Perceptions Of Family Functioning Research Articles

Dimensions of family functioning and the choice of the military profession

Samples of the Military High School students (N = 170) and students of civil high schools (N = 204) were examined for family functioning perception characteristics from the perspective of Olson Circumplex model of marital and family systems. The study was aimed to determine the presence of specificities in the perception of family functioning in the Military High School students and socio-economic characteristics of their families, which may be one of the factors in the choice of military profession. The results revealed that the Military High School students came mostly from families of four (4) or more members; the number of children in the families was usually two (2) or greater; monthly income of the family was under average and average; and the level of parents' education was usually secondary school degree. Regarding the characteristics of the dimensions of family functioning, examinees from both samples perceive their families as functional. However, the main difference lies in the fact that the Military High School students show higher scores on the balanced scales of cohesivity and flexibility, while on the unbalanced scales of disunity and chaotic condition they show lower scores as compared to civil high school students. The highest percentage of the Military High School students believe that permissive parenting style is dominantly present in their families.

Factors Affecting the Perception of Family Functioning among Couples in Child-Rearing Japanese Families

In family healthcare nursing, the family system unit (i.e., a group in which the members, seen as a whole, mutually interact) is the target of care. As nurses tend to obtain family-related information from particular family members in the clinical setting, when assessing families, they often confront the issue of the differences between the theoretical level and methodological level. Although this issue needs resolving for evidence-based family nursing practice, sufficient research is lacking on the methodology related to family assessment. The present study aimed to clarify the factors that affected evaluation of family functioning among couples. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 child-rearing families (couples) using the Survey of Family Environment (SFE) as a family functioning scale. Content analysis identified 12 factors that affected discrepancies in the couples’ evaluations and eight factors that affected agreement in those evaluations. These factors were classified into three categories: factors concerning family or family members; factors concerning questions related to the SFE; and factors concerning the view of the family as a whole. The results of this study should contribute to the development of family assessment tools and effective methods for evaluation of family care.

The association between family factors and child behaviour problems using dyadic data.

Parental psychopathology and family issues are key influence factors to child behaviour problems. This study aimed to investigate the dyadic impact of maternal and paternal depression and perceived family functioning on child behaviour problems. Both maternal and paternal depression, perceived family functioning and reported child behaviour problems were collected, respectively. Because of the interdependent characteristic of dyadic data, structural equation modelling was used to examine the relationship among all variables and the mutual influence between mother and father. Results showed that father-perceived family functioning mediated the relationship between parental depression and child behaviour problems, but mother-perceived family functioning did not show this mediation effect. Meanwhile, maternal and paternal depression influenced both of their own and their partner's perceived family functioning. The findings indicated that paternal psychopathology and family functioning should not be overlooked in child behaviour development. In addition, this study underscored the importance to investigate the different impact of father and mother on child development within a dyadic unit.

The effects of childhood sexual abuse on cortisol trajectories in pregnancy are moderated by current family functioning

The goal of this study was to understand the roles of maternal history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and current family functioning on the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in pregnancy. Participants were 185 pregnant women (ages 18–40) who completed items from the Adverse Childhood Experiences scale to measure child maltreatment history and the Family Assessment Device to measure current family functioning. Participants provided saliva samples at wake-up and 30min after wake-up at 25, 29, and 35 weeks gestation to measure CAR. A moderation effect was found such that participants with more severe CSA histories and poorer perceived family functioning had increasing CAR in pregnancy compared to participants with less severe CSA histories and better family functioning. These findings highlight the importance of considering stress in both childhood and current environments in predicting maternal cortisol in pregnancy.

Parental Attributions of Children’s Success and Failure and Family Processes in Poor Chinese Families

The relationships between parental attributions of children’s success and failure and family processes of Chinese families experiencing economic disadvantage were examined in this study. A sample of 275 Chinese couples who had at least one child aged 11–16 experiencing economic disadvantage in Hong Kong were invited to participate in the study. Fathers and mothers completed the Parental Attributions Questionnaire, Parenting Style Scale, Chinese Parental Control Scale, Parental Sacrifice for Child’s Education Scale and Chinese Family Assessment Instrument. Results indicated that paternal attribution of children’s success and failure to effort influenced different family processes, including paternal control, paternal sacrifice for children’s education, and fathers’ perceived family functioning, whereas maternal attribution of children’s success and failure to effort influenced maternal control and maternal sacrifice for children’s education. Furthermore, we found that paternal and maternal attribution of children’s success and failure to ability predicted paternal and maternal control, respectively. On the contrary, attribution of children’s success and failure to luck did not predict any family processes in economically disadvantaged Chinese families. The present findings provide important insights on the relationships between parental attributions and family processes in Chinese families experiencing economic disadvantage, which helps to develop Chinese family model in the context of poverty. The study also suggests that human service workers should assess and promote parental attributional beliefs of effort and ability in assisting their children in their future development.

Interparental Agreement on Family Functioning Within Chinese Families

Although many studies have investigated the concordance of parent and adolescent perspectives on family functioning, little research has been conducted on concordance between parents’ perspectives. In this study the authors investigated this issue in China. Each parent of 729 children attending elementary schools in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, completed a set of questionnaires including a version of the Chinese Family Assessment Instrument (C-FAI). Mother and father concordance was medium to strong for four of the five C-FAI subscales, suggesting that parents were generally in agreement with each other in their perceptions of family functioning. However, mothers reported significantly more family conflict than fathers when their child was a girl, and fathers reported significantly more control problems than mothers when the child was a boy. The findings are discussed in relation to the limitations of the study and the need for future research.

Discrepancies between couples' perceptions of family functioning in child-rearing Japanese families.

This study examined discrepancies in couples' family functioning scores on the Japanese version of the Feetham Family Functioning Survey, which evaluates both internal and external family functioning, and the relationship of family demographic characteristics to such discrepancies. Participants were 313 husband and wife pairs with child(ren) attending nursery school. The discrepancies were significantly related to: the presence of a family member living with a disease/illness; the number of children; mean age of the children; and annual household income. A possible factor that may explain the discrepancies was question design, that is, use of "you" or "your," and the inclusion of questions concerning intrafamily issues. The findings indicated that family-related perceptions by each individual family member may differ. Nurses should therefore be aware that information from just one family member will not necessarily represent the family's actual situation.

Typology of Perceived Family Functioning in an American Sample of Patients With Advanced Cancer

ContextPoor family functioning affects psychosocial adjustment and the occurrence of morbidity following bereavement in the context of a family's coping with advanced cancer. Family functioning typologies assist with targeted family-centered assessment and intervention to offset these complications in the palliative care setting. ObjectivesOur objective was to identify the number and nature of potential types in an American palliative care patient sample. MethodsData from patients with advanced cancer (N = 1809) screened for eligibility for a larger randomized clinical trial were used. Cluster analyses determined whether patients could be classified into clinically meaningful and coherent groups, based on similarities in their perceptions of family functioning across the cohesiveness, expressiveness, and conflict resolution subscales of the Family Relations Index. ResultsPatients' reports of perceived family functioning yielded a model containing five meaningful family types. ConclusionCohesiveness, expressiveness, and conflict resolution appear to be useful dimensions by which to classify patient perceptions of family functioning. “At risk” American families may include those we have called hostile, low-communicating, and less-involved. Such families may benefit from adjuvant family-centered psychosocial services, such as family therapy.

Machiavellianism and perceived family functioning in adolescence

The behavior, attitudes and social strategies associated with Machiavellian personality traits are well studied in psychology. Still, developmental origins of Machiavellianism have gained little attention so far, especially from a family system perspective. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between Machiavellianism and family functioning in adolescence. A sample (N=366) of adolescents completed the Mach-IV and FACES IV. High-Mach and low-Mach individuals differed in their perception of family functioning. High-Machs perceived their families as more disengaged, more chaotic, less rigid, less cohesive, and less flexible. High-Machs also reported poorer family communication and less satisfaction with family life. Results are discussed mainly from the perspectives of attachment theory and early maladaptive schemas.

Using structural equation modeling to examine consumption of pornographic materials in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong

In human developmental research, researchers always look at the effects of predictors on criterion variables, such as the influence of family on adolescent developmental outcomes. In more complex models, intervening variables such as mediators and moderators are also intrinsic to predictive relationships. Although such relationships can be examined by traditional multiple regression analyses using the ordinary least square approach, there are many limitations associated with such analyses. Alternatively, structural equation modeling represents a more powerful approach that can enable researchers to look at the relationships among three or more predictor, intervening, and criterion variables. In this paper, the influence of perceived family functioning (predictor variable) on adolescent consumption of pornographic materials (criterion variable) via positive youth development (intervening variable) was examined via LISREL in a study conducted in the context of the Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong.

The Relation Between Family Adversity and Social Anxiety Among Adolescents in Taiwan

This study aimed to examine the relationship between three indicators of family adversity (domestic violence, family substance use, and broken parental marriage) and the severity of social anxiety among adolescents in Taiwan, as well as the mediating effects of perceived family function and self-esteem on that relationship, using structural equation modeling (SEM). A total of 5607 adolescents completed the social anxiety subscale of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children; the Family APGAR Index; the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; and a questionnaire for domestic violence, family substance use, and broken parental marriage. The relation between family adversity and social anxiety, as well as the mediating effects of family function and self-esteem, was examined using SEM. SEM analysis revealed that all three indicators of family adversity reduced the level of family function, that decreased family function compromised the level of self-esteem, and that a low level of self-esteem further increased the severity of social anxiety. The results indicated that, along with intervening to change family adversity, evaluating and improving adolescents' self-esteem and family function are also important clinical issues when helping adolescents reduce their social anxiety.

The moderating role of emotional competence in suicidal ideation among Chinese university students

To explore the relationship among perceived family functioning, emotional competence and suicidal ideation and to examine the moderating role of emotional competence in suicidal ideation. Previous studies have highlighted that poor family relationships and emotional symptoms are significant predictors of suicidal ideation. However, the roles of perceived family functioning and emotional competence in predicting suicidal ideation have not been given adequate attention. A cross-sectional survey using convenience sampling. A questionnaire was administered to 302 university students from February-April in 2011 in Hong Kong. The means, standard deviations and Cronbach's alphas of the variables were computed. Pearson correlation analyses and hierarchical regression analyses were performed. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that perceived high family functioning and emotional competence were significant negative predictors of suicidal ideation. Further analyses showed that parental concern, parental control and creative use of emotions were significant predictors of suicidal ideation. Emotional competence, specifically creative use of emotions, was found to moderate the relationship between perceived family functioning and suicidal ideation. The findings support the family ecological framework and provide evidence for emotional competence as a resilience factor that buffers low family functioning on suicidal ideation. Suggested measures to decrease suicidal ideation include enhancing parental concern, lessening parental control, developing students' awareness, regulation and management of their own emotions, fostering empathy towards others' emotional expression, enhancing social skills in sharing and influencing others' emotions and increasing the positive use of emotions for the evaluation and generation of new ideas.

Child abuse and suicidal ideation among adolescents in China

The present study examined the relationship among physical abuse, psychological abuse, perceived family functioning and adolescent suicidal ideation in Shanghai, China. Perceived family functioning was investigated as a possible moderator between physical abuse, psychological abuse and suicidal ideation. A cross sectional survey using convenience sampling was conducted. A total of 560 valid self-administered questionnaires were completed by the students aged from 12 to 17 in Shanghai. Descriptive statistical analyses, Pearson correlations analyses, and hierarchical regression analyses were adopted as methods of data analyses. Results indicated that physical abuse was significantly associated with greater adolescent suicidal ideation, while a higher level of perceived family functioning was significantly associated with lower suicidal ideation. However, psychological abuse was not associated with suicidal ideation. Perceived family functioning was shown to be a moderator between physical abuse and suicidal ideation. Specifically, mutuality and family communication moderated the relationship between physical abuse and suicidal ideation. To decrease adolescent suicidal ideation, measures are suggested to prevent physical abuse and enhance family functioning. First, it is important to increase the parents’ awareness of the meaning and boundaries of physical abuse, as well as the role it plays in contributing to adolescent suicidal ideation. Second, parents should be taught appropriate parenting skills and knowledge and be guided to treat the children as individuals with their unique personality, rights and privileges. Third, it is important to promote family harmony, effective communication as well as mutual trust, concern and understanding among family members.

Personal Well-Being and Family Quality of Life of Early Adolescents in Hong Kong: Do Economic Disadvantage and Time Matter?

Differences in personal well-being and family quality of life in Chinese adolescents with and without economic disadvantage as well as the related developmental trends were examined in a longitudinal study. Over three consecutive years, Chinese junior secondary school students responded to validated measures of positive youth development, risk behaviors and perceived family functioning. Consistent with our hypotheses, results showed that poor adolescents had poorer positive youth development and perceived family functioning than did non-poor adolescents. Although there was no difference between the poor and non-poor groups on substance abuse, significant interaction effect of poverty and time on substance abuse was observed. While there was a general drop in positive youth development and perceived family functioning over the years, adolescent risk behaviors gradually increased during the junior secondary school years in Hong Kong.

Perceived Family Life Quality in Junior Secondary School Students in Hong Kong

The present longitudinal study examined perceived family functioning and related socio-demographic correlates from the perspective of adolescents in Hong Kong. Results showed that adolescent perceptions of family functioning based on different indicators gradually deteriorated over time. Regarding the socio-demographic correlates, (a) boys had more favourable perceived family functioning than did girls; (b) adolescents from non-intact families had poorer perceived family functioning than those from intact families; and (c) economically disadvantaged adolescents had poorer perceived family functioning than non-economically disadvantaged adolescents. Results also revealed that adolescents’ perceived family functioning was positively related to positive youth development. Analyses further indicated that perceived family functioning and positive youth development were concurrently and longitudinally related.

Family Functioning and Income

This study explored the impact of income status (low-income vs. non-low-income) on family functioning, social support, and quality of life in a community sample of 125 families. The sample identified themselves as 17% Black or African American, 7% Latino, 4% Asian, and 66% White. The mean age of participants was 37 years. The study used a self-report measure of perceived family functioning, the Family Assessment Device (FAD). Results demonstrated that low-income status was associated with less satisfaction with several areas of family functioning, and that the effect of having a family member with a psychiatric disorder on family functioning depended on income status, with low-income families with a psychiatric disorder endorsing much greater dissatisfaction with family functioning than non-low-income families with a psychiatric disorder. Low-income families also had significantly lower social support and quality of life scores than non-low-income families. Low-income status appears to put stress on families in general and to compound the effects of having a psychiatric disorder on family functioning. Non-low-income status, by contrast, appears to offer a buffer from the effects of having a psychiatric disorder on family functioning. These findings suggest the importance of providing family-based interventions to low-income families in which one or more members has an identified psychiatric disorder.

Self-harm and Suicide Attempts among Young Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong: Prevalence, Correlates, and Changes

ObjectiveTo examine the prevalence of and changes in self-harm and suicide attempts and to predict these behaviors in relation to family functioning and positive youth development. DesignWe used quantitative data based on a large sample of adolescent participants. Participants had joined this study in a previous year when they were in Grade 7 (Wave 1). The present study focused on Wave 2 data and the comparison with Wave 1 data. Setting and ParticipantsThe participants consisted of 2,579 Grade 8 students from 28 secondary schools in Hong Kong. A multi-stage cluster random sampling was adopted. Main Outcome MeasureSelf-harm behavior, suicide attempt, the Chinese Family Assessment Instrument, the Chinese Positive Youth Development Scale. ResultsApproximately 23.5% of Grade 8 students had engaged in self-harm behavior in the preceding 12 months. Girls showed more self-harm behavior compared with the boys. Nearly 4.0% of adolescents attempted suicide in the preceding 12 months. Perceived family functioning and positive youth development predicted self-harm and suicidal ideation. Among the 4 second-order positive youth development qualities, the construct “general positive youth development qualities” was the strongest predictor of self-harm and suicide attempts. Compared with the Wave 1 data, more suicidal symptoms were observed in Wave 2, although the prevalence of self-harm behavior was similar across time. ConclusionsThe prevalence of self-harm behavior among Chinese adolescents was high, but the level of suicidal behavior was low. Perceived family functioning and positive youth development can be regarded as protective factors for adolescents against self-harm and suicidal behaviors. General positive youth development quality is most important among the 4 second-order positive youth development qualities.

Compensated Dating in Hong Kong: Prevalence, Psychosocial Correlates, and Relationships with Other Risky Behaviors

Study ObjectiveWe sought to study the prevalence of the compensated dating (CD) phenomenon among early adolescents in Hong Kong and to identify psychosocial correlates of CD, particularly basic demographic factors, positive youth development (PYD) qualities, and perceived family functioning. Design and ParticipantsIn 2010, during the Wave 2 data collection of a 6-year longitudinal study on PYD in Hong Kong, 3,638 Grade 8 students were surveyed. Results(a) For prevalence rate of CD, less than 3% of the respondents had ever engaged in CD; (b) Males reported a higher percentage of CD than females did; (c) Different measures of PYD and perceived family functioning were negatively related to adolescents' CD behavior; (d) Higher levels of PYD and better mutual support, love, and concern among family members were related to a lower level of CD; and (e) A mild relationship was found between CD and substance abuse. ConclusionsAlthough the prevalence rate of CD was not high, it was alarming. CD was related to other forms of risky behavior. Higher levels of PYD and better family functioning were negatively related to CD.

Perceived Family Functioning and Depression in Bereaved Parents in China After the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake

This study examined perceived family functioning and depression in bereaved parents 18months after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. This was a cross-sectional study with 190 bereaved parents sampled using a multistage stratified sampling method. The instruments used in the study included Family APGAR Index and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17. The results indicated that the prevalence of family dysfunction was 59.5%. All the respondents experienced depression with 79.5% of the respondents reporting very severe depression. Being female, being at an advanced age, being divorced or widowed, being directly exposed to the death of their children, not having another baby after the earthquake, and poorer family functioning were significant predictors for more severe depression. Strategies can be designed in post-disaster recovery programs for bereaved parents at high risk for more severe depression, particularly for those with poorer family functioning.

The Relationship between Recent Stressful Life Events, Personality Traits, Perceived Family Functioning and Internet Addiction among College Students

Internet addiction (IA) is an emerging social and mental health issue among youths. Analysis of risk factors, as well as their interactions, is crucial for understanding the development of IA. This study investigated the relationship between recent stressful life events, personality traits, perceived family functioning and IA in 892 college students. Subjects were classified into categories (non-addicted, mild IA or severe IA) using the Chen Internet Addiction Scale. Stressful life events, personality traits and family functioning were assessed using the Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale, respectively. The results indicated that compared with non-addicted subjects, subjects with severe IA (9.98%) had lower family functioning, lower extraversion, higher neuroticism and psychoticism, and more stressful life events, and subjects with mild IA (11.21%) had higher neuroticism and more health and adaptation problems. Neuroticism and health and adaptation problems were potential predictors of IA. An interaction effect between psychoticism and total life stress on IA was also found. These findings highlight the role of personality traits and life stress and their interactions in college students' IA. Further research should explore the mechanisms underlying the interaction effect of psychoticism with life stress on IA.