Perceived Coaching Behaviors Research Articles

A Cross-Cultural Comparison Study of the Relationships Between Perceived Coaching Behaviors and Student Athletes’ Competitive Anxiety

Purposes: Student athletes from different cultures might differ in the ways that they experience competitive anxiety, and their coaches with dissimilar cultural backgrounds might also present distinct behavioral traits in coaching. The study assessed and compared the competitive anxiety experienced by Chinese student athletes (in a collectivist culture) and American student athletes (in an individualist culture) by using a new competitive anxiety model and examined how their distinct ways of experiencing competitive anxiety might relate to the leading behaviors of Chinese and American coaches. Method: Relevant measures were administered to 258 Chinese student athletes and 214 American student athletes to assess their competitive anxiety and perceived leading behaviors of their coaches. Results: Chinese student athletes scored significantly higher on social expectation anxiety and somatic anxiety in comparison with American student athletes. Chinese student athletes perceived higher levels of training and instruction, and autocratic behaviors of coaches, and American student athletes perceived higher levels of democratic behaviors of coaches. Conclusions: This study revealed the different ways of experiencing certain aspects of competitive anxiety between Chinese and American student athletes, which could be at least partially explained by the distinct leading behaviors of Chinese and American coaches perceived by student athletes in the research.

Coach Experience and Age-Category effects on Young Soccer Players Training Environment: An Exploratory Study on Perceived Coaching Behavior in Timor-Leste

The objective of this investigation was to analyse soccer player’s perception of coaching behavior in Timor-Leste, comparing coaching experience (experienced vs inexperienced coaches) and age-categories (under-10 vs under-14 male). Data was collected using the Coach Behavior Assessment System questionnaire. Two experienced coaches and three inexperienced coaches from five different soccer clubs were subjects of the investigation. Seventy-five under-10 and one hundred and forty-two under-14 players responded the questionnaire. A Kruskal-Wallis test was completed to evaluate differences between the two scenarios. Statistical differences were observed in inexperienced coaches for mistakes/errors and misbehaviors as rated by the players, and in experienced coaches for general technical instruction. Under-14 players revealed significantly higher scores to the opposing age group for all spontaneous behaviors and for positive reinforcement, mistake-contingent encouragement, and mistake-contingent technical instruction, while Under-10s rated higher behaviors for keeping control. Timorese’s soccer coaches should promote a positive and reinforced training environment that can be focused on player’s progress. It is recommended a more holistic approach to coach educational programs.

Exploring the Effects of Coaching Behavior on the Mental Conditioning Process of Taekwondo Poomsae Athletes: A Moderated Mediation Effect of Psychological Needs and Gender

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is a gender-specific difference in the indirect effect of perceived coaching behaviors of Taekwondo Poomsae athletes on performance mediated by basic psychological needs. To this end, a survey was conducted to collect data from 474 Taekwondo Poomsae athletes (male = 285). Based on the collected data, analysis of basic descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis were performed, and PROCESS was used to test the proposed model of multi mediated moderation. For female athletes, there was an indirect effect of controlling coaching behaviors resulting in performance improvement mediated by autonomy, but this effect was not observed in male athletes. The findings of this study indicate that different mental conditioning strategies should be applied in consideration of athletes’ gender to improve coaches’ methods of instruction and ultimately improve performance in Taekwondo Poomsae.

Examining links between coaching behaviors and collegiate athletes’ burnout levels using a longitudinal approach

Research on burnout in athletes reveals a range of potential negative effects including decreased performance, compromised physical and psychological well-being, and possible sport withdrawal. The current study was designed to: (a) examine if and how collegiate athletes’ levels of burnout change from the beginning to the end of a competitive season; and (b) determine if there is a predictive link between athletes’ perceptions of their coaches’ interpersonal styles and feedback behavior and changes in athletes’ level of burnout. Self-report measures were completed by 126 collegiate female athletes at two time-points. A repeated measures MANOVA revealed a significant time main effect showing increases over the season in two of the three burnout dimensions (reduced accomplishment and sport devaluation). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that perceived coaching behaviors did explain a significant amount of the variability between athletes in their end of season burnout scores above and beyond that explained by their early season levels and their perceptions of their performance success. These results add to the growing body of literature on the utility of self-determination theory as a framework for examining psychosocial health and well-being in collegiate athletes. In addition, the longitudinal nature of this study provides information regarding potential changes in the dimensions of burnout as a function of time in the season and in response to perceptions of coaches’ behaviors.

체육고등학교 유도선수들의 지각된 코칭행동, 합숙 스트레스 및 학교생활 만족과의 관계

이 연구는 체육고등학교 유도선수들을 대상으로 선수들의 지각된 코칭행동과 합숙 스트레스 및 학교생활 만족과 의 관계를 살펴본 연구다. 이 연구의 목적을 위해 전국에 있는 체육고등학교 유도선수들을 전수조사 하였으며, 최종분석에 는 163명의 자료가 사용되었다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 23을 이용하여 T-test, 변량분석, 회귀분석을 실시하였으며 다음 과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 지각된 코칭행동의 사회적지지는 학교생활 만족의 하위요인인 교사관계, 학습활동에서 정적인 영향을 나타냈고, 긍정적보상은 교사관계, 학교생활에서 정적인 영향이 나타냈다. 둘째, 합숙 스트레스의 하위요 인인 신체-심리에서만이 학교생활 만족의 하위요인인 학교생활에서 부적인 영향을 미쳤다.

The relationship among High School Taekwondo Player’s Perceived Coaching Behavior, Burnout, and Intention of Dropout

The relationship among High School Taekwondo Player’s Perceived Coaching Behavior, Burnout, and Intention of Dropout

The Relationship between Coaching Behavior and Athlete Burnout: Mediating Effects of Communication and the Coach-Athlete Relationship.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between perceived coaching behavior (autonomy-supportive and controlling), communication, coach–athlete relationship, and athlete burnout. The study participants comprised 347 Korean active collegiate athletes from 10 sports. The results of the final model indicated that autonomy-supportive coaching was positively related to communication, whereas controlling coaching was negatively related to communication. Communication was positively related to coach–athlete relationship and was negatively related to athlete burnout. Autonomy-supportive coaching was significantly related to both the coach–athlete relationship (positively) and athlete burnout (negatively), whereas controlling coaching was only related to athlete burnout (positively). Coach–athlete relationship was negatively related to athlete burnout. Significant indirect effects were observed. The bootstrapping results indicated that the relationship between autonomy-supportive and athlete burnout was mediated by team communication and the coach–athlete relationship. The study findings enhance our current understanding of the relationships between perceived coaching behavior and athlete burnout and shed light on the important roles of team communication and the coach–athlete relationship in the relationship.

Verifying the Structural Model of Perceived Coaching Behavior, Life Skills, and Transfer to Life Among Taekwondo Athletes

Verifying the Structural Model of Perceived Coaching Behavior, Life Skills, and Transfer to Life Among Taekwondo Athletes

개인종목 장애인 선수가 지각한 코칭행동과 운동선수 탈진의 관계: 기본 심리욕구의 역할

개인종목 장애인 선수가 지각한 코칭행동과 운동선수 탈진의 관계: 기본 심리욕구의 역할

대학 운동선수의 지각된 코칭행동, 정서반응, 정서지능 및 수행노력/지속성간의 구조적 관계

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 대학 운동선수들의 지각된 코칭행동과 노력/지속성 간의 관계에서 정서와 정서지능의 매개효과를 검증하고, 운동경력 수준 간 구조모형의 교차 타당성을 검증하는데 두었다. 방법: 연구대상은 대학 운동 선수 368명(남자=307명, 여자=61명)이며, 자료는 기술통계, 확인적 요인분석, 상관분석, 구조방정식모형 분석 및 다집단 분석을 통해 분석되었다. 결과: 첫째, 대학 운동선수들의 지각된 자율성지지 코칭행동은 긍정적 정서와 정서지능을 통해서 뿐만 아니라 직접적으로 노력과 지속성을 증진시키는데 기여하였다. 둘째, 통제적 코칭행동은 선수들의 노력/지속성에 직접 영향을 주지만, 부정적 정서와 정서지능을 통해 노력/지속성에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 셋째, 선수들의 노력과 지속성에 대한 지각된 코칭행동과 정서 및 정서지능의 영향력은 선수들의 운동경력 수준에 따라 차이가 있다. 결론: 이 결과는 코치의 행동이 선수들의 수행을 위한 노력과 지속성에 영향을 주지만, 코치가 선수들의 자율성을 지지할수록 선수들은 긍정적인 정서가 촉진되어 자신과 타자의 정서를 적절히 평가하고 조절함으로써 스포츠 수행을 위해 지속적인 노력을 기울인다는 사실을 시사한다.

The effect of coaching behaviors on tennis players and swimmers

Purpose . The purpose of the current research is to investigate tennis players and swimmers’ perceived coaching behaviors for sport with sport age. Material/Methods : A cross-sectional survey method was applied to tennis players and swimmers (Buyukozturk et al., 2012). Participants (nfemales=175; nmales=187) were selected from different tennis (n=122) and swimming (n=240) clubs in Canakkale, Istanbul and Hatay provinces. For data collection, a translated Turkish version (Yapar et al., 2014) of the Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport (CBS-S) (Côté et al., 1999) was used. The CBS-S includes 47 items and 7 sub-dimensions. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistics. The CBS-S sub-dimensions were evaluated with the sport age of tennis players and swimmers (p<.05). Results: According to the One-Way ANOVA, sport age was statistically significant in the sub-divisions of physical training and condition, technical skills, mental preparation, goal setting, competition strategies and personal rapport among tennis players (p<.05). Among swimmers, sport age was significant for only negative personal rapport (p<.05). Conclusions: Tennis players and swimmers’ perceived Coaching Behavior for Sport scores were evaluated as high. Sport age was significant for the Coaching Behavior for Sport sub-dimensions among tennis players.

Relationships between Perceived Coaching Behaviors, Competitive Anxiety, and Athlete Burnout

Relationships between Perceived Coaching Behaviors, Competitive Anxiety, and Athlete Burnout

The Relationship between Perceived Coaching Behaviors, Competitive Trait Anxiety, and Athlete Burnout: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Athletes possibly experience a great deal of stress which may cause anxiety and burnout. Athletes’ perceptions of their coaches’ behaviors influence their performance and psychological well-being. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between athletes’ perception of their coaches’ coaching behaviors and burnout, and also to examine the medication effects of competitive trait anxiety on the relationship. A total of 368 collegiate athletes participated in the study, and their ages ranged from 20 to 26 years old (Mage = 21.21 years, SD = 1.07 years). A cross-sectional research design was employed to collect the data. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling are utilized to analyze the data. Trait anxiety in athletes had a significant correlation with athlete burnout as well as significant pathways. Controlling coaching behaviors were significantly related to athletes’ competitive trait anxiety, whereas autonomy-supportive coaching behaviors were not significantly related to trait anxiety. A significant positive pathway from controlling coaching to trait anxiety was observed. The bootstrapping results indicated a significant and indirect pathway from controlling coaching to athlete burnout via competitive trait anxiety. Given that controlling coaching behaviors affected trait anxiety and, in turn, burnout, it is concluded that coaches should provide less controlling coaching to reduce anxiety and burnout in athletes.

The Relationship Between Coach Expectations and Female Softball Athletes’ Motivation and Perceptions of Coach Behavior

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between coach expectations, female athletes’ perceptions of coach behavior, and motivation to play softball, and to observe changes in perceptions of behavior and motivation by expectancy group. Self-determination theory (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2000) was used as a guide. Participants were randomly selected from Division I softball teams competing in the United States (n = 20). Head coaches (n = 20) completed evaluations rating expectations of athletes’ performance ability, and athletes (n = 148) self-reported motivation and perceived coaching behaviors pre- and post-study. Cluster analysis distinguished between three expectancy groups based from coach expectation ratings: High, low, and average. Pearson’s r revealed weak relationships between coach expectancy ratings, perceived coaching behaviors, and motivation. Split-plot analysis of variance tests revealed expectancy groups perceived behaviors differently and were motivated differently. Low expectancy athletes perceived more non-rewarding behaviors, less positive behaviors, and were more non-self-determined to play softball. Overall, coaches were perceived as mostly positive.

Committed relationships and enhanced threat levels: Perceptions of coach behavior, the coach–athlete relationship, stress appraisals, and coping among athletes

The purpose of this study was to assess an a priori model that included perceptions of coach behavior, coach–athlete relationship, stress appraisals, and coping. A total of 274 athletes from the United Kingdom, Austalia, and Hong Kong completed relevant measures that assessed each construct. Our results revealed that perceptions of coach behavior were associated with aspects of the coach–athlete relationship and stress appraisals. In particular, closeness was positively associated with challenge appraisals and negatively with threat appraisals. However, commitment was positively associated with threat, indicating that there might be some negative implications of having a highly committed coach–athlete relationship. Further, commitment was also positively associated with disengagement-oriented coping, which has previously been linked to poor performance and lower goal-attainment. Applied practitioners could monitor athlete’s perceptions of the coach–athlete relationship, particularly commitment levels, and provide training in appraising stress and coping to those who also score highly on threat and disengagement-oriented coping, but low on task-oriented coping.

Perceived Coach Behavior in Training and Competition Predicts Collective Efficacy in Female Elite Handball Players

The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationships between athletes’ perceived coach behaviors during training and competition, and collective efficacy. Elite female handball players in Norway (N = 113) completed the Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS), the Coaching Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), and the Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sports (CEQS). Relationships were identified between perceived coach behaviors in training and competition environments and with athlete collective efficacy. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that prediction of variance in collective efficacy improved when perceptions of coach behaviour during competition were entered in addition to perceptions of coach leadership behavior during training. Furthermore, the results indicated that greater levels of perceived training and instructional behavior, positive feedback, social support, and supportiveness predicted greater collective efficacy. In contrast, higher perception of negative activation predicted lower levels of collective efficacy. The results highlight the important relationships between coach behavior inboth training and competition, and their combined impact upon collective efficacy in elite female handball teams.

Perceived coach behaviors and athletes' engagement and disaffection in youth sport: The mediating role of the psychological needs

Understanding of how coaches influence adolescents' levels of engagement and disaffection in youth sport is important in light of the high attrition in this population. Grounded in self-determination theory, we proposed and tested a mediation model that describes pathways linking perceptions of coach behavior (autonomy supportive versus controlling) to adolescents' engagement and disaffection via psychological need satisfaction and thwarting in youth sport. One-hundred and fifty-three adolescent soccer players (Mage - 13.96 ± 1.41) completed a questionnaire that assessed the study variables. Structural equation modelling supported the hypothesised model. Perceptions of autonomy support positively predicted psychological need satisfaction which, in turn, positively predicted engagement. Perceptions of controlling behaviors positively predicted psychological need thwarting which, in turn, positively predicted disaffection. In addition, a number of cross-over paths emerged. The findings substantiate claims that encouraging self-directed action, and reducing controlling behaviors, is critical in order to foster engagement and avoid disaffection in youth sport.

The Relationship between Perceived Coaching Behaviour and Achievement Motivation: A Research in Football Players

The aim of this study was to discover the relationship between perceived coaching behavior and achievement motivation in football players. 123 male football players (Xage= 20.16±2.96) voluntarily participated to the research. As the data collection tools, personal information form, Leadership Scale for Sport and Achievement Motivation Scale for Sport were used. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, Spearman's correlation and Mann Whitney U test in SPSS 17 program. The results showed that level of education positively and significantly correlated with motive to approach success (r=.179, p<0.05). It was also found that power motive significantly correlated with training and instruction behavior (r=.198, p<0.05) and positive feedback behavior (r=.194, p<0.05). The score of perceived leadership behaviors was dived into two categories (low and high score groups) in order to discover whether there is a difference between the high and low score groups with regard to achievement motivation score. Results of Mann Whitney U test indicated a significant difference in motive to avoid failure between the high and low score groups of training and instruction behavior, democratic behavior and social support behavior. The results suggest that there is a relationship between coaching behaviors and achievement motivation in football players

Athletes’ Motivation Regulations and Need Satisfaction Across Combinations of Perceived Coaching Behaviors

Cluster analysis was used to identify combinations of perceived coaching behaviors (i.e., autonomy support and four controlling coaching behaviors). Motivation regulations and need satisfaction were tested for differences across profiles. Results revealed 3 profiles of college swimmers (N = 165) based on their responses to measures of study variables. The profiles had relatively more autonomy support or more controlling coaching behaviors or a combination of the 2. The profile with greater autonomy support and lower controlling coaching behaviors reported the most positive motivation experiences. Findings illustrate the independence of these coaching behaviors and offer practical suggestions for college swim coaches.

Perceived Coaching Behaviors in Wrestling

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present study was to determine the internal consistency and the reliability of the scales of Coaching Behavior Assessment System - Perceived Behavior Scale (CBAS-PBS) when using the Greek version (Gr-CBAS-PBS) with athletes and coaches in Greco-Roman wrestling. A secondary purpose was to determine the degree to which athletes' perceptions about their coaches' behaviors correlate with coaches' perceptions about their own behavior. Participants in this study were 105 male Greco-Roman wrestling athletes (M = 25.8, SD = 5,3 years) and their experience in competitive wrestling was 11.34 (SD = 5.68 years). Additionally, 21 male Greco-Roman wrestling coaches (M = 44.9, SD = 12.8 years) participated in this study and their experience in competitive wrestling was 14.9 (SD = 11.3 years). Analysis of data revealed that GR-CBAS-PBS items have good internal consistency (α = .86). Calculation of intraclass correlations using a 2-way random variable absolute agreement approach generated an ave...