Perceived Security Risk Research Articles

The effects of anthropomorphism and multimodal biometric authentication on the user experience of voice intelligence.

Voice intelligence is a revolutionary “zero-touch” type of human-machine interaction based on spoken language. There has been a recent increase in the number and variations of voice assistants and applications that help users to acquire information. The increased popularity of voice intelligence, however, has not been reflected in the customer value chain. Current research on the socio-technological aspects of human-technology interaction has emphasized the importance of anthropomorphism and user identification in the adoption of the technology. Prior research has also pointed out that user perception toward the technology is key to its adoption. Therefore, this research examines how anthropomorphism and multimodal biometric authentication influence the adoption of voice intelligence through user perception in the customer value chain. In this study we conducted a between-subjects online experiment. We designed a 2 × 2 factorial experiment by manipulating anthropomorphism and multimodal biometric authentication into four conditions, namely with and without a combination of these two factors. Subjects were recruited from Amazon MTurk platform and randomly assigned to one of the four conditions. The results drawn from the empirical study showed a significant direct positive effect of anthropomorphism and multimodal biometric authentication on user adoption of voice intelligence in the customer value chain. Moreover, the effect of anthropomorphism is partially mediated by users' perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and perceived security risk. This research contributes to the existing literature on human-computer interaction and voice intelligence by empirically testing the simultaneous impact of anthropomorphism and biometric authentication on users' experience of the technology. The study also provides practitioners who wish to adopt voice intelligence in the commercial environment with insights into the user interface design.

Adoption of Covid-19 contact tracing app by extending UTAUT theory: Perceived disease threat as moderator

ObjectivesContact tracing applications are technological solutions that can quickly trace and notify users of their potential exposure to the Covid-19 virus and help contain the spread of the disease. However, extant research delineating the various factors predicting the adoption of contact tracing apps is scant. The study's primary objective is to develop and validate a research model based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), health belief model (HBM), perceived privacy risk and perceived security risk to understand the adoption of contact tracing application. MethodsAn online survey was carried out among users of the ‘Aarogya Setu’ contact tracing app in India. The partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) tool was employed to analyze data from 307 respondents. ResultsThe results showed that performance expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions positively influenced users’ intention to adopt the app. In contrast, perceived privacy and security risks were significant barriers to app adoption. Perceived disease threat as a moderator mitigated the adverse impact of perceived privacy risk on users' intention to adopt contact tracing apps. ConclusionsThe current study gives insights on both drivers and barriers to the adoption of contract tracing applications. Various theoretical and practical implications of significance are provided for academicians and practitioners to effectively promote app adoption to tackle the Covid-19 pandemic.

Mobile Payment Services (MPS) Acceptance by Consumers in Developing Economy: An Empirical Analysis

Today’s world is technology-oriented, and the use of mobile devices is imperative for individuals to keep pace with the modern lifestyle. This paper aims to determine the causes that formulate a consumer’s choice to adopt mobile payment technology in an underdeveloped economy. Data is collected through an online questionnaire from a sample drawn from a population determined through a statistical database. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to test the conceptual framework with the assessment of measurement and structural model. The software used is SmartPLS version 3.0. The results of data analysis show that even in the presence of perceived security risk, customers show a tendency to engage in mobile payment systems based on strong relationships among perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness with attitude towards the use of MPS. The results point out a strong affinity for mobility, compatibility, and subjective norms in mobile technology acceptance.

An Investigation into Online Shopping Cart Abandonment in South Africa

The research sought to investigate the factors that impact consumers’ online shopping cart abandonment in South Africa. The factors that impact online shopping cart abandonment which were under investigation included perceived security risks, perceived costs and organisation and research. A quantitative research design was adopted in the study and data was collected from respondents. The respondents consisted of consumers who are over the age of 18 and reside in South Africa. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data. The resulted showed that perceived security risks, perceived costs and organisation and research have a statistically significant impact on online shopping cart abandonment. The findings of this study offer businesses insight into the consumer motivations for abandoning their online shopping carts. This area of research has not been fully explored in developing countries, including South Africa.

Factors Affecting the Intention to Use Virtual Stores: Perspectives of Consumers in Saudi Arabia

Companies have explored various forms of virtual reality (VR) shopping, yet what is known about the user adoption behavior of VR apps is minimal and research into VR shopping from a user acceptance perspective is limited. This study investigates the factors that affect the intention to use VR for online shopping through undergoing a virtual shopping experience in the VR app. This is an exploratory study using a quantitative methodology. The findings indicate that telepresence, attitude, perceived control (PC), satisfaction, hedonic motivation (HM), and perceived usefulness (PU) are direct determinants of intention to use, whereas perceived security risk has no effect. Moreover, PEOU, PU, PC, and telepresence are indirect determinants of intention to use. This research is valuable for its identification of the determinants that can affect the adoption of VR in online shopping. This study helps store owners to understand what features will enable a successful implementation of virtual stores (VSs). This study has several limitations. First, the study was conducted using a convenience sample, making it difficult to generalize the results to the whole population. In terms of method, the study was entirely quantitative, using a questionnaire entirely consisting of close-ended questions, so participants were limited in their response options. The final limitation is in the scope of the research, which covered the perceptions of consumers only, while employees’ and ICT experts’ perspectives were not considered. In light of these limitations, this study allows some suggestions for future research directions to be made. (a) The perspectives of employees and ICT experts could be included so that more factors will be generated. (b) Future research could use different methodologies such as mixed methods to gain a deeper understanding of the responses. (c) A longitudinal study could be designed to address any developments occurring in VS features, as e-commerce is continually being developed.

Determining factors of intention to adopt internet banking services: A study on commercial bank users in Bangladesh

E-commerce and e-business are necessary components of today’s internet banking due to the developing global economy. Alternatively, in this technological era, the banking sector’s success is associated with creating bank users’ intention to adopt internet banking services. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the influencing factors of intention to adopt internet banking services of commercial bank users’ in the Bangladeshi context. A survey questionnaire was formulated based on past works of literature to find out the research objective. The convenience sampling method has been used in this study. For the data collection purpose, 250 bank users were asked request to participate in the research. As a fully completed survey, 180 responses were received where the response rate was 72% and the sample size was n = 180. For correlation analysis and hypotheses testing, SPSS version 26.0 was used. The results of the study show that Perceived Security Risk (PSR), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Perceived Ease of Use (PEU), Social Influence (SI), and Consumer Innovativeness (CI) have a statistical and significant impact on the intention to adopt internet banking services. It is concluded that the bank management committee should utilize PU, PEU, SI, and CI to amplify the level of willingness to adopt and embrace general banking services through internet platforms among bank users in their online banking transactions. For the future research study, this paper outlines several significant implications and offers some directions for the bank management committee of a commercial bank.

Mobile learning adoption continuance: role of locus of control on its determinants

Purpose This study aims to investigate the factors affecting (i.e. determinants) the continuance of mobile learning adoption in an informal setting among higher education learners from a rural region in the Philippines. It assesses the extent of the determinants of mobile learning adoption continuance and their interrelationships and the role of a personality trait (e.g. locus of control) on its determinants. Design/methodology/approach This study used a rigorous literature review method that led to a mobile learning adoption continuance model. This proposed model analyzed the perceptions of higher education learners’ experiences on mobile learning adoption during the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e. informal setting). The data collection was self-administered using an online survey from a convenience sample size of 434 using adapted questionnaire instruments. The study used factor analysis by using a structural package for social sciences (SPSS) and analysis of the moment of the structure. The effect sizes of the direct effect, simple and serial mediation and interaction effects in a path model were analyzed by using user-defined estimand and orthogonalized approaches. Findings The findings indicate that the effect of perceived security risks along with perceived functional benefit and learner value affect the mobile learning adoption continuance. The perceived learner value mediates the perceived functional benefit relationship on mobile learning adoption continuance. Perceived security risk indirectly affects mobile learning adoption continuance through perceived functional benefit and learner value. In addition to this, the internal locus of control strengthens the positive relationship between perceived functional benefit and mobile learning adoption continuance. However, it dampens the positive relationship of perceived learner value. Originality/value The study provides an essential foundation on the mobile learning adoption model that focuses on its continuance. This model integrated perceived security risks, functional benefits and learner value aspects of continuance intention that higher education institutions may consider in their mobile learning initiative. It further provides evidence to intensify the important moderating role of locus of control that intervenes on the determinants of mobile learning adoption continuance.

Perceived Security Risk Based on Moderating Factors for Blockchain Technology Applications in Cloud Storage to Achieve Secure Healthcare Systems.

Due to the high amount of electronic health records, hospitals have prioritized data protection. Because it uses parallel computing and is distributed, the security of the cloud cannot be guaranteed. Because of the large number of e-health records, hospitals have made data security a major concern. The cloud's security cannot be guaranteed because it uses parallel processing and is distributed. The blockchain (BC) has been deployed in the cloud to preserve and secure medical data because it is particularly prone to security breaches and attacks such as forgery, manipulation, and privacy leaks. An overview of blockchain (BC) technology in cloud storage to improve healthcare system security can be obtained by reading this paper. First, we will look at the benefits and drawbacks of using a basic cloud storage system. After that, a brief overview of blockchain cloud storage technology will be offered. Many researches have focused on using blockchain technology in healthcare systems as a possible solution to the security concerns in healthcare, resulting in tighter and more advanced security requirements being provided. This survey could lead to a blockchain-based solution for the protection of cloud-outsourced healthcare data. Evaluation and comparison of the simulation tests of the offered blockchain technology-focused studies can demonstrate integrity verification with cloud storage and medical data, data interchange with reduced computational complexity, security, and privacy protection. Because of blockchain and IT, business warfare has emerged, and governments in the Middle East have embraced it. Thus, this research focused on the qualities that influence customers' interest in and approval of blockchain technology in cloud storage for healthcare system security and the aspects that increase people's knowledge of blockchain. One way to better understand how people feel about learning how to use blockchain technology in healthcare is through the United Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). A snowball sampling method was used to select respondents in an online poll to gather data about blockchain technology in Middle Eastern poor countries. A total of 443 randomly selected responses were tested using SPSS. Blockchain adoption has been shown to be influenced by anticipation, effort expectancy, social influence (SI), facilitation factors, personal innovativeness (PInn), and a perception of security risk (PSR). Blockchain adoption and acceptance were found to be influenced by anticipation, effort expectancy, social influence (SI), facilitating conditions, personal innovativeness (PInn), and perceived security risk (PSR) during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as providing an overview of current trends in the field and issues pertaining to significance and compatibility.

Factors affecting adoption of cloud-based services: evidence from an emerging market

The increasing use of cloud-based services by consumers makes a compelling case to identify determinants of its adoption. The researchers have used unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) to explain the intention to adopt technology. However, the increasing technology convergence in form of internet of things (IoT) make a convincing reason for further investigating the role of unexplored variables influencing the technology adoption. Using UTAUT as the basic theoretical framework, the study investigated additional determinants such as perceived security risks, perceived trust and price value of technology adoption. Using SEM-PLS method to analyse data collected through a web survey in India, the study found that the performance expectancy, effort expectancy, perceived security risks, facilitating conditions, perceived trust and price value showed significant impact on behavioural intention towards the adoption and use of cloud-based services. However, social influence did not demonstrate any significant influence on behavioural intention.

Why people adopt smart transportation services: an integrated model of TAM, trust and perceived risk

ABSTRACT Advancements in emerging technologies have brought remarkable socio-technical changes to how people communicate, Smart transportation and urban mobility have become high priority topics for city planners and policymakers as cities seek to become more desirable to citizens. However, few empirical studies have critically examined factors that affect user acceptance of Smart Transportation Services (STS) and their impact. Grounded in perceived risk and trust theory, and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this paper examines the impact of users’ antecedents on the acceptance of smart transportation services. We use structural equation modeling to conduct an empirical analysis of questionnaire data collected from a sample of users in China. Results show that trust and reducing perceived security risk and perceived privacy risk can enhance users’ trust in STS. Our findings provide important practical implications for governments and service providers for improving the acceptance rate of smart transportation services in China.

Cyber Risks in Microfinance Digitization: Exposures and Preventions among Female Headed Farm Households in Southern Nigeria

Digital finance is widely regarded as one of the most effective means of financially empowering women and increasing their financial inclusion. On the other hand, cybercriminals are constantly looking for new ways to exploit vulnerabilities and developing ever more sophisticated attack methods. As a result, the cyber risk exposures and prevention of female heads of farm households in Southern Nigeria were investigated in this paper. Unsuccessful transactions by mobile applications and POINT OF SALES (POS) terminals were often encountered by female heads, and yet their money was debited, and it took a long time for their money that was debited from unsuccessful transactions to be reversed. Avoiding lonely ATMs and not going to the ATM during late hours, ignoring emails and text messages instructing them to provide online banking details, no longer using birthdates, addresses, and other words or numbers that would make it easier for attackers to figure out their passwords, and not using the same passwords for all their different accounts were the most common cybersecurity measures used by female heads. Access to digital financial products and services was influenced by factors such as marital status, household size, business experience, internet access, possession of an ICT device, and perceived security risks. These findings call for interventions by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through policies that will improve consumer education and reduce vulnerabilities, especially among women. The CBN should also develop a forum that is easily accessible to customers for filing complaints, and erring banks should be sanctioned.

Factors Influence Students’ Switching Behavior to Online Learning under COVID-19 Pandemic: A Push–Pull–Mooring Model Perspective

Many educational institutions have adopted e-learning under COVID-19 pandemic to maintain school teaching activities. Most teachers were encouraged to use online instruction in early February 2020. Thus, whether online learning changes students’ learning habits and replaces traditional physical teaching methods, online learning has become a keen topic. Based on the push–pull–mooring model, we proposed a comprehensive research model and explored the impact of online learning during COVID-19 pandemic on students’ attitude and behavioral intention. We found that push effects (perceived security risk, learning convenience, and service quality), pull effects (usefulness, ease of use, teacher’s teaching attitude, task-technology fit), and mooring effects (switching cost, habit) had significantly influence the switching intentions of users from physical course to online learning platforms. The findings of this study will bring more insights into e-learning during an epidemic crisis.

E-Grocery Retailing Mobile Application: Discerning Determinants of Repatronage Intentions in an Emerging Economy

ABSTRACT The study attempts to identify the influential antecedents of customer satisfaction and repatronage intentions in the context of e-grocery retailing through mobile applications. Literature survey based on qualitative thematic approach was adopted for the study. The reviewed articles were selected based on Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) framework. The model was subjected to reliability and validity determination through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The hypotheses were tested through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). SEM results revealed that out of the four proposed antecedents i.e. online tracking, design aesthetics, online rating & review, and perceived security risk, the initial three bear significant positive causal relationship with customer satisfaction. The existing study gives a perspective of e-grocery retailing based mobile applications in an emerging market, which is a departure from the past studies which are based on developed markets characterized by higher technology penetration and awareness amongst inhabiting populace.

A Study on Traditional Teaching Method Transferring to E-Learning Under the Covid-19 Pandemic: From Chinese Students' Perspectives.

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, online learning has been carried out in many countries with different types of online learning models being promoted and implemented. In the global pandemic continues, the education environment is forced to change from traditional classroom or blended teaching mode to online learning teaching model. With the outbreak of COVID-19, China was the first to announce that online courses are to be implemented in February 2020. In China, whether online learning can replace traditional offline teaching has become a topic worth discussing. Therefore, this study investigates university students in China by questionnaires and discussions of this topic. The study is based on the Push–Pull Mooring model. Based on 854 valid responses collected from an online survey questionnaire, structural equation modeling was employed to examine the research model. The results show that push effects (Perceived security risk, Learning convenience, and Service quality), pull effects (Usefulness, Ease of use, Teacher's Teaching Attitude, Task-technology Fit), and mooring effects (habit) all significantly influence users' switching intentions from offline to online learning platform. Finally, this study explores whether push–pull–mooring can be a reference for promoting and implementing online learning courses in Chinese colleges and universities in the future after the pandemic.

Benefits and Risks of Cloud Computing in E-Government Tasks: A Systematic Review

The utilities of Cloud Computing have an essential role in e-government affairs because they can reduce the cost of using information technology services and allow users to access services anytime and anywhere. The success factor of e-government requires leadership, significant funds and the ability to overcome the risks faced by governments. In several government agencies, such as Ministries or Local Governments in developing countries, cloud computing is still not widely adopted compared to other developed countries. In order to build cloud computing adoption, it is crucial to recognize that an essential and specific issue related to cloud computing is the potential and perceived security risks posed by the adoption of the technology. Cloud computing is an option that can provide e-government with lower infrastructure costs and less initial investment than traditional systems. Cloud computing in e-government offers excellent benefits, despite its many risks. Therefore, the main objective of this paper mainly focuses on analyzing the benefits and risks associated with cloud computing in e-government affairs. In this paper, researchers conducted a systematic review (SR) research method to identify the 12 benefits and 8 risks of cloud computing in e-government affairs. Then, these government organizations can benefit significantly from cloud computing.

MoLaBSS: Server-Specific Add-On Biometric Security Layer Model to Enhance the Usage of Biometrics

With high-paced growth in biometrics, and its easy availability to capture various biometric features, it is emerging as one of the most valuable technologies for multifactor authentication to verify a user’s identity, for data security. Organizations encourage their members to use biometrics, but they are hesitant to use them due to perceived security risks. Because of its low usage rate, many medium and small segment organizations find it unfeasible to deploy robust biometric systems. We propose a server-specific add-on biometric security layer model (MoLaBSS) to enhance confidence in the usage of biometrics. We tested this model via a biometric mobile app, and the survey showed a favorable response of 80%. The innovative mobile app was tested for its usability and got a score of more than 71%. For test tool reliability, we examined the equal error rate (EER) of the app and got a reasonably low score of 6%. The results show good potential of this framework to enhance users’ confidence level in the usage of biometrics. Higher usage rates may make deployment of biometrics more cost-effective for many organizations to decrease their information security risk.

Understanding the inhibitors to consumer mobile purchasing intentions

Consumers frequently browse online stores via mobile (m-) channels but seldom realize transactions through m-channels. Although this m-purchasing yields an attractive growth opportunity for online retailers, existing research still insufficiently explains m-purchasing (intentions). Hence, this research develops and empirically tests a model of m-purchasing intention. This study's findings suggest that both task-related (e.g., perceived security risk of m-purchasing) and m-channel-related (e.g., perceived security risk of m-channels) factors inhibit consumers' decision to use m-channels for online transactions. Prior experiences with m-purchasing moderate the effect of perceived m-purchasing security risk on m-purchasing intention; the effect is stronger for experienced than for inexperienced consumers.

Mediating role of cloud of things in improving performance of small and medium enterprises in the Indian context

Integration of cloud computing and the Internet of things can influence large as well as small-scale organizations in transforming their business systems for high performance. However, in developing nations like India, cloud of things is relatively novel, and there is a need for its proper understanding specifically, in small and medium scaled enterprises. This study aims to investigate the mediating role of cloud of things on the performance of small and medium scaled enterprises and the influence of various key factors namely security and privacy, perceived ease of use, top management support, perceived security risk, big data analytics, trust, customer–supplier intention, manufacturing infrastructure, IT support, knowledge sharing, and external environment support on cloud of things was analyzed. A sample of 290 responses from 96 Indian small and medium scaled enterprises was collected and exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modelling methodologies were employed for the analysis. Results suggest that big data analytics, top management support, trust, perceived security risk, etc. require the mediating support of cloud of things. This study is useful for managers, policymakers, practitioners, and regulatory authorities to understand the importance of information, and the cloud of things, and further to formulate strategies to improve firm’s performance by improving the information transparency across the value chain.

How Perceived Security Risk Influences Acceptance of Virtual Shopping Walls

Virtual shopping walls are innovative digital stores that can be placed in highly frequented areas of public transport, such as bus or subway stations. These walls resemble shelves of a stationary supermarket and allow convenient shopping with the smartphone combined with home delivery. The goal of the present research is to shed light on what drives widespread use of this store concept. Complementing traditional models of technology acceptance, this work examines the impact of perceived security risk with special emphasis on its moderating effect on the perceived usefulness-behavioral intention relationship. We find that the intention to use virtual shopping walls is driven by perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, while perceived security risk acts like a barrier to acceptance. The negative effect of high perceived security risk, however, is mitigated by high perceived usefulness. This means that high perceived usefulness of virtual shopping walls can compensate for increased risk perceptions in a significant way, providing important insights for providers of virtual shopping walls.

Underlying Factors Influencing Consumers’ Trust and Loyalty in E-commerce

Customer loyalty and trust are the key factors for long-term profitability and growth for organizations. Regardless of the rapid growth and popularity of the e-commerce, still companies face difficulties in gaining customer loyalty and trust ( Eid, 2011 ). Therefore, the aim of this study is to underlie the factors that gauge e-customer’s trust and e-customer loyalty in Business-to-Consumer (B2C) domain. The data were drawn via 5-point Likert scale adapted questionnaire from 328 respondents who had an experience of e-commerce, who were of working class, and were residing in major urban cities of Pakistan, that is, Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were applied to test the hypotheses. The findings suggested that website user interface quality, information quality, awareness of e-commerce, and perceived privacy are significant predictors of e-customer trust (ECT) and in turn e-loyalty, whereas perceived security risk was found to have insignificant impact on ECT. This article contributes to enhance the determinants that have an influence in gaining customer trust and loyalty and provides interesting perspective of Pakistani consumers. The findings of the study are beneficial for the e-commerce industry in enhancing ECT and e-loyalty and help them in promoting their business online.