Perfluoroalkyl Substances Research Articles

Mid-Childhood Plasma Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, Modifiable Lifestyle Factors, and Bone Mineral Density Through Late Adolescence.

There is limited research on associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with areal bone mineral density (aBMD) through adolescence and whether bone-strengthening factors ameliorate effects. In the Project Viva cohort (N = 484; 50% female), we used sex-stratified linear regression and quantile g-computation mixture models to examine associations of mid-childhood (median: 7.8 years; 2007-2010) plasma PFAS concentrations with a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry total-body aBMD Z-score in early and late adolescence (median: 12.9 and 17.6 years, respectively). We explored stratum-specific estimates by parent/self-reported physical activity and dairy intake. Using linear mixed models, we evaluated associations with aBMD accrual from mid-childhood through late adolescence. Females with higher perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) had lower early adolescent aBMD Z-score [e.g., β(95%CI)] per doubling PFOA: -0.19(-0.41, 0.03)]. Youth with higher PFOA and PFDA had lower late adolescent aBMD Z-score, but CIs were wide [e.g., PFOA: females, -0.12(-0.40, 0.16); males, -0.10(-0.42, 0.21)]. Mixture models generally corroborated single PFAS results, and in linear mixed models, females with higher PFAS concentrations, and males with higher PFOA, had slower aBMD accrual. Less active males with higher PFOA, PFDA, and the PFAS mixture had lower late adolescent aBMD Z-score. Some PFAS appeared more negatively associated with the aBMD Z-score among those who consumed less dairy, but there was not consistent evidence of effect modification. Exposure to select PFAS may affect bone accrual through adolescence, with possible resilience conferred by greater physical activity and dairy intake.

Low-Temperature Oxidation Pathways are Critical to Thermal Incineration of PFAS-Laden Materials

With growing desire to destroy per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) now known to be detrimental to human health, a sound understanding of fluorocarbon combustion chemistry is important to efficient thermal destruction within incinerators. While most fluorocarbon combustion models and the sets of reactions contained within them were originally developed for the high temperatures encountered in flame suppression applications, they have often been used to assess PFAS destruction in incinerators, which emphasize a lower range of temperatures. We present results that demonstrate that low-temperature fluorocarbon oxidation pathways—not yet known to play a role in fluorocarbon combustion—impact key incinerator performance metrics, including: PFAS surrogate mole fractions, products of incomplete destruction, and waste destruction efficiencies. The results further point to the utility of NO as a potential additive. The present results show the influence of these pathways for CF3O2, for which some data are available, but analogous pathways would also occur for other fluoroalkylperoxy radicals, for which little is known. The results demonstrate the need for future work to identify and characterize low-temperature pathways more generally, consider such pathways in kinetic model development, and experimentally probe intermediate temperature conditions to better understand, design, and control thermal destruction technologies for improved PFAS management.

Simultaneous determination of 17 perfluoroalkyl substances in beef by EMR-Lipid dispersive solid-phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

The ability to accurately analyze perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) levels in beef is imperative in order to effectively assess food-safety risks and ensure consumer safety because PFASs are harmful and prevalent in beef. In this study, we developed a rapid and accurate method for the simultaneously determination of the 17 PFASs in beef using dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) and ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and optimized the mobile phase system, extraction solvent, and d-SPE materials. Samples were finally extracted using 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile, cleaned using d-SPE with PSA, C18, GCB, and EMR-Lipid, separated using an Acquity Premier BEH C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) with 0.5 mmol/L ammonium fluoride aqueous solution and methanol as the mobile phases at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Analytes were detected in negative ion switching mode (ESI-) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning, and quantitatively analyzed using the internal standard method. The 17 PFASs exhibited linearity in the 0.2-20.0 μg/L range under the optimal experimental conditions, with correlation coefficients of 0.9915-0.9999. The method delivered limits of detection (LODs) of 0.003-0.007 μg/kg and limits of quantification (LOQs) of 0.01-0.02 μg/kg. The 17 PFASs exhibited recoveries of 71.1%-127.4% with RSDs of 0.6%-14.4% when spiked at three levels (0.05, 0.5, and 1.8 μg/kg). We optimized the mobile phase system, which revealed that, compared with 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mmol/L ammonium formate or ammonium acetate in aqueous methanol, 0.5 mmol/L ammonium fluoride in aqueous methanol exhibited higher sensitivities for all the 17 PFASs, with PFASs bearing long-chain carboxylic acids (C10-C18) showing 1-2 fold increases in sensitivity. PFASs do not dissociate in acidic environments, favoring their entry into the organic phase. Therefore, we investigated the effect of extractant acidity, which revealed that the 17 PFASs were better extracted using 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile. The beef matrix has a complex composition; consequently, d-SPE adsorbents were required to purify samples and reduce matrix effects. The purification effects of four adsorbents (PSA, C18, GCB, and EMR-Lipid) toward the 17 PFASs and the amount of EMR-Lipid used were investigated, which revealed that 100 mg PSA+80 mg C18+40 mg GCB+150 mg EMR-Lipid exhibited superior matrix-purification behavior. We also investigated the effects of various injection solutions and types of syringe filter, with pure methanol selected for reconstitution and high-speed supernatant centrifugation applied prior to injection. The developed method is simple, rapid, sensitive, and reproducible, and can be used to simultaneously, rapidly, and accurately determine various perfluoroalkyl compounds in beef.

Dual-functional adsorptive membranes for PFAS removal: Mechanism, CFD simulation, and selective enrichment

The remediation of emerging water contaminants, particularly per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), presents challenges due to their refractory nature and the presence of competing substances. Dual-functional adsorptive membranes, with hydrophobic backbone and quaternary ammonium moieties, were thereby designed to selectively intercept organic competitors while enrich PFAS. A 96.8 % removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was achieved and this effective removal (>90 %) maintained across five reuse cycles with a total treatment capacity of 650 L m−2. Rather than the rejection mechanism of nanofiltration process, these adsorptive membranes utilize synergistic electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic interactions, leading to a greater enrichment factor of 18.5 (PFOA over humic acid) and a permeability of 34.6 L m-2h−1 bar−1 (1.9- and 4.5-fold higher than reported NF 270 membranes, respectively). Furthermore, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling revealed that the sponge-like matrix effectively prevents channeling flow and enhance access to adsorption sites. Sensitivity analysis and the high Damkohler number indicated that the adsorption process is mass transfer-controlled, with the key parameters ranked in order of significance: residence time > fluid viscosity > intrinsic adsorption rate. With consistent removal performance with co-existing competitors, efficient regeneration, and reusability, the dual-functional adsorptive membranes offer promising practical efficacy for PFAS remediation.

Uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by Conservation Reserve Program’s seed mix in biosolids-amended soil

Uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by Conservation Reserve Program’s seed mix in biosolids-amended soil

Increasing disparities in human exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid: findings from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations in 1999-2018 NHANES

The disparities in exposure to environmental hazards have fueled the environmental justice movement, which has garnered increasing attention and momentum over the past few decades. However, research addressing exposure disparities pertaining to chemicals remains notably limited. Here, leveraging data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey spanning the period from 1999 to 2018, we unveiled that the perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) exhibited the highest concentration in human biomonitoring in general U.S. population, with a mean value of 14.54 ± 19.59ng/ml. Subsequently, the mean concentrations of Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) were 3.33 ± 3.19, 2.29 ± 3.13, 1.07 ± 1.30, and 0.34 ± 0.71, respectively. Meanwhile, although females or Non-hispanic White exhibited relatively higher levels for most per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) compared to other groups. The individuals with higher household incomes demonstrated elevated exposure to PFASs. Interestingly, despite lower exposure burdens were observed in Non-Hispanic Black individuals, females, and individuals with low family income, we identified relatively higher exposure disparities in these populations. In particular, exposure disparities for general U.S. population exposure to PFOS exhibited an approximate 50% increase from 1999 to 2018, despite a concurrent decline of 84% in biomonitoring levels. Meanwhile, the population aging has led to an exacerbation of human exposure to PFOS by 12.4%. Our findings underscore the necessity of ensuring equitable protection from PFAS exposure for all populations, although further investigation is required to understand the underlying mechanisms driving these disparities.

Bioaccumulation Mechanisms of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Aquatic Environments: Theoretical and Experimental Insights

Bioaccumulation Mechanisms of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Aquatic Environments: Theoretical and Experimental Insights

Association between Serum Per- and polyfluoroalkyl Substances Levels and Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease

Association between Serum Per- and polyfluoroalkyl Substances Levels and Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease

New insights into the PFAS defluorination performance and mechanism of ultrasound-enhanced electrochemistry with peroxydisulfate electrolyte

Ultrasound (US)-assisted electrochemical oxidation (EO) has previously demonstrated its ability to degrade perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). However, the mechanisms of direct electron transfer and indirect oxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the involvement of these ROS, are unclear, particularly with the peroxydisulfate (PDS) electrolyte and the added effect of US. In this study, an US/EO/PDS system was first investigated, achieving nearly 100 % and 80.01 % defluorination for PFOA and perfluorooctane sulfonate, respectively (within 3 h). This US/EO/PDS system exhibited remarkable stability, pH tolerance, and practicality. Further experimental and theoretical studies revealed that the predominant mechanism of PFOA defluorination was indirect oxidation via ROS, rather than direct oxidation at the anode. Although none of these ROS could initiate the degradation of PFOA without additional energy, both ROS (SO4∙- ＞ •OH ＞ 1O2 ＞ O2∙-) and US/EO contributed to the initial step of PFOA defluorination. Furthermore, US enhanced the generation of ROS and the direct oxidation (electron transfer) ability of EO. The electrons were transferred from PFOA to PDS via the electrode assembly. This study clarified, for the first time, the synergistic effect of US/EO/PDS and the involvement of direct and indirect ROS oxidation in defluorination of PFOA, which shows potential for developing US and EO technology for complete degradation of polyfluoroalkyl substances.

Heavy-Metal Ions Control on PFAS Adsorption on Goethite in Aquatic Systems.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that often co-occur with heavy metals. Despite their prevalence, the mobility of PFAS in complex, multicomponent systems, particularly at the molecular scale, remains poorly understood. The vast diversity of PFAS and their low concentrations alongside anthropogenic and natural substances underscore the need for integrating mechanistic insights into the sorption models. This study explores the influence of metal cations (Cu(II), Cd(II), and Fe(II)) on the adsorption of four common PFAS (PFOA, PFOS, PFDA, and GenX) onto goethite (α-FeOOH), a common iron (oxyhydr)oxide in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. PFAS adsorption was highly dependent on the PFAS type, pH, and metal ion concentration, with a surface complexation model effectively predicting these interactions. Cu(II) and Cd(II) enhanced PFOS and PFDA adsorption via ternary complexation while slightly reducing PFOA and GenX adsorption. Under anoxic conditions, Fe(II) significantly increased the adsorption of all PFAS, showing reactivity greater than those of Cu(II) and Cd(II). Additionally, natural organic matter increased PFAS mobility, although metal cations in groundwater may counteract this by enhancing PFAS retention. These findings highlight the key role of metal cations in PFAS transport and offer critical insights for predicting PFAS behavior at oxic-anoxic environmental interfaces.

Prenatal exposure to synthetic chemicals in relation to HPA Axis activity: A systematic review of the epidemiological literature.

Pregnant people are widely exposed to numerous synthetic chemicals with known endocrine-disrupting properties (e.g., phthalates, phenols, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)). To date, most epidemiological research on how endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) disrupt hormone pathways has focused on estrogens, androgens, and thyroid hormones. Far less research has examined the impact of EDCs on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, despite its central role in the physiologic stress response and metabolic function. To systematically review the epidemiological literature on prenatal synthetic EDC exposures in relation to HPA axis hormones (e.g., corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, cortisone) in pregnant people and their offspring. A literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Embase was conducted. Primary research studies were selected for inclusion by two independent reviewers and risk of bias was assessed using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation guidelines established by the National Toxicology Program with customization for the specific research topic. Data were extracted from each study and included in a qualitative synthesis. 22 published studies met the inclusion criteria. Phthalates were the most prevalent EDC studied, followed by PFAS, phenols, and parabens, with fewer studies considering other synthetic chemicals. Offspring glucocorticoids were the most commonly considered outcome, followed by maternal glucocorticoids and placental corticotropin-releasing hormone. There was considerable heterogeneity in methods across studies, particularly in HPA axis outcome measures and matrices, making cross-study comparisons challenging. Numerous studies suggested disruption of HPA axis hormones and sex differences in association, but results varied considerably across studies and EDC classes. The limited literature to date suggests the HPA axis may be vulnerable to disruption by synthetic EDCs. Carefully designed studies that prioritize biospecimen collection specific to HPA axis hormones are needed along with greater standardization of biospecimen collection and analysis protocols to facilitate cross-study comparisons and interpretation.

Effluents from septic systems and impact on groundwater contamination: a systematic review.

Globally, 2.2 billion people rely on groundwater for their water supply, and 2.8 billion use onsite sanitation systems for their sanitation needs. Groundwater contamination from septic systems is a critical public health concern, linked with diseases related to water sanitation and hygiene. Despite the severe impacts of septic systems on groundwater quality, comprehensive global studies remain limited. This study conducted a systematic review of articles published between 2012 and 2023 on topics related to septic systems and groundwater contamination, and 82 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria. The review identified key contaminants, including E.coli, nitrate, Enterococcus spp., total coliform, ammonium, phosphate, chlorides, and pharmaceuticals. Research on microbial indicators is more prevalent in Africa, while research on nutrients is common in North America. Research on organic contaminants including polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pharmaceuticals, and personal care products (PCPPs) is limited, particularly in low-and middle-income countries. Critical factors contributing to groundwater contamination include soil, hydrogeological conditions, climate, septic system maintenance and functioning, and septic density. The goal of this study was to comprehensively assess the extent of groundwater contamination resulting from septic system effluents by identifying the major contaminants typically found in affected groundwater sources and exploring the factors contributing to contamination. Identifying the major contaminants and factors related to groundwater contamination from septic systems is crucial for developing effective management strategies to protect groundwater sources.

Legacy and Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Soils across China: Source Tracking and Main Drivers for the Spatial Variation.

China aims to actively control the contamination of globally concerning per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Evaluation of the current situation can provide a critical reference point for tracking the effectiveness of ongoing progress. Herein, we present the first comprehensive assessment of the spatial variations of 20 legacy and 54 novel PFASs in Chinese background soils in 2021. Novel PFASs were extensively detected in 98.4% of the samples, with 21 species being first reported, which greatly facilitated the appointment of diverse emission sources that aligned with local industrial structures. However, legacy PFASs still dominated the ∑74PFAS profile (median 0.51 ng/g, 0.050-8.33 ng/g). The spatial heterogeneity of soil PFASs was positively driven by economic development and atmospheric deposition, enabling the establishment of predictive models to project the national distribution and temporal trends. Elevated PFAS levels were predominantly distributed in the more industrialized eastern and southern regions, as well as other coastal areas with greater precipitation. ∑74PFAS in surface soils was estimated to increase by 12.9 pg/(g year) over 2002-2021, which would continue alongside economic growth, albeit with greater contributions from novel alternatives. Our work provides comprehensive baseline and predictive data to inform policies toward PFAS control in China.

The trends of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (pfas) in drinking water systems in Maryland United States.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have become a major concern in water quality management because of their persistence in the environment and associated health risks. In Maryland, the diverse water resources and densely populated areas, faces unique challenges culminating from PFAS contamination. This research paper presents a comprehensive overview of PFAS contamination trends in Maryland's drinking water systems across four distinct phases, spanning from 2019 to 2022, it highlights the trends of PFAS contamination, environmental and public health risks, and strategies for effective management. Utilizing data from extensive monitoring efforts conducted in the state, the study reveals a persistent and evolving environmental health challenge characterized by the dominance of different PFAS compounds, particularly PFOS and PFOA, found at concerning concentrations. Mean concentrations of total PFOA/PFOS across the sampling periods were at 18.78 ng/L, 7.28 ng/L, 14.60 ng/L, 12.46 ng/L, significantly surpassing the EPA's 2024 maximum contaminant levels of 4 ng/L for PFOA and PFOS. Despite fluctuations observed across sampling phases, PFAS levels consistently surpass EPA health advisory levels, indicating widespread contamination. Potential sources, such as industrial sites and wastewater treatment plants, underscore the need for robust regulatory enforcement and innovative remediation strategies to safeguard public health. The findings emphasize the necessity for continuous monitoring and multi-faceted mitigation approaches to address PFAS contamination effectively, ensuring the safety of Maryland's water resources and the health of its residents.

The Global Threat from the Irreversible Accumulation of Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA).

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a persistent and mobile substance that has been increasing in concentration within diverse environmental media, including rain, soils, human serum, plants, plant-based foods, and drinking water. Currently, TFA concentrations are orders of magnitude higher than those of other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). This accumulation is due to many PFAS having TFA as a transformation product, including several fluorinated gases (F-gases), pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals, in addition to direct release of industrially produced TFA. Due to TFA's extreme persistence and ongoing emissions, concentrations are increasing irreversibly. What remains less clear are the thresholds where irreversible effects on local or global scales occur. There are indications from mammalian toxicity studies that TFA is toxic to reproduction and that it exhibits liver toxicity. Ecotoxicity data are scarce, with most data being for aquatic systems; fewer data are available for terrestrial plants, where TFA bioaccumulates most readily. Collectively, these trends imply that TFA meets the criteria of a planetary boundary threat for novel entities because of increasing planetary-scale exposure, where potential irreversible disruptive impacts on vital earth system processes could occur. The rational response to this is to instigate binding actions to reduce the emissions of TFA and its many precursors.

Large scale study on PFASs levels in fruits, vegetables and soil from allotments and gardens contaminated by atmospheric deposition from a Dutch fluorochemical production plant.

Citizens grow their own fruits and vegetables in allotment gardens in the vicinity of a fluorochemical production plant (FCPP) in The Netherlands. Historic emissions and the subsequent atmospheric deposition of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and GenX (hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid / HFPO-DA) from the FCPP have resulted in the nearby environment being contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). This research aimed to investigate the levels of PFASs in garden produce and whether a gradient can be observed in relation to distance from the FCPP. Furthermore, differences between certain types of fruits and vegetables were explored, as well as a potential relation between the measured concentrations in garden produce and soil. 737 fruit and vegetable samples were collected from 17 allotments and 4 gardens up to 20 kilometres from the FCPP, along with soil and water samples. Garden produce included fruits, potatoes, fruiting vegetables, brassicas, leafy vegetables, root vegetables, bulb vegetables, legumes and stem vegetables. PFASs concentrations in the samples were quantified using a very sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method. PFASs were detected in most samples above the analytical limit of detection (0.3 to 12.5 pg/g ww). PFOA and GenX were found in the highest concentrations (up to 5280 pg/g ww GenX and 3020 pg/g ww PFOA) in garden produce sampled downwind and close to the FCPP. Other PFASs were also found, but at (much) lower levels. Field-derived bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were calculated for PFOA and GenX. The BAFs for PFOA were shown to be approximately 1 order of magnitude lower than BAFs from other studies. This may be explained by aging of the PFASs contamination and the intense cultivation of the garden plots. This study shows that PFOA and GenX can end up in garden produce and this will result in human exposure when the garden produce is consumed.

Aptamer-Triggered Nucleic Acid Amplification Strategy for the Electrochemiluminescence Detection of Perfluorooctanoic Acid.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of persistent micropollutants. Due to their chemical stability and bioaccumulation, concentrations of PFASs in environmental media, even at ultratrace levels, pose significant environmental and health risks. However, currently reported detection methods lack an effective signal amplification strategy, and the detection sensitivity is limited, which can not meet the requirements of ultratrace detection. Herein, a groundbreaking aptamer-recognition-driven nucleic acid strategy was developed to significantly amplify the detection signal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Furthermore, step pulse (SP) was used instead of cyclic voltammetry (CV) as an electrochemical excitation method to modulate the low electrochemiluminescence (ECL) triggering potential of poly [9,9-bis (3'-(N, N-dimethylamino) propyl) -2,7-fluorene]-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)] (PFN) nanoparticles (NPs) so that a strong signal of +0.80 V was emitted without any exogenous coreactants. PFN NPs coupled rolling circle amplification-assisted PAM-free CRISPR/Cas12a system to construct an ultrasensitive ECL aptasensor for PFOA detection and the limit of detection was as low as 1.97 × 10-15 M. This ECL system integrated the advantages of no exogenous coreactants, low trigger potential, and nucleic acid amplification strategy and provided an ultrasensitive method for monitoring trace PFOA in the real water sample.

Forever Chemicals, Endless Testing? Expert Advice to Be Prepared for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances.

Forever Chemicals, Endless Testing? Expert Advice to Be Prepared for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances.

Non-target screening reveals 124 PFAS at an AFFF-impacted field site in Germany specified by novel systematic terminology.

The uncontrolled release of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) ingredients during a major fire incident in Reilingen, Germany, in 2008 led to significant soil and groundwater contamination. As the identity of fluorochemical surfactants in AFFF are often veiled due to company secrets, it is important to characterize AFFF contaminations and their impact on the environment comprehensively. In this study, we adapted a systematic approach combining a suitable extraction method with liquid chromatography high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) for an extensive non-targeted analysis. Our analysis identified 124 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from 42 subclasses in the contaminated soil (confidence levels of identification between 1 and 3). Typical for AFFF-impacted field sites, these included anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic substances with perfluoroalkyl chains spanning from 3 to 14 carbon atoms. Furthermore, we identified 1 previously unreported substance, and detected 9 PFAS subclasses for the first time in soil. AFFFs have long been employed to extinguish large hydrocarbon fires, yet their environmental consequences remain a concern. This study sheds light on the complex composition of AFFFs at this particularly contaminated area, emphasizing the necessity for extensive contaminant characterization as sound basis for informed management strategies to mitigate their adverse effects. AFFF PFAS are often named differently in the literature, leading to inconsistency in terminology. To address this issue, we introduced partially new terminology for AFFF-related PFAS to establish consistent terminology, to facilitate communication of identified compounds, and to ensure that the chemical structure can be directly derived from acronyms.

Destruction of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Reverse Osmosis Concentrate Using UV-Advanced Reduction Processes

Destruction of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Reverse Osmosis Concentrate Using UV-Advanced Reduction Processes