Pera Orange Research Articles

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO FERMENTADO DE LARANJA E CINÉTICA DO PRO-CESSO FERMENTATIVO

This work aimed to provide a brief kinetic study of fermentation and the characterization of fermented orange. The fermented product was produced from the fermentation of Pera and Valencia oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.), from the Northwest region of the State of São Paulo. Fermentation was carried out using facultative aerobic yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fermentation kinetics were carried out with pear orange on a laboratory scale, in bench reactors composed of hydraulic bungs and a volume of 160 mL, simultaneously with the production of the fermented product. The fermented products were characterized in terms of pH, total and volatile acidity, reducing sugar, alcoholic content, total phenolic compounds, soluble solids, total dry extract and color index. The fermented substances presented physical-chemical properties in accordance with legislation, with an alcoholic strength of 9.8 v/v in Pera orange and 10.3 v/v in Valencia orange. The reducing sugar result can classify the fermented beverage as a type of dry beverage since it presented data of 1.28 g/L and 0.73 g/L for the Pear and Valencia varieties, respectively. Orange fermented can be an alternative for the beverage industry.

Pera orange juice (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) alters lipid metabolism and attenuates oxidative stress in the heart and liver of rats treated with doxorubicin

BackgroundDoxorubicin (DOX) is a highly effective chemotherapy drug widely used to treat cancer, but its use is limited due to multisystemic toxicity. Lipid metabolism is also affected by doxorubicin. Orange juice can reduce dyslipidemia in other clinical situations and has already been shown to attenuate cardiotoxicity. Our aim is to evaluate the effects of Pera orange juice (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) on mitigating lipid metabolism imbalance, metabolic pathways, and DOX induced cytotoxic effects in the heart and liver. MethodsTwenty-four male Wistar rats were allocated into 3 groups: Control (C); DOX (D); and DOX plus Pera orange juice (DOJ). DOJ received orange juice for 4 weeks, while C and D received water. At the end of each week, D and DOJ groups received 4 mg/kg/week DOX, intraperitoneal. At the end of 4 weeks animals were submitted to echocardiography and euthanasia. ResultsAnimals treated with DOX decreased water intake and lost weight over time. At echocardiography, DOX treated rats presented morphologic alterations in the heart. DOX increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides. It also reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, increased protein carbonylation in the heart and dihydroethidium (DHE) expression in the liver, decreased glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ1) in the heart, and reduced carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) in the liver. ConclusionDOX caused dyslipidemia, liver and cardiac toxicity by increasing oxidative stress, and altered energy metabolic parameters in both organs. Despite not improving changes in left ventricular morphology, orange juice did attenuate oxidative stress and mitigate the metabolic effects of DOX.

Effects of Pera Orange Juice and Moro Orange Juice in Healthy Rats: A Metabolomic Approach.

Sixty male Wistar rats were allocated into 3 groups: control (C), Pera orange juice (PO), and Moro orange juice (MO). PO and MO groups received Pera orange juice or Moro orange juice, respectively, and C received water with maltodextrin (100 g/L). Echocardiogram and euthanasia were performed after 4 weeks. Plasma metabolomic analysis was performed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Type I collagen was evaluated in picrosirius red-stained slides and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity by zymography. MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2, TIMP-4, type I collagen, and TNF-α protein expression were evaluated by Western blotting. We differentially identified three metabolites in PO (N-docosahexaenoyl-phenylalanine, diglyceride, and phosphatidylethanolamine) and six in MO (N-formylmaleamic acid, N2-acetyl-L-ornithine, casegravol isovalerate, abscisic alcohol 11-glucoside, cyclic phosphatidic acid, and torvoside C), compared to controls, which are recognized for their possible roles in cardiac remodeling, such as extracellular matrix regulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and membrane integrity. Cardiac function, collagen level, MMP-2 activity, and MMP-9, TIMP-2, TIMP-4, type I collagen, and TNF-α protein expression did not differ between groups. Ingestion of Pera and Moro orange juice induces changes in plasma metabolites related to the regulation of extracellular matrix, inflammation, oxidative stress, and membrane integrity in healthy rats. Moro orange juice induces a larger number of differentially expressed metabolites than Pera orange juice. Alterations in plasma metabolomics induced by both orange juice are not associated with modifications in cardiac extracellular matrix components. Our results allow us to postulate that orange juice may have beneficial effects on pathological cardiac remodeling.

Production efficiency and quality in seedlings of the ‘Pera’ orange interstocked with nucellar plantlet tissue

Production of interstocked seedlings of the ‘Pera’ orange can be achieved through inarching of a rootstock on nucellar seedlings, with the subsequent grafting of a new scion. By this process, the interstocked seedling can be obtained in less time, but production efficiency is low, and no data on quality standards are available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality, time and production efficiency of ‘Pera’ orange (PO) seedlings interstocked with two types of nucellar plantlet tissue, using the ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate as rootstock. The experimental design was of randomised blocks, with four treatments, six replications and ten plants per plot. For the technique employed, nucellar plantlets of the ‘Seleta’ orange (SO) or Rangpur Lime (RL) were selected, followed by inarching with ‘Flying Dragon’ rootstock (FD) and budding with scions of the ‘Pera’ orange. The treatments consisted of different interstock combinations, PO/SO/FD and PO/RL/FD, and of non-interstock seedling combinations, PO/RL and SO/FD. Seedlings of the ‘Pera’ orange produced with interstocks of nucellar plantlets of the Rangpur Lime give seedling architecture of better quality. The interstocked seedlings were obtained 17 months after sowing the FD, with standards of physical quality similar to those required for commercial production, and with a production efficiency greater than 80%. When grown alone, FD requires more time to reach a sufficient diameter for grafting, delaying the production of seedlings.

Optimization and Validation of a Simple Method for Mineral Potential Evaluation in Citrus Residue

The aim of this study was to optimize and validate a simple method for determination of the potential of important minerals for health (calcium, iron, zinc, and magnesium) in residue from orange and lemon juice industries and determine whether there are differences concerning these nutrients during the months when these fruits were harvested. The mineralization was optimized using an experimental design and then validated. Dried residue samples of Pera orange, Hamlin orange, Tahiti lime, Sicilian lemon, and a mixture composed of oranges and lemons were digested and analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). Citrus fruit samples, harvested in different months, were also analyzed. The most appropriate condition for mineralization was the use of the highest values of sample mass (0.6 g) and nitric acid volume (8.0 mL). All the parameters of validation were met. The average mineral content levels found were 6.8 mg/g for calcium and 116.4, 915.5, and 7.4 μg/g for iron, magnesium, and zinc, respectively. Thus, a portion of 100 g of residue can provide 68.3% of the Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) for calcium, 35.2% for magnesium, 83.1% for iron, and 10.6% for zinc. The principal component analysis showed no clear separation among oranges, lemons, and the mixture as for their composition. The mineral content levels found indicate that citrus residue has nutritional potential for use in human food and can contribute significantly to the achievement of the RDIs, especially for calcium and iron, since their deficiencies are considered major public health problems.

Normas DRIS multivariadas para avaliação do estado nutricional de laranjeira 'Pera' no estado do Amazonas

Para utilização da diagnose da composição nutricional ou do sistema integrado de diagnose e recomendação de relações multivariadas (DRIS) na avaliação do estado nutricional de laranjeira, faz-se necessário a definição de valores de referência que sejam adequados para refletir suas condições nutricionais. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estabelecer normas DRIS multivariadas e avaliar seu desempenho comparativamente aos padrões nutricionais definidos pela literatura na avaliação do estado nutricional de laranjeiras 'Pera' no estado do Amazonas. Avaliou-se o estado nutricional de 120 glebas comerciais de laranjeira 'Pera' enxertadas em limoeiro 'Cravo', sendo que os padrões de referência foram definidos a partir do conjunto das glebas. O diagnóstico nutricional pelo método DRIS conjugado a utilização de normas genéricas comparativamente aos padrões nutricionais propostos pela literatura apresentou baixo grau de concordância na avaliação do estado nutricional de laranjeira 'Pera' no estado do Amazonas.

Controle em pós-colheita de Penicillium digitatum EM laranja-pera com microrganismos e tratamento térmico

O mercado consumidor está exigindo alimentos sem a presença de resíduos de agrotóxicos. Assim, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o controle do bolor verde, em laranjas-Pera, com agentes de biocontrole (Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis (QST 713)), associados ou não ao tratamento térmico. Para tanto, os frutos foram adquiridos em "packinghouse" antes do processamento, sendo lavados e desinfestados com hipoclorito de sódio. Os frutos submetidos a esses tratamentos foram armazenados, por 11 a 28 dias, em temperatura de 10 ºC e UR 90%±5 ou por oito dias a 20 ºC e UR 90%±5. De modo geral, o tratamento térmico reduziu a severidade da doença determinada pela área abaixo da curva do progresso da doença nos frutos e a incidência natural de doenças em pós-colheita de laranja-Pera. Por outro lado, os agentes de biocontrole não controlaram a doença, mostrando que os organismos testados não apresentaram atividade curativa contra o bolor verde.

Dynamics of gas levels inside packages containing minimally processed Pera orange

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in concentrations of O2 and CO2 inside packages of minimally processed Pera orange. Previously selected oranges that were washed, sanitized, and chilled were peeled using hydrothermal treatment (immersion of fruits in water at 50 °C for 8 minutes). The peeled oranges were then packed in five different plastic packages under passive and active modified atmosphere (5% O2 + 10% CO2 + 85% N2). The fruits were stored at 6 °C and 12 °C. The package headspace gas composition was evaluated for twelve days at 6 °C and nine days at 12 °C. The polypropylene film (32 µm) promoted modified atmosphere similar to that initially injected (5% O2 + 10% CO2 + 85% N2) at 6 °C and 12 °C. With regard to the atmosphere modification system, the injection of a gas mixture anticipated achieving an equilibrium atmosphere inside the packages at 12 °C. At 6 °C, the gas composition inside the packages was kept close to that of the injection, but the equilibrium was not verified.

Radical scavenging activity of orange and tangerine varieties cultivated in Brazil

Four citrus fruit varieties cultivated in Brazil (two kinds of sweet orange and two kinds of tangerine) were analyzed for physicochemical characteristics contents of total phenolics, total carotenoids and ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activities. The antioxidant activities of aqueous, methanolic, and acetone extracts of the citrus fruit juices were assessed on the basis of their ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•). The cravo tangerine has the highest content of citric acid, while the pera orange is richest in ascorbic acid. The lima orange has the highest total phenolic contents, and the ponkan the highest total carotenoids. The antioxidant activities, expressed as the concentration of antioxidant able to scavenge 50% of the initial DPPH• (EC50), ranged from 139.1±27.3 to 182.2±28.8 g extract/l for juice of orange varieties and 186.3±29.6 to 275.5±3.3g extract/l for juice of tangerine citrus varieties. In methanolic extracts the EC50 ranged from 192.5±43.1 to 267.4±41.4 g extract/l for orange varieties and from 225.2±69.8 to 336.3±27.2 g extract/l for tangerine varieties. For EC50 values of acetone fractions, there were no statistically significant differences between the different varieties. For every citrus fruit in the present study, the radical scavenging capacity was higher in the aqueous than in the methanolic or acetone fractions.

Doenças pós-colheita em citros e caracterização da população fúngica ambiental no mercado atacadista de São Paulo

The purposes of this work were to characterize postharvest injuries and to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of ‘Pera’ and ‘Lima’ oranges and ‘Murcott’ tangor at Ceagesp market, as well as to characterize the environmental mycoflora in retail points at Ceagesp in 2006. Fruits collected at retail points were stored for 14 days at 25oC and 85-90% RH. The incidence of injuries was visually evaluated every three days. The physicochemical characteristics analyzed were titratable acidity and soluble solids amount. The environmental mycoflora was sampled according to the gravimetric method, using Petri dishes containing potato-dextrose-agar medium+pentabiotic opened for two minutes. The average rot incidences in ‘Pera’ and ‘Lima’ oranges and ‘Murcott’ tangor were 12.8, 14.9 and 25.8%, respectively, at the end of the storage period, and green mold was the main postharvest disease. Associations between physicochemical parameters and rot incidence was, in general, not significant. The environmental fungal population varied significantly between the sampling months in retail points with an average of 25.3 cfu/plate. Penicillium and Cladosporium were the most recorded genera of fungi. Positive correlation (r=0.96) was observed between frequency of P. digitatum found in the environment of retail points and the green mold in on-sale fruits of ‘Pera’ orange. However, for ‘Lima’ orange and ‘Murcott’ tangor such a correlation was not verified.

Produção de laranja 'Pêra' em sistemas de preparo de solo e manejo nas entrelinhas

O preparo convencional do solo utilizado na implantação de pomares cítricos com base na remoção da cobertura vegetal e no revolvimento do solo em área total, assim como o manejo de pomares com eliminação da cobertura vegetal das entrelinhas, têm causado erosão e redução da fertilidade dos solos, com reflexos negativos sobre as plantas cítricas e o ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar sistemas de manejo que contribuam para controle da erosão e melhoria da fertilidade de Argissolos originados do arenito Caiuá, cultivados com citros no noroeste do Paraná. Foram avaliados dois sistemas de preparo do solo: convencional (PC), em área total, e preparo em faixas (PF), de 2 m de largura, com diferentes formas de manejo nas entrelinhas. O estudo foi realizado em um pomar de laranja 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis) enxertada em limoeiro 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia), em um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico latossólico. O experimento foi implantado em área ocupada por pastagem (Brachiaria humidicola), em agosto de 1993, no espaçamento de 7 x 4 m, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e seis tratamentos, sendo: (1) PC e cultivo intercalar com abacaxi, sucedido por controle da vegetação espontânea com herbicida pós-emergente; (2) PC e cobertura vegetal com a leguminosa Calopogonium mucronoides; (3) PC e cobertura vegetal com a leguminosa perene amendoim forrageiro Arachis pintoi; (4) PC e cobertura vegetal com gramínea mato-grosso ou batatais Paspalum notatum; (5) PC e cobertura com vegetação espontânea da gramínea Brachiaria humidicola; e (6) PF e manutenção da gramínea (pastagem) remanescente (Brachiaria humidicola). De 1996 a 2005, foram avaliadas a composição química do solo e das folhas e a produção de frutos. No solo, foram observados incrementos significativos no teor de C orgânico (CO) nos tratamentos 4 e 6, em relação aos tratamentos 1 e 3. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para produção acumulada de frutos nas safras de 1996 a 2005. O preparo de solo em faixas, com manutenção de gramínea remanescente nas entrelinhas, mostrou-se apropriado para implantação dos pomares. As plantas de cobertura permanente utilizadas nas entrelinhas do pomar não comprometeram a produção de laranja, sendo importantes para melhoria da fertilidade do solo. As gramíneas foram mais indicadas que as leguminosas como cobertura vegetal nas entrelinhas do pomar.

Homogeneidade da qualidade física do solo nas entrelinhas de um pomar de laranjeira com sistemas de manejo da vegetação permanente

A qualidade física do solo é fundamental para a sustentabilidade da produção citrícola. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a homogeneidade da qualidade física do solo nas entrelinhas de um pomar de laranjeira com sistemas de manejo da vegetação permanente. O estudo foi realizado em um experimento com sistemas de manejo de solo nas entrelinhas de um pomar de laranjeira 'Pêra' sobre limoeiro 'Cravo', implantado em 1993 em um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico latossólico, em Alto Paraná, região noroeste do Estado do Paraná. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Os tratamentos de sistemas de vegetação permanente das entrelinhas foram: gramínea "mato-grosso" ou "batatais" (Paspalum notatum), leguminosa amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi) e o sistema de manejo tradicional com dessecação das plantas espontâneas com herbicida. Em maio de 2003, coletaram-se 216 amostras de solo indeformadas no meio da camada de 0-15 cm de profundidade e em duas posições de amostragem, no rodado e entrerrodado do trator. As amostras de solo foram usadas para determinar o teor de água em diferentes potenciais matriciais, a densidade do solo, a porosidade total e a resistência do solo à penetração. Também foram calculados a distribuição do tamanho de poros, a capacidade de aeração do solo e o índice S. A inclusão da capacidade de aeração do solo e do índice S associado à distribuição do tamanho de poros permitiu melhor entendimento das alterações físicas resultantes do manejo do solo com vegetações permanentes nas entrelinhas do pomar de laranjeira. O aumento do volume de poros drenados sob a vegetação leguminosa reduz o teor de água do solo, confirmado pela maior capacidade de aeração e pelo índice S no rodado e entrerrodado. A qualidade física do solo na entrelinha do pomar de laranjeira mantida com gramínea é mais homogênea do que daquele com vegetações espontânea ou leguminosa.

Urease Activity in Ortho Red-Yellow Podzolic Soil Planted with Pera Orange Trees Affected with Declinio

Urease Activity in Ortho Red-Yellow Podzolic Soil Planted with Pera Orange Trees Affected with Declinio

Reaction of Citrus Varieties to the Stem Pitting Virus of Pera Orange

Reaction of Citrus Varieties to the Stem Pitting Virus of Pera Orange

Influência da variedade e do porta-enxêrto, na composição mineral das fôlhas de citros

No presente trabalho são relatados os efeitos determinados; por diferentes combinações copa-cavalo, na composição mineral das fôlhas de citros. O material para o presente estudo foi retirado de dois ensaios de cavalos para laranja pêra e laranja baianinha (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) instalados na Estação Experimental de Limeira, do Instituto Agronômico. Amostras de fôlhas foram colhidas em diferentes estágios de crescimento e correspondentes o dois ciclos vegetativos, e a composição estudada separadamente para árvores de mesma idade. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que além dos efeitos na composição das folhas devidos à variedade e ao porta-enxêrto, outros fatôres como longevidade e moléstias de vírus devem ser considerados pora o julgamento dos efeitos da adubação pela análise foliar.

Estudo sobre o melhoramento da laranja "Baía" III: Conclusão

Estudo sobre o melhoramento da laranja "Baía" III: Conclusão