) overweight/obese. As shown in Table 1, As shown in Table 1, the body fat mass and muscle mass varied with BMI, though they showed a different rate of change. Compared with patients with normal weight, the fat and muscle mass in those overweight/obese was 81.8% and 12.4% higher; whereas it was 39.2%, and 23.1% lower in those underweight, respectively. As results, the overweight/obesity group had a higher PBF, but a lower percentage of PBM. Consequently, the overweight/obesity group had a higher PBF, a lower PBM and a decreased muscle mass/fat mass ratio (MFR); conversely, the underweight group had a lower PBF, a higher PBM and an increased MFR. During 180-day follow-up, 17 (13.4%) died for all cause. By Cox regression analysis, MFR independently predict all-cause death (HR, 1.273, 95% CI: 1.056-1.534, p=0.011) after adjusted for age, BMI, ejection fraction and NT-proBNP. Of note, in patients with normal weight, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis suggested the capability of MFR (AUC=0.780, p=0.003) as well as its superiority over BMI in association with all-cause mortality (Figure 1). Conclusions The change of body fat or muscle mass with BMI displayed a different rate in HF patients, so that the MFR was higher in underweight but lower in overweight/obese when compared to normal weight group. Apart from BMI, MFR emerged as a predictor of mortality, in particular in patients with normal weight.

Assessment of cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in suspected heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: impact of coronary flow velocity reserve and body fat

Abstract Background and objectives Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has various pathophysiology including coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), obesity, and frailty. In the present study, we aimed to assess the cardiopulmonary exercise capacity according to coronary microvascular function and body composition in patients with suspected HFpEF. Methods Patients with chest symptoms with non-obstructive coronary artery disease (<50% stenosis) and preserved left ventricle (LV) ejection fraction (≥50%) were enrolled. LV end-diastolic pressure was measured during coronary angiography. All patients underwent body composition analysis, adenosine stress echocardiography with the evaluation of coronary blood flow, and cardiopulmonary exercise test assessing maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFvR) was defined as the ratio of peak to baseline mean diastolic velocity of coronary blood flow. Association between VO2max and CFvR as well as body composition was assessed. Results Of the 106 patients (mean age 63.5), 54 (50.9%) were women, 52.4% had hypertension, and 28.6% had diabetes. Baseline LV end-diastolic pressure was 15.3 ± 5.5 mmHg. Median Heart Failure Association-PEFF score was 3, while medial e’ velocity was 6.7 ± 2.0 cm/s and E/e’ was 9.6 (7.6 – 12.0). Mean diastolic velocity of coronary blood flow was 0.17 [interquartile range (IQR) 0.13 – 0.23] m/sec at baseline, while it increased to 0.46 [IQR 0.38 – 0.57] m/sec at peak, resulting in CFvR of 2.75 [IQR 2.10 – 3.67]. Eighteen (17.1%) patients had CMD (CFvR <2.0). VO2max was 23.1 ± 5.4 mL/kg/min with lower value in women (21.7 ± 4.8 vs. 24.5 ± 5.6 mL/kg/min, p = 0.007). CFvR was directly related to VO2max (r = 0.350, p <0.001). In body composition, skeletal muscle mass index, percent body fat, and visceral fat area were associated with VO2max. In multivariable analysis, age, visceral fat area or percent body fat, and CFvR were linearly correlated with VO2max, and estimated VO2max was well correlated with measured VO2max. Conclusions Cardiopulmonary exercise capacity represented by VO2max was correlated with CFvR and body composition including skeletal muscle mass index, percent body fat, and visceral fat area in patients with suspected HFpEF. VO2max could be estimated by CFvR and fat component in the body.

Fermented By-Products of Banana Wine Production Improve Slaughter Performance, Meat Quality, and Flavor Fingerprint of Domestic Chicken

This study aimed to compare the effects of incorporating fermented feed into daily diets on the slaughter performance, meat quality, and flavor compounds of 120 domestic chickens over a 140-day period. A total of five groups (n = 24), including the control group (CK) of the Guangxi Partridge chickens received a standard base diet. The other four groups were provided with pellets that had been added with 10% fermented banana peel (Pe-10), 20% fermented banana peel (Pe-20), 10% fermented banana pulp residue (Pu-10), and 20% fermented banana pulp residue (Pu-20). The flavor compounds in the meat samples of the chickens in these groups were determined using the gas chromatographic method. The results demonstrated that the chickens in the Pe-10, Pe-20, Pu-10, and Pu-20 groups exhibited pectoral muscle percentages, thigh muscle percentages, and total fatty acid content of chest meat that were higher than those observed in the CK group. The moisture content, meat color, carcass weight, total net weight, and abdominal fat percentage of the meat samples in these experimental groups exhibited no notable differences. The flavor compounds in the meat samples of the chickens fed with the two concentrations of fermented banana peel and banana residue were found to be significantly different from those in the control group, with p-values less than 0.05. As the quantity of fermented banana peel incorporated into the daily ration was increased from 10% to 20%, a notable alteration in the flavor compounds present in the chicken samples was observed. The chickens that were provided with fermented banana peels and pulps in their diets exhibited superior slaughter performance and meat quality, particularly in the case of the Pu-10 group, in comparison to the control chickens.

Sex related cardiovascular risk is non-dichotomous: artificial intelligence enhanced electrocardiography reveals continuum of risk in females

Abstract Background Females are typically underserved in cardiovascular medicine and often considered lower risk of cardiovascular disease. The use of sex as a dichotomous variable for risk stratification fails to capture the heterogeneity of risk within each sex. Purpose We aimed to develop an artificial intelligence-enhanced ECG (AI-ECG)-derived continuous sex score that can capture the continuum of risk and sex phenotypes within each sex, with the particular goal of addressing the female disadvantage. Methods We trained a convolution neural network to identify sex using the 12-lead ECG. The derivation cohort was 1,163,401 ECGs from 189,538 subjects from a USA secondary care hospital cohort and validated inthe UK Biobank (UKB). The model outputs a continuous value from 0 to 1 for sex prediction. The AI-ECG sex discordance score is the difference between predicted sex and biological sex. Results AI-ECG accurately identified sex in both the USA cohort (AUROC 0.943 (0.942-0.943)) and UKB datasets (n = 42,386, AUROC 0.971 (0.969-0.972)). In explainability analyses we found QRS duration, T wave morphology, QT interval, heart rate and QRS voltage as the most important factors in contributing to AI-ECG sex identification. In females only but not in males, sex discordance score was associated with a covariate-adjusted increased risk of cardiovascular death in outpatients with normal ECGs from the USA cohort, (Females hazard ratio (HR) 1.64 (1.18-2.29) p = 0.003, Males HR 1.04 (0.66-1.63), p = 0.86). This pattern persisted in the UKB: Females HR 1.39 (1.08-1.78) p = 0.01, Males HR 0.97 (0.77-1.22), p = 0.80, Fig 1). In phenome-wide association studies, we found females with a higher sex score discordance were more likely to have heart failure or myocardial infarction. Covariate-adjusted cox models confirmed the association of sex score discordance with increased future heart failure (HR 1.21 (1.07-1.37) p = 0.002 and future myocardial infarction (HR 1.32 (1.11-1.56) p = 0.001). In age- and body size-adjusted analyses, females with higher sex discordance score had increased left ventricular mass, and chamber volumes as well as increased muscle mass, reduced body fat percentage (Fig 2). In a genome-wide association study of sex discordance score we identified variants adjacent to IGF1R and NDRG4 in females, which have been previously associated with LV mass and sex hormone levels (Fig 2). Conclusion We describe sex discordance score as a novel AI-ECG biomarker capable of identifying females with disproportionately elevated cardiovascular risk. Sex discordance score may help uncover potential underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular disease among females, and future clinical studies are needed to determine its potential utility in identification of females at higher risk of cardiovascular events. Rather than exacerbating biases, AI-ECG has the potential to reduce female cardiovascular health inequalities.

Serum DLK1 During Minipuberty and Pubertal Transition in Healthy Girls and in Girls with Precocious Puberty.

Delta-like non-canonical notch ligand 1 (DLK1) is negatively associated with bodyweight. DLK1 pathogenic variants cause central precocious puberty (CPP) and obesity, suggesting that DLK1 link the well-established association between higher BMI and earlier pubertal onset. However, little is known about the trajectories of circulating DKL1 in healthy girls as well as in girls with precocious puberty. To evaluate longitudinal changes in circulating DLK1 concentrations in 1) full-term, singleton healthy infant girls 2) healthy girls during pubertal transition 3) girls with CPP during treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa). Three longitudinal studies of 1) healthy, infant girls (n=85), 2) healthy, peripubertal girls (n=15), 3) girls with CPP before and after GnRHa treatment (n=15).Body fat percentage (BF%) by Slaughter equation. Serum concentrations of DLK1 by ELISA. Serum concentration of DLK1 in healthy infant girls declined significantly through the first year of life (17.6 ng/mL to 9.9 nh/mL, p=0.020). DLK1 was inversely correlated with birth weight and BF%: r=-0.220, p=0.044 and r=-0.503, p<0.001, respectively. DLK1 declined from one year prior to pubertal onset to time of first examination after pubertal onset (10.4 ng/mL to 9.2 n/mL, p=0.004) as well as to time at the last pubertal evaluation (10.4 ng/mL to 9.8 ng/mL, p=0.006). DLK1 levels were not affected by GnRHa treatment. Circulating DLK1 levels declined steeply during infancy and less pronounced through pubertal development. Due to considerable inter-individual variation, DLK1 is not useful as a diagnostic marker of pubertal onset. Importantly, DLK1 was negatively associated with birth weight and body fat percentage.

Innovative risk score to diagnose depression using data from the UAE Healthy Future Study

Abstract Introduction Depression has been recognized as a major mental health disorder. Diagnosing depression remains a challenge due to its complex multifactorial nature. The UAE Healthy Future Study is a long-term cohort study that focuses on understanding the factors that contribute to chronic disease among Emiratis. It involves answering a comprehensive questionnaire, undergoing physical measurements such as Body Mass Index (BMI), and biological samples for analysis. We analyized the eight-item depression screening instrument Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) for this project. Methods Out of 487 participants included in the PHQ-8, 205 participants (42.1%) were included in the statistical analysis after omitting missing values. A multivariate Least Absolute Selection Shrinkage Operator (LASSO) logistic regression model was performed using gender, age, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat percentage, high-density lipoprotein (mg/dL), lowdensity lipoprotein (mg/dL), total cholesterol (mg/dL), diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1C, as predictors. The primary outcome was the binarized total PHQ-8 using a cutoff value of ten Tenfold cross-validation was applied. Results A cutoff value that yields an approximate sensitivity of 90% was selected to maximize the ability of the novel risk score to correctly identify subjects with depression symptoms. Sensitivity and specificity were estimated with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI). A novel depression risk score was computed as the linear predictor of the selected five variables in the LASSO regression analysis, as following: Risk score = -3.284 + 0.471*gender - 0.053*age + 0.049*BMI + 0.022*HDLmgdL - 0.072*HBA1c Conclusions We have shown that a novel depression risk score provides useful information for screening of depression. Further validation studies are needed to confirm the application of the risk score in daily practice. Key messages • A novel depression risk score provides useful information for screening of depression. • If the risk score can be verified in a different population, then it can improve the screening methods for depression.

The Effect of Algae Supplementation on Anthropometric Indices in Adults: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Inconsistent results have been reported regarding the effects of different types of algae, such as Spirulina and Chlorella, on anthropometric indices. To conduct a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of algae supplementation on anthropometric indices. A comprehensive systematic search was conducted to find relevant articles published from January 1990 to January 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing algae supplementation with a placebo or control group were included. The risk of bias and certainty of the evidence were evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology, respectively. The random-effects model was used to find the Weighted mean differences (WMDs) for each outcome. Of 9079 distinct articles in the initial screening, 61 clinical trials were included in this meta-analysis. Algae supplementation resulted in lower body mass index (WMD, -0.27 kg/m2 (95% CI, -0.42 to -0.13); GRADE rating, low), body weight (WMD: -0.78 kg [-1.18 to -0.38]; GRADE rating, low), waist circumference (WMD, -0.68 cm [-1.27 to -0.10]; GRADE rating, very low), kilograms of body fat (WMD, -0.65 kg [-1.13 to -0.17]; GRADE rating, low), and body fat percentage (WMD, -0.9% [-1.62 to -0.17]; GRADE rating, very low) compared with placebo or controls. Nevertheless, the statistically significant effects of algae supplementation on hip circumference (WMD, -0.20 cm [-0.73 to 0.32]; GRADE rating, moderate), waist to hip ratio (WMD, -0.01 [-0.01 to 0.00]; GRADE rating, moderate), and lean body mass (WMD, -0.30 kg [-0.62 to 0.02]; GRADE rating, moderate) were not observed. Overall, the findings of this meta-analysis indicate supplementation with algae may exert beneficial effects on anthropometric indices. However, due to between-studies heterogeneity and very low to low levels of GRADE for significant outcomes, the results should be interpreted with caution. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42024522923.

Study on the Correlation between SLC39A8 Gene and Body Constitution-related Phenotypes and Hearing loss: Based on a Mendelian Randomization analysis

IntroductionWe examined the role of hearing functions as potential mediators in relationships between noise exposures and abnormal body constitution-related results. Additionally, we employed Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore the causative connections between hearing problems and bodily composition.Material and methodsGene connections pertaining to phenotypes of hearing loss and body constitution were obtained from publically available summary data collected from adult population genome-wide association studies. Colocalization analysis was utilized to scrutinize the genetic associations pertaining to age-related hearing impairment (ARHI) liability and BMI within the SLC39A8 locus. For a comprehensive examination, we employed bi-directional MR encompassing both the 'forward' direction (from the composition of the body to hearing) and the 'reverse' direction.ResultsA common causative variable (rs13107325) for BMI and ARHI at the SLC39A8 locus was supported by colocalization analysis, which revealed that the two diseases shared the variant at the SLC39A8 gene. The forward analyses showed that body fat percentage (BFP) was significantly linked with the risk of ARHI [OR =0.95 (95% CI:0.93 to 0.98)] and that waist circumference (WC) was favorably associated with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) [OR=0.83 (95% CI:0.72 to 0.97)].ConclusionsWe couldn't find any proof to back up a causal relationship between constitution and HL in the reverse MR Analysis. Colocalization analysis recommended that SLC39A8 variant was often the source of high ARHI and BMI risk. In prospective MR, we discovered causal associations between WC and BFP with SNHL and ARHI, respectively. Therefore, our results suggest lipid metabolic abnormalities leading to adverse health outcome may lead to HL.

Selected somatic parameters and body composition as predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness among Polish adolescents aged 11–14

The aim of the study was to verify whether selected somatic parameters and components of body composition were significant predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among a potentially healthy Polish population of adolescents aged 11–14 years. The cross-sectional study was conducted on a group of 375 subjects (164 girls, and 211 boys). A 20 m shuttle run test (20 m SRT) was used to assess CRF. The total number of rounds was taken into account. Basic somatic parameters were measured: body mass (BM), body height (BH), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and body composition components: body fat percentage (FM%), fat mass (FM kg), total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM). Statistical analyses included basic statistical measures (mean and standard deviation) and Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to detect significant predictors of CRF. In each proposed model, the dependent variable was the number of rounds, and the independent variables were selected somatic parameters and components of body composition. More than half (65%) of the subjects had an average or lower level of CRF, and 35% of the population presented a good or above good level of CRF. The study showed a statistically significant negative correlation between BM, FM%, FM kg, HC, WC, BMI, WHR, WHtR and the number of laps in the total sample. The strongest correlation in the group of girls was noted for age (r = 0.34) and in the group of boys for FM% (r = -0.52\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$-0.52$$\\end{document}). Each regression model presented proved to be statistically significant, and the significant predictors of CRF in the group of girls were age (R2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$R^2$$\\end{document} = 16%) and FM% (R2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$R^2$$\\end{document} = 6%). In the group of boys, the significant predictors of CRF were WHtR (R2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$R^2$$\\end{document} = 8%) and age (R2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$R^2$$\\end{document} = 2%). Estimating body fat distribution is useful in assessing cardiorespiratory fitness, and this in turn indicates its usefulness in preventive screening of school-aged adolescents.

Bidirectional causal relationship between glucose-lipid metabolism, obesity indicators, and myocardial infarction: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis study

Objective: To explore the causal association of glucose-lipid metabolism and obesity indicators with myocardial infarction by a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. Methods: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to phenotypes were obtained from genome-wide association study databases. The body mass index (BMI) and glycated hemoglobin dataset includes 99 998 samples and 8 126 035 SNPs; the waist-to-hip ratio dataset includes 224 459 samples and 2 562 516 SNPs; the waist circumference and hip circumference dataset includes 462 166 samples and 9 851 867 SNPs; the fasting glucose dataset includes approximately 12 million SNPs; the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) dataset includes 201 678 samples and 12 321 875 SNPs; the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides dataset includes 156 109 samples and 15 784 414 SNPs; and the body fat percentage, whole-body fat mass, trunk fat percentage, and trunk fat mass dataset includes 454 588 samples and 9 851 867 SNPs. This study primarily used inverse-variance weighted method to analyze the associations between various exposure factors and outcomes. Heterogeneity among SNPs was assessed using Cochran's Q test, and horizontal pleiotropy of SNPs was examined using the MR-Egger method. Additionally, a multivariable MR approach was used to adjust for BMI, further validating associations between exposure factors and the risk of myocardial infarction. Results: Higher BMI (OR=1.070, 95%CI: 1.041-1.100), waist-to-hip ratio (OR=1.366, 95%CI: 1.113-1.677), LDL-C (OR=1.638, 95%CI: 1.488-1.803), triglycerides (OR=1.445, 95%CI: 1.300-1.606), waist circumference (OR=1.841, 95%CI: 1.650-2.055), hip circumference (OR=1.247, 95%CI: 1.132-1.372), body fat percentage (OR=1.795, 95%CI: 1.568-2.055), whole-body fat mass (OR=1.519, 95%CI: 1.381-1.670), trunk fat percentage (OR=1.538, 95%CI: 1.374-1.723), and trunk fat mass (OR=1.421, 95%CI: 1.294-1.561), as well as lower HDL-C (OR=0.799, 95%CI: 0.729-0.875), have causal effects on myocardial infarction (all P<0.05). After adjusting for BMI, hip circumference, trunk fat percentage, and trunk fat mass were no longer associated with myocardial infarction. However, waist-to-hip ratio (OR=1.457, 95%CI: 1.132-1.877), fasting glucose (OR=1.191, 95%CI: 1.024-1.383), glycated hemoglobin (OR=1.129, 95%CI: 1.034-1.233), LDL-C (OR=1.592, 95%CI: 1.314-1.929), triglycerides (OR=1.410, 95%CI: 1.279-1.553), waist circumference (OR=1.922, 95%CI: 1.448-2.551), body fat percentage (OR=1.421, 95%CI: 1.072-1.884), and whole-body fat mass (OR=1.295, 95%CI: 1.031-1.626) remained positively associated with myocardial infarction, while HDL-C (OR=0.809, 95%CI: 0.729-0.897) remained negatively associated. Conclusions: Abdominal obesity and dysregulation of glucose-lipid metabolism are risk factors for myocardial infarction. Screening for glucose-lipid metabolism (fasting glucose, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides) and obesity-related indicators (waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat percentage, and whole-body fat mass) is of great importance for the primary prevention of myocardial infarction.

GDF15 knockout does not substantially impact perinatal body weight or neonatal outcomes in mice.

Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) increases in circulation during pregnancy and has been implicated in food intake, weight loss, complications of pregnancy, and metabolic illness. We used a Gdf15 knockout mouse model (Gdf15-/-) to assess the role of GDF15 in body weight regulation and food intake during pregnancy. We found that Gdf15-/- dams consumed a similar amount of food and gained comparable weight during the course of pregnancy compared to Gdf15+/+ dams. Insulin sensitivity on gestational day 16.5 was also similar between genotypes. In the postnatal period, litter size, and survival rates were similar between genotypes. There was a modest reduction in birth weight of Gdf15-/- pups, but this difference was no longer evident postnatal day 3.5 to 14.5. We observed no detectable differences in milk volume production or milk fat percentage. These data suggest that GDF15 is dispensable for changes in food intake, and body weight as well as insulin sensitivity during pregnancy in a mouse model.

Associations of Urinary Cadmium with Body Composition and Fat Distribution in US Adults: Findings from NHANES 2011-2018.

The effects of cadmium (Cd) on metabolic physiology remain controversial. Given the varying metabolic impacts associated with different body compositions, investigating the relationship between Cd exposure and body composition may facilitate further research. Here, the associations of body composition and fat distribution with urine Cd (UCd) were evaluated. This analysis included 2979 adult participants from the 2011-2018 National Health and Demographic Survey (NHANES). UCd was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and adjusted for urinary creatinine. Body composition and fat distribution were estimated using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The study results show that UCd was negatively associated with fat mass index (FMI) and percent fat mass (p for trend < 0.001), and the negative correlation between UCd and FMI was stronger in males and smokers (all p for interaction < 0.05). In terms of abdominal fat distribution, UCd was negatively associated with abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) mass (p for trend < 0.001), but with abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass only in those with low percent fat mass (< 32.3%) (p for trend = 0.026 and p for interaction < 0.05). UCd was positively related to percent VAT (p for trend < 0.001) and visceral-to-subcutaneous (VAT/SAT) ratio (p for trend = 0.003). And there was a significant negative association between UCd and android-to-gynoid (A/G) ratio (p for trend = 0.001). Meanwhile, UCd was negatively correlated with fat-free mass index (FFMI) (p for trend < 0.001). And the negative correlation between UCd and FFMI was stronger in males, smokers, and individuals with < 32.3 percent fat mass (all p for interaction < 0.05). We found the association of UCd with body composition and fat distribution, with distinct patterns observed in different demographic groups. These findings underscore the importance of considering UCd exposure in the context of body composition and fat distribution.

The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

The present systematic review and meta-analysis sought to evaluate the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in patients at risk of CVD. Relevant studies were obtained by searching the PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases (from inception to January 2023). Weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% CI were pooled using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were reported using standard methods. A pooled analysis of 14 randomised controlled trials (RCT) with 17 effect sizes revealed that CLA supplementation led to significant reductions in body weight (WMD: -0·72 kg, 95% CI: -1·11, -0·33, P < 0·001), BMI (WMD: -0·22 kg/m2, 95% CI: -0·44, -0·00, P = 0·037) and body fat percentage (BFP) (WMD: -1·32 %, 95% CI: -2·24, -0·40, P = 0·005). However, there was no effect on lipid profile and blood pressure in comparison with the control group. In conclusion, CLA supplementation may yield a small but significant beneficial effect on anthropometric indices in patients at risk of CVD. Moreover, CLA seems not to have adverse effects on lipid profiles and blood pressure in patients at risk of CVD. It should be noted that the favourable effects of CLA supplementation on anthropometric variables were small and may not reach clinical importance.

Effects of multicomponent exercise intervention on cardiometabolic risk factors in children and young adults with cerebral palsy: a multiple-baseline trial.

Adults with cerebral palsy (CP) have a high risk of cardiometabolic diseases. It is unknown whether this risk is elevated in young people with CP and whether exercise can reduce this risk. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the EXErcise for Cerebral Palsy (EXECP) intervention on cardiometabolic risk in children and young adults with CP and compared this risk to typically developing children and young adults (TDs). Ambulatory male and female participants with spastic CP, aged 9-24 years, and age- and sex-matched TDs without musculoskeletal disorders were recruited. Participants with CP were measured at baseline, after a three-month control period manifesting normal development, and after the three-month strength, gait, and flexibility training intervention. TDs were measured at baseline and after the control period. They did not attend the intervention. Cardiometabolic risk factors included body weight, body fat percentage, and skeletal muscle mass index assessed with bioimpedance; resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure and aortic pulse wave velocity assessed with a non-invasive oscillometric device; fasting plasma high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose levels. Data were analyzed with independent samples t-tests and linear mixed-effects models adjusted for sex and age. The study involved 18 participants with CP (13 males, 9-22year, mean 14.2 ± 4.4) and 17 TDs (12 males, 9-22year, mean 14.6 ± 4.3). At baseline, participants with CP had a 1.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) [-2.0, -0.0]) kg/m2 lower skeletal muscle mass index than TDs. During the control period, no statistically significant between-group differences were observed in the change of any outcome. In the CP group, body weight (β = 1.87, 95% CI [1.04, 2.70]), fat percentage (β = 1.22 [0.07, 2.37], and blood glucose (β = 0.19, 95% CI [0.01, 0.37]) increased, while diastolic blood pressure (β=-2.31, 95% CI [-4.55, -0.06]) and pulse wave velocity (β=-0.44, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.16]) decreased. In the TD group, only body weight increased (β = 0.85, 95% CI [0.01, 1.68]) statistically significantly. In the CP group, no changes were observed during the intervention. Young people with and without CP do not exhibit significant differences in most cardiometabolic risk factors. EXECP intervention may attenuate some adverse development trajectories occurring without the intervention but greater volume and intensity of aerobic exercise may be needed to reduce cardiometabolic risk. ISRCTN69044459; Registration date 21/04/2017.

Phytochemical profiling from Dioscorea bulbifera L. bulbils using LC-MS, proximate analysis and antidiabetic activity: in vitro and in silico approaches

ABSTRACT The nutritional value and medicinal properties of highly edible Bulbils of Dioscorea bulbifera L are still unexplored. This study reported the nutritional and medicinal values by In vitro, and In silico studies along with chemical profiling using LC-MS. The proximate analysis was conducted by the AOAC method. The antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were assessed using DPPH and α- α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition assay. Molecular docking was used to do an In silico examination of the identified molecules, and ADMET analysis of the hit candidate was also performed. The result showed that bulbils of D. bulbifera were found to have a higher percentage of protein (8.83%), fat (0.96%), and fiber (5.40%). It exhibited significant levels of phenolic and flavonoid content 106.93 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g and 11.51 ± 0.02 mg QE/g, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of D. bulbifera showed potent antioxidants with an IC 50 = 13.75 ± 0.6 μg/mL. Furthermore, the methanol extract showed more than 50 % inhibition activity with IC 50 values of 26.29 ± 0.6 μg/mL and 191.2 ± 0.7 μg/mL against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction showed higher α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity with an IC 50 of 14.42 ± 0.4 μg/mL and 171.5 ± 0.4 μg/mL, respectively, compared to the standard acarbose (p < 0.05). Chemical profiling of most bio-active ethyl acetate fraction was done using LC-MS analysis, where eleven compounds were annotated. In conclusion, bulbils of D. bulbifera demonstrate promising anti-diabetic activity through In vitro and In silico studies.