Dimensions Of Perceived Risk Research Articles

Trust and confidence in authorities, responsibility attribution, and natural hazards risk perception

AbstractRisk perception varies across contexts like different risk agents and cultures. The roles of trust, confidence in authorities, and responsibility attribution in natural hazards risk perception are understudied. In this paper, the correlations between trust in authorities, confidence in authorities, responsibility attribution, and natural hazards (typhoon and earthquake) risk perception are explored using an updated representative data set from Taiwan (the 2013 and 2019 Taiwan Social Change Survey). The perceived probability, perceived controllability, and degree of worriment were used as the three dimensions of risk perception in the 2013 survey, while only the worrisome dimension was included in the 2019 survey. The results of Ordered Logit Models demonstrate that trust in authorities and confidence in authorities’ disaster response are only negatively associated with the perceived consequence of typhoons, not the probability or worrisome dimensions. The responsibility attribution and risk perception's correlations are only significant for the perceived probability of an earthquake. On the contrary, variables like disaster experience, family income, and educational attainment have more consistent effects, either in 2013 or 2019. This paper highlights the importance of the risk perception measurements and contexts of hazards in investigating the roles of trust, confidence, and responsibility attribution in natural hazards scenarios.

A Pandemic Risk Perception Scale.

We propose a Pandemic Risk Perception Scale. Our scale comprises two constructs, Dread Risk and Personal Exposure, divided into five dimensions: Infection Risk, Emotional Health Risk, Health System Risk,Financial Risk, and Alimentary Risk. Using multidimensional item response theory, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling on two samples of respondents, our results show that Alimentary Risk, Health System Risk, and Emotional Health Risk are the main dimensions of risk perception for the COVID‐19 pandemic. Furthermore, Infection Risk has a minor impact on the pandemic's risk perception, suggesting the presence of different dynamics between personal and general risk perceptions for the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Exploring the dynamic relationships between risk perception and behavior in response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak

The relationships between risk perception and related behavior form a fundamental theme in risk analysis. Despite increasing attentions on the temporal dimension of risk perception and behavior in recent literature, the dynamic relationships between these two constructs remain understudied. Infectious disease outbreaks, such as the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, provide a key setting for analyzing evolving perceptions of and responses to natural or human-induced hazards. The main objectives of this research are: (1) to assess temporal changes in cognitive and affective dimensions of perceived COVID-19 risk as well as related protective behavior; and (2) to explore the dynamic relationships between COVID-19 risk perception and behavioral responses. Timely data on changing risk perception and behavior related to the COVID-19 outbreak were collected through two series of online surveys from four major cities (Seattle, Los Angeles, Chicago, and New York City; N = 736) and the central Midwest region of the United States (N = 1240) respectively during March–August 2020. The analysis revealed that: (1) the cognitive and affective dimensions of perceived COVID-19 risk and preventive behavior all changed over time; (2) there were both within- and across-time correlations between COVID-19 risk perception indicators and preventive actions; and (3) preventive actions showed varied feedback effects on individual aspects of perceived COVID-19 risk over time. Findings from this research support and expand major conceptual approaches to changing relationships between risk perception and behavior, particularly the risk reappraisal hypothesis. The study also has useful implications for health risk management and future research directions.

The sharing economy at the base of the economic pyramid: How access‐based services can help overcome ownership risks

AbstractThe sharing economy provides short‐term access to products without the risks associated with ownership. While extant research primarily examined it in the context of affluent consumer segments, the sharing economy may offer opportunities for consumers at the base of the economic pyramid, where ownership risks prevent access to products that could create societal benefits. Drawing from risk perception theory, we examine how access‐based services, as an alternative to ownership, can mitigate perceived risk dimensions. An experimental study reveals that, in contrast to consumers with higher income, low‐income consumers perceive access‐based services to entail less financial risk, resulting in a greater inclination to access a good than to own it. In a second study, we explore these differences by comparing access with a risk mitigation strategy. We find that at the base of the pyramid, access is perceived to entail less financial risk than both ownership and ownership with a warranty. The results indicate the importance of the sharing economy for addressing the limited availability of resources for alleviating poverty. Based on our findings, we derive implications for consumers and service providers at the base of the pyramid, and discuss how the COVID‐19 pandemic may be detrimental to the identified opportunities.

Perceived risk and tourist’s trust: the roles of perceived value and religiosity

Purpose This study aims to examine the relationship between perceived risk and tourists’ trust. It also investigates the role of perceived value as a mediating variable on the link between perceived risk and trust. Moreover, the moderating role of religiosity on the link between perceived value and trust has also been highlighted. Design/methodology/approach The research population is all tourists who have visited West Sumatra Indonesia in the past two years. This research used a survey method using questionnaires and used purposive sampling as the sampling method. It collected 400 responses and after some preliminary tests, 352 usable responses have been analyzed. The authors used a covariance-based structural equation model using AMOS 24 as the data analysis tool. Findings This quantitative research found that perceived risk dimensions (health, environmental and financial risk) have significant impacts on perceived value. Perceived risk dimensions also have significant effects on trust except for health risk. It also found that perceived value has a significant impact on trust and finally, religiosity which has a significant moderating impact on the relationship between perceived value and trust. Research limitations/implications This study is only one country study; hence, it has limited finding generalization. It needs to be expanded to other countries such as Southeast Asia countries. It only used three antecedents of trust, therefore, for future research; it might be extended to other antecedents such as cultural value, tourist efficacy and also some consequences of trust such as revisit intention and customer involvement. Finally, this is a cross-sectional study; hence, for future research, it might be expanded to a longitudinal study where the results are more generalized. Practical implications Trust will lead to tourist loyalty. Therefore, to establish trust, the managers need to provide the best services with pay attention to the tourist perceived risk. Moreover, it found that perceived risks will lead to tourists’ perceived value. Accordingly, to increase the tourist perceived value, the tourist destination managers have to minimize risk or uncertainty in the tourist destination such as environmental and health risk in the tourist destination. Finally, religiosity will strengthen the tourist trust, hence; the managers can attract and serve high religiosity tourists with Halal standard products and services. Originality/value This study has examined the relationship between perceived risk dimensions and perceived value which is not investigated in the previous studies. It also examined the mediating roles of perceived value on the link between perceived risk dimensions and trust. These mediating roles have not been addressed yet previously. Finally, it has also revealed a significant moderating effect of religiosity on the link between perceived value and trust which is neglected previously.

Mediating effect of destination image on the relationship between risk perception of smog and revisit intention: a case of Chengdu

ABSTRACT Major urban centers are suffering from air pollution in China recently, the relation between tourists’ risk perception of smog and behavior intention remains unclear. This study develops and empirically validates an integrated model to examine the relationship between risk perception of smog, destination image and revisit intention. Results show that, destination image played a key mediating role between the three dimensions of risk perception of smog, namely, perceived health, traffic and tourist experience risks, and revisit intention. Findings highlight the necessity to compound destination image in modeling risk perception and provide implications for promoting smog polluted cities as tourist destinations.

The Relationship between Risk Perception and Risk Definition and Risk-Addressing Behaviour during the Early COVID-19 Stages

The purpose of this article is to show the effect of Risk Perception RP and Risk Definition RD on the Risk-Addressing Behaviour RB. To carry out this study secondary data was used from a semi-structured survey administered between February and June 2020, a period during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study identified six dimensions of risk perception and thus tested six structural models. Risk perception (ξ RP) is defined as an external latent variable in the study. It is also assumed that the risk perception variable may affect the risk definition variable (η RD). The application software SmartPLS was used to analyse data through exploratory factor analysis and partial least squares structural equation modelling on our research model. To achieve Convergent validity of the structural equation model of partial least squares, three criteria were met. In the study, Discriminant Validity was examined using the Fornell-Larcker criterion and Heterotrain-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT) coefficients. Results reveal that there is no direct relationship between the RB and “religion and beliefs”, the “fear level, the experience”, the “peer influences level” and the “openness”. However, we found a positive relationship between the agreement on “knowledge” and on RB and statistically significant relationships between the agreement on the RD and the agreement on the “religion and beliefs”, the “fear level”, the “experience”, the “knowledge”, the “peer influences level” and the RB. Moreover, there is an indirect relationship when controlling for the agreement on the RD between the agreement on the RB and the agreement on the “fear level”, the “experience”, the “knowledge” and the “peer influences level”. However, there is no relationship between the agreement on the “openness” and the agreement on the RB and a statistically significant but moderate relationship between the agreement on the RD and the agreement on the RB. Although, there seems to be abundant research on RP, so far we have found only a few studies on the influencing factors of RP, as effected by RB and RD, especially in distressed times such as during this current pandemic period of COVID-19. This study adds to body of literature and sheds new light on the interaction between RP, RB and RD in a time of distress. It provides important and original information that may be useful for government agencies, businesses, individuals, and the media when setting policies, governance structures, regulations, procedures and determining how to communicate.

The Effects of Convenience and Risk on E-Loyalty through the Mediating Role of E-Service Quality: A Comparison for China and Turkey

This study aims to examine the direct and indirect effects of perceived shopping convenience, e-service quality, and perceived risk on loyalty in an online shopping context. The study compares Turkey and China that have different market characteristics. Perceived online shopping convenience and perceived risk were measured as multi-dimensional constructs. Multi-group path analysis indicated that the indirect effect of perceived online shopping convenience dimensions on loyalty through e-service quality differs across Turkish and Chinese samples. The dimensions of perceived risk have insignificant effects on e-loyalty. The results also showed how the negative impact of e-service quality on perceived risk dimensions varies across countries. In general, the study showed a cross-cultural variation in the evaluation of online shopping convenience, risk, and service quality.

Whose expertise counts? Assisted migration and the politics of knowledge in British Columbia’s public forests

The assisted migration (AM) of trees is increasingly being proposed and trialed to adapt forest management to the impacts of climate change. While institutional and risk perception dimensions of AM are increasingly well-studied, a key gap that remains is to understand how current institutional practices shape the types of knowledge that are considered in AM policy development, and how this in turn makes visible different risks and benefits. In this study, we use a politics of knowledge lens applied to the case of British Columbia, Canada, where AM policy is currently in place, to examine the types of knowledge informing AM thus far, and how that knowledge shapes perceived AM risks and ways of addressing them. Based on 27 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with key government employees and forest industry professionals involved with the development and implementation of AM, we find an overall optimistic view of AM. However, the type of knowledge deemed credible to inform AM decision-making is restricted to biophysical, model-based, scientific knowledge. This primarily biophysical framing of AM arises from the objectives and worldviews of actors working in the AM space and gives rise to relatively narrow ways of understanding potential AM risks and solutions to them. While policymakers and government scientists recognize the need to engage industry, Indigenous Peoples, and the general public, these groups are seen as knowledge receivers. We argue that these beliefs about what counts as credible expertise (and who can produce it) have served to exclude other knowledge forms from being considered in decision-making, and in so doing, have limited possibilities for generating transformative change.

Risk Perception and Protective Behaviors During the Rise of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy.

Risk perception is important in determining health-protective behavior. During the rise of the COVID-19 epidemic, we tested a comprehensive structural equation model of risk perception to explain adherence to protective behaviors in a crisis context using a survey of 572 Italian citizens. We identified two categories of protective behaviors, labeled promoting hygiene and cleaning, and avoiding social closeness. Social norms and risk perceptions were the more proximal antecedents of both categories. Cultural worldviews, affect, and experience of COVID-19 were the more distal predictors. Promoting hygiene and cleaning was triggered by the negative affective attitude toward coronavirus and mediated by an affective appraisal of risk. The deliberate dimension of risk perception (perceived likelihood) predicted only avoiding social closeness. Social norms predicted both types of behaviors and mediated the relations of cultural worldviews. Individualism (vs. communitarianism), more than hierarchy (vs. egalitarianism), shaped the affective evaluation of coronavirus. The model was an acceptable fit to the data and accounted for 20% and 29% of the variance in promoting hygiene and cleaning, and avoiding social closeness, respectively. The findings were robust to the effect of sociodemographic factors (age, gender, education, socioeconomic status, and zone of the country). Taken together, our findings confirmed the empirical distinction between affective and deliberate processes in risk perception, supported the validity of the affect heuristic, and highlighted the role of social norms as an account for why individualistic people were less likely to follow the prescribed health-protective behaviors. Implications for risk communication are discussed.

Post COVID-19 Pandemic International Travel: Does Risk Perception and Stress-Level Affect Future Travel Intention?

The COVID-19 pandemic has extremely affected several industries including international travel and tourism. Many scholars have tried to describe the cause-effects of this major phenomenon. This study majorly aims to explore the relationship between risk perception and travel intention where stress level prone to COVID-19 quarantine serves as a moderating factor. The researchers believed that the influence of the dimensions of risk perception including social risk, psychological risk, physical risk, performance risk, financial risk and time risk on travel intention will be significant when the variable of stress level intervenes. This paper used a quantitative approach involving 409 respondents around the world. The data were gathered via online questionnaires facilitated by Google form and Wenjuanxing. The respective questionnaires were available in five languages (Chinese, English, Italian, French and Indonesian). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The outcome of the hierarchical multiple regression (HMR) test resulted in a positive connection between all independent variables and travel intention simultaneously but not partially. The uppermost influence was found in social risk. Meanwhile, financial risk and time risk indicate no significant relationship. Lastly, the researchers believe that understanding the relationships between the variables of this study would be beneficial for the DMOs to predict the future market and rearrange strategies after being affected by the pandemic.

IS JORDAN SAFE TO VISIT? THE IMPACT OF PERCEIVED RISK PERCEPTIONS ON THE TOURIST BEHAVIOURAL INTENTIONS

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of perceived risk dimensions on the tourists behavioural intention (BI). A questionnaire was prepared drawing from the scales in literature, and it was applied in a form of a self-administered questionnaire on European tourists who visited Jordan in 2018. To check the hypotheses on a data set of 339 completed questionnaires, multiple regression tests were applied. The findings identified that perceived financial risk (FR) and perceived performance risk (PR) had significant impact on tourists BI, however, perceived physical risk (PHR), perceived time risk (TR), and perceived socio-psychological risk (SPR) risk were not significant. The findings reflect only the perceived risks and BI of European tourists visiting Jordan. The focus should be placed on reducing implemented taxes on the touristic services and products in order to make Jordan more price competitive. This study establishes an empirical relationship between the risk dimensions and the BI of tourists; consequently, the findings have implications for the tourism industry, especially for key players in the Jordanian Tourism Board. It also serves as a reference to destinations with similar risk background.

THE EFFECTS OF ONLINE TEACHING ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PROGRESS IN STEM

Online teaching environment is a challenge for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in-service teachers who feel worried about their ability to succeed in what might be an unfamiliar learning environment. This research focused on testing the effects of perceived risks and concerns by in-service teachers during online-only classes due to the coronavirus outbreak on student academic progress requirements across the different STEM disciplines. The research hypotheses were tested on a sample of 1444 in-service teachers teaching exclusively in the online environment, in Romania. A structural equation model was used to explore the possible links among two external variables (pedagogical and technological perceived risks), one mediator variable (student engagement), one control variable (school settings), and one output variable (student academic progress requirements). The results revealed significant negative paths from challenges mediated by student engagement to student academic progress, as well as positive paths from them to mediator factor. The school setting categories were negatively correlated with both perceived risk dimensions. The moderator role of student engagement on the challenges-outcome link was supported. The online teaching effects on student’s academic progress varied across the different STEM disciplines. The relevant common features for all STEM disciplines were further then demonstrated. Keywords: online class, pandemic emergency, STEM, structural equation modelling, student academic progress, in-service teachers

Influence of Perceived Risk Dimensions on e-Shopping Behavioural Intention among Women—A Family Life Cycle Stage Perspective

The relationship between perceived risk and behavioral intention (BI) in e-shopping, based on family life cycle (FLC) stages, has been analyzed in this work. Although FLC stages are considered to have a better predictive ability than age, few e-shopping studies have concentrated on understanding its effects. This study, as a pioneering effort, has divided Indian women based on nine FLC stages and has studied the role of ten dimensions of perceived risk on BI to shop online across each life cycle stage. Results show that different facets of risks had distinct effects on purchase behavior among women belonging to different FLC stages. In effect, this study shows the importance of splitting people based on FLC stages in e-marketing and its value in making marketing decisions.

Assessment of risk perception and risk communication regarding COVID-19 among healthcare providers: An explanatory sequential mixed-method study in Bangladesh.

Background: Any public health emergency demands adequate risk communication with the vulnerable population along with their optimized perception about the impending risk to ensure proper risk management and crisis control. Hence, this study will be conducted to explore healthcare providers' perceptions regarding risks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as well as how they are being communicated to about the risk, and how they practice risk reduction measures. Methods: A two-phased explanatory sequential mixed-method study will be conducted among physicians and nurses from randomly selected tertiary healthcare facilities in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. In the first phase, the general pattern and quantifiable measures of risk perception, risk communication, and infection prevention practices will be assessed quantitatively. Multiple linear regression analyses will be performed to explore how much variability of risk perception is predicted by risk communication methods and contents. In the second phase, qualitative data will be collected for in-depth understanding and exploration of participants' experiences and insights regarding COVID-19 risk through interviews and document reviews. Thematic content analysis of the qualitative data will be done manually. Findings from both quantitative and qualitative phases will then be triangulated to illustrate the research objectives. Discussion: Based on the psychometric dimensions of risk perception and psycho-social theory of the health belief model, perception of COVID-19 risk among healthcare providers will be evaluated in this study. The relationship between risk perception and infection prevention and control practices among healthcare providers will also be investigated. The explanatory sequential design of this study is expected to generate hypotheses on how risk perception is being shaped in a time of uncertainty and thus, will help to build a proper risk communication strategy to minimize risk perception among healthcare providers.

What Dimensions of Risk Perception are Associated with Avoidance of Buying Processed Foods with Warning Labels?

Nutritional Warning Labels (NWLs) inform consumers about processed foods that exceed critical nutrient levels activating the risk perception in consumers. However, this information is limited. The objective was to identify the dimensions of risk perception and to study their associations with avoidance of buying processed foods with warning labels. A survey was applied to 807 decision-makers who choose what to eat at home. The four dimensions of risk perception (performance, financial, physical, and psychological) were identified through exploratory factor analysis. Through a multiple regression model, we determined the dimensions of risk perception and sociodemographic variables that affect the intention to avoid buying processed foods with NWLs. The results show that the performance risk, physical risk, and psychological risk positively affect the intention of avoiding processed foods with NWLs. In addition, the female gender considers NWLs to purchase foods. Nevertheless, the high frequency of consumption and belonging to a lower-income socioeconomic group are barriers to the use of NWLs. In conclusion, NWLs help people to choose processed food that does not impact negatively their food expectations, as well as their mental and physical health. However, health authorities must invest in nutrition education. Specifically, in groups who pay less attention to NWLs. Such groups include people with high daily consumption of processed foods, males, and low-income socioeconomic groups.

Evaluation of Risk Perception of COVID-19 Disease: A Community-Based Participatory Study.

How people behave in a crisis depends on their understanding and evaluation of risk and vulnerability. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the Iranians' risk perception of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). An online survey was applied, which resulted in the collection of information on demographics, the 5 dimensions of risk perception (cognitive, political, social, cultural, and emotional), and trust in the government among the Iranian users of social networks. Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical tests of SPSS (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) software, and confirmatory factor analysis of Amos software. A total of 364 persons from 20 provinces completed the questionnaire during February 25 to March 2, 2020. More than 80% of the participants believed that negligence and lack of close supervision of the authorities have led to the spread of COVID-19. The mean (SD) risk perception was 58.77 (± 10.11), indicating the medium level of risk perception of people. The second-order confirmatory factor analysis also indicated that cultural dimension had the highest positive correlation (0.96), emotional dimension had the highest negative correlation (-0.65), and social dimension had the least correlation with the risk perception model (0.08). Iranians' risk perception of the COVID-19 outbreak is not optimal, and it seems necessary to improve it.

The role of sense of place, risk perception, and level of disaster preparedness in disaster vulnerable mountainous areas of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.

The study endeavored to analyze the risk perception, sense of place, and disaster preparedness in response to landslide disaster-prone mountain areas of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. To this end, we surveyed 315 rural residents of two vulnerable landslide districts (Hunza and Nagar) of Gilgit-Baltistan. To explore the relationships between the dimensions of risk perception, sense of place, and disaster preparedness, we used partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the hypotheses. The results derived from PLS-SEM have implied that there is a significant negative relationship between risk perception (apprehension and unidentified) with a sense of place (bond with society and place dependence). It was observed that the residents usually overestimate the risks of disasters due to their limited scientific knowledge regarding disaster occurrence, which reduces their dependencies on the place. We revealed that disaster preparedness enhances the place attachment and reduces the apprehension of landslides in the study area. This study devotes to government and relevant agencies to devise policies that can help relocate the vulnerable rural settlements, develop, and educate the masses on disaster mitigation and prevention strategies, and help prepare a suitable landslide management plan.

Spill-over effects of a hotel scam: how public perception influence communicative actions in social media in China

ABSTRACT The present study defines spill-over effects in terms of forwarding and sharing negative information via social media and constructs a hypothetical model on the basis of one hotel scam that has drawn massive media coverage in China. To examine the spill-over effects of tourist scams, situational theory of problem solving is integrated with the multiple dimensions of risk perception. A total of 1167 respondents were surveyed to explore the perceptual, cognitive, and motivational antecedents of information forwarding and sharing behaviours. Results show that perceptual and motivational variables are antecedents to tourists’ communication behaviour. Furthermore, the multiple dimensions of risk perception play an important role in predicting the likelihood of information forwarding and sharing. Theoretical and practical implications and limitations for future research are likewise discussed.

Rebirth fashion: Secondhand clothing consumption values and perceived risks

In recent years, the circular economy of alternative consumption models for secondhand goods has become a subject of prominence. However, very little research has been carried out to obtain an in-depth understanding of the negative or positive consumer attitudes, motivations, and values behind secondhand clothing consumption. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the perceived risks and barriers to utilizing secondhand clothing and to identify the enabling and disabling factors that influence its consumption. Two empirical semiqualitative studies were carried out among secondhand clothing consumers (n = 134) and non-secondhand clothing consumers (n = 138) in the UK to investigate their attitudes, values, and perceptions of risk regarding secondhand clothing consumption. The study incorporated a qualitative means-end value model with a quantitative research technique to construct hierarchical value maps. The results show that consumer perceptions of secondhand fashion products and services differ significantly. The five main values identified among secondhand clothing consumers were: economic, self-expressive, hedonic, environmental, and social contribution values. Non-secondhand clothing consumers exhibited concerns about used clothing consumption due to perceived poor product quality and cleanliness, limitations in the degree of possible self-enhancement and expressibility of self-identity, and a perceived social image of the clothes as low-class and having low social acceptance. The study’s findings concerning secondhand clothing consumption values held by the market and consumers’ perceived risk dimensions can assist retailers and marketers to create a more tailored retailing and promotional strategy.