Percentage Of Free Fatty Acids Research Articles

The Impact of the Extraction Method on Allanblackia floribunda Butter’s Physicochemical Properties as a Possible Pharmaceutical Excipient

The extraction method of edible Allanblackia floribunda seed butter is crucial for preserving its constituents. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects the extraction methods have on the physicochemical properties of A. floribunda butter regarding its potential use as a pharmaceutical excipient. Butter obtained from different extraction methods (including solvent/hexane, cold press, and traditional/hot water) was analyzed for its physicochemical properties such as yield, melting point, relative density, refractive index, moisture content, pH, acid value, saponification value, percentage of free fatty acids, and iodine value as well as beneficial elements and pathogenic microorganisms. All physicochemical parameters were within the standard limits for edible and industrial oils/butter (Codex Stan 210-1999) and were free from pathogenic microorganisms. However, the pH value of all extracts was higher than that of olive oil. The moisture content was higher in the water and hexane extracts compared to the cold-pressed ones. The hexane extract had higher mineral content (calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, and iron) than the cold press and hot water extracts. Extraction with hexane gave the highest yield. The identified fatty acids in all extracts are palmitic and stearic (saturated fatty acids), oleic, linoleic, and linolenic (polyunsaturated fatty acids) acids. Based on the physicochemical analysis, A. floribunda seed butter is edible and has the potential as a pharmaceutical excipient in drug delivery.

Effectiveness of Zink Oxide-Nanoparticles and Ferula Asafetida Extract on Chemical Characteristics of Cryopreserved Meat

The study was conducted in the Department of Food Sciences / College of Agriculture / and the central laboratories / of Tikrit University from 1/11/2021 until 26/1/2022. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of nano-zinc oxide and asafoetida extract on the chemical properties of ground beef preserved in polyethylene bags by refrigeration at 4°C for 14 days. The results of the GC mass examination showed that asafoetida extract contained many active compounds, as it was distinguished by a high percentage of 10.13-octadecadienoic acid, which amounted to 12.0%, and this extract was distinguished by containing varying percentages of Methyl linoleate compounds, octadecadienyloxy 2-9,12-octadecadienyloxy. The results also showed a semi-significant decrease in moisture percentage when treatment T9 for storage periods 1, 7, and 14 days, as on day 14 of storage, it was 70.03% compared to the control treatment T1, which was 71.43%. While there were no significant differences in the percentage of protein, there was a significant decrease in the percentage of free fatty acids, which reached 0.76% on the last day of storage in treatment T9.

Extraction of beta-glucan from yeast extract and brown barley bran and study of its antioxidant activity to improve the preservation ability of processed Fish Patties

The Homopolysaccharide called beta-glucan was extracted from different sources, microbial source (baking yeast) and vegetable source (brown barley bran) using the classical and hot water methods respectively. Results showed that the higher yield contents of β-glucan, which reached 5.95 % and 5.08 % were found in the baker’s yeast of Turkish origin and barley bran respectively, The β-glucan was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and the result confirmed that the extracted glucan showed a high degree of similarity and purity as compared with the standard, The antioxidant activity, reducing power, chelating of ferrous iron, scavenging of hydrogen peroxide of extracted β-glucan samples at different concentrations were studied (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1)%, it was observed that the activity was different according to the source and concentration also the efficacy of the extracted β-glucan from the barley bran as an antioxidant higher than the yeast. The β-glucan was added to the fish patties at different ratios (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1)%, and storage patties at 4 C° for 14 days, studied some physicochemical tests for manufactured fish patties , the results showed that values of peroxide, acid value and percentage of free fatty acids of the patties treated with β-glucan were higher than barley bran β-glucan.

Techno-economic assessment of hydrotreated vegetable oil as a renewable fuel from waste sludge palm oil

To date, the development of renewable fuels has become a normal phenomenon to solve the problem of diesel fuel emissions and the scarcity of fossil fuels. Biodiesel production has some limitations, such as two-step processes requiring high free fatty acids (FFAs), oil feedstocks and gum formation. Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) is a newly developed international renewable diesel that uses renewable feedstocks via the hydrotreatment process. Unlike FAME, FFAs percentage doesn't affect the HVO production and sustains a higher yield. The improved characteristics of HVO, such as a higher cetane value, better cold flow properties, lower emissions and excellent oxidation stability for storage, stand out from FAME biodiesel. Moreover, HVO is a hydrocarbon without oxygen content, but FAME is an ester with 11% oxygen content which makes it differ in oxidation stability. Waste sludge palm oil (SPO), an abundant non-edible industrial waste, was reused and selected as the feedstock for HVO production. Techno-economical and energy analyses were conducted for HVO production using Aspen HYSYS with a plant capacity of 25,000 kg/h. Alternatively, hydrogen has been recycled to reduce the hydrogen feed. With a capital investment of RM 65.86 million and an annual production cost of RM 332.56 million, the base case of the SPO-HVO production process was more desirable after consideration of all economic indicators and HVO purity. The base case of SPO-HVO production could achieve a return on investment (ROI) of 89.03% with a payback period (PBP) of 1.68 years. The SPO-HVO production in this study has observed a reduction in the primary greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO2) emission by up to 90% and the total annual production cost by nearly RM 450 million. Therefore, SPO-HVO production is a potential and alternative process to produce biobased diesel fuels with waste oil.

Surfactant-free oleogel-based emulsion stabilized by co-assembled ceramide/lecithin crystals with controlled digestibility.

There is increasing interest in the development of oleogel-based emulsions. However, they usually contained surfactants for stabilization, especially small-molecular weight surfactants, which may have adverse health impacts. Herein, a surfactant-free oleogel-based emulsion stabilized by co-assembled ceramide/lecithin (CER/LEC) crystals was developed. The formation and stabilization mechanisms were explored. The different molar ratios of gelator (LEC and CER) in emulsions resulted in different crystal morphology, crystallinity as well as different emulsion properties. This suggested that appropriate crystallinity, crystal size, and interfacial distribution of these crystals provided higher surface coverage against droplets coalescence, thus better emulsion stabilization. Both X-ray diffractograms and contact angle results confirmed that the crystals which were primarily responsible for emulsion stabilization, are co-assembled crystals consisted of both gelators (CER and LEC). Furthermore, the percentage of free fatty acids (FFAs%) results revealed a negative relationship between lipid digestibility and crystal concentration. This strategy greatly enriched surfactant-free oleogel-based emulsion formulations, as well as their potential applications in healthy lipid-based products and novel food delivery systems with controlled lipid digestibility. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Microwave‐assisted biodiesel conversion of palm fatty acid distillate with performance tests in a single‐cylinder diesel engine

AbstractA batch microwave‐assisted biodiesel (MWBD) conversion system was scaled up to using two magnetrons, giving a total of 2000 W microwave (MW) power, with the magnetrons placed asymmetrically on opposite sides of the MW cavity. This system was used to produce methyl ester from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). The response surface method with a Box–Behnken experimental design was applied to find the optimal point giving the maximum percentage free fatty acid (FFA) conversion at the minimum cost (USD). At this point the molar ratio PFAD:MeOH was 1:9; the temperature was 80 °C; and time was 20 min. Regression models predicted the %FFA conversion and the cost (USD) with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.9519 and 0.8654, respectively. Simulations were conducted with the finite element method, and the temperature profiles from the simulations fitted the experimental data well. Finally, the fuel properties of the MWBD were analyzed and compared with Thai agricultural engine diesel and high‐speed diesel standards, and the standards were met. The MWBD, the liquid fuel blend (LFB with MWBD:CHSD 50:50 by volume), and a commercial high‐speed diesel (CHSD) were tested in a diesel engine over the 1.28–5.09 kW power range at a fixed 2200 rpm speed. All the fuels performed similarly and without any problems in the test runs. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Comparative characterization of baking lipase substrate specificities using emulsions and the p-nitrophenyl assay

For use in cakes, lipases with suitable substrate specificity are needed to minimize the release of short-chain fatty acids that cause undesirable off-flavors. We analyzed the substrate specificities of 17 lipases using the p-nitrophenyl (PNP)-assay. These results were compared to the reactions of the lipases with the baking fats rapeseed oil, margarine and butter in a new model emulsion. The free fatty acids (FFA) released from this model emulsion were quantitated by gas chromatography. The broad spectrum of lipase specificities seen in the PNP-assay was not apparent in the patterns of FFA released from the model emulsions. There, all lipases released similar percentages of FFA depending on the fat and emulsifier used. The prediction of lipase reactions via the PNP-assay should therefore be critically reevaluated for real food systems such as cakes.

Hydrogen-free deoxygenation of industrial vegetable oil waste using Ce, Zr-NiAl catalysts for second-generation biofuels production

High acidic vegetable oil feedstocks and wastes are not suitable for conventional biodiesel production. These wastes could be used to produce cheap hydrocarbon-rich biofuels without affecting food production. In this work, we studied the hydrogen-free fast pyrolysis and deoxygenation of an acidic industrial vegetable oil waste for biofuels and chemicals production, assessing the effect of Ce or Zr on NiAl mixed oxides obtained from layered double hydroxides. Oily waste (OW) was pre-adsorbed on the catalysts using a Catalyst:OW mass ratio of 5:1. Without a catalyst, pyrolysis of OW, containing triglycerides and a high percentage of free fatty acids, produced mainly 1-alkenes, lower carbon chain fatty acids, and fatty acid esters. Catalytic pyrolysis increased hydrocarbons favoring 1-alkenes between propene and 1-heptadecene, as well as alkyl-benzenes. Linear alkylbenzenes are feedstock for the production of biodegradable surfactants. NiAlCe was most selective to polyenes, alkanes and ketones, while NiAl and NiAlZr catalysts were efficient in producing aromatics, alkenes and light hydrocarbons in the GLP and gasoline range (C3-C10). The combination of acidic and metallic properties on high surface area unsupported bulk mixed oxide catalysts can be used to maximize the production of specific-range hydrocarbons for second-generation drop-in biofuels and bio-based surfactant precursors, towards the decarbonization of industry.

Effect of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticle as Additive with Diesel Karanja Biodiesel Blend on Performance of Diesel Engine

The research study was conducted to produce biodiesel from Karanja oil (Pongamia pinnata) to evaluate the performance and compare the efficiency of samples involving conventional diesel, B10(10% biodiesel and 90% conventional diesel), B10MgO5(10% biodiesel, 85% conventional diesel and 5% Magnesium Oxide), and B10MgO10(10% biodiesel, 80% conventional diesel and 10% Magnesium Oxide), tested with the diesel engine. The production process undergoes a two-step transesterification process since the free fatty acid (FFA) percentage is more than 4%. The titration process reduces the FFA by using Ethanol and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH). Apart from that, the pre-treatment of oil for acid and base transesterification use methanol as a reactant with the presence of Sulfuric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide ((NaOH) as a catalyst. Moreover, Karanja Biodiesel undergoes three characterization tests: Bomb Calorimeter Test, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Diesel Engine Performance Testing. From the Bomb Calorimeter test, the highest calorific value was recorded by conventional diesel with 45.5815 MJ/kg, followed by B10MgO10 and B10MgO5. While the smallest value was obtained by B10 with 38.7741 MJ/kg. The inclusion of MgO as an additive increases the calorific value for biodiesel. Throughout FT-IR analysis, four fuel samples were evaluated from the wavelength range from 600 to 4000 . The oxidation process that happens due to the presence of magnesium oxide introduces a new bond at the B10MgO5 and B10MgO10 that is the O-H bond. Meanwhile, the performance of the diesel engine is analyzed at the speed of 1400 rpm until 2200 rpm with an interval of 200 rpm. Conventional diesel has a higher brake horsepower (BHP) value at the speed of 2200 rpm. While Karanja biodiesel with 10% Magnesium Oxide as additives has a greater BHP value among other samples from the speed of 1400 to 1600 rpm. Next, the addition of MgO reduces fuel consumption in the blended Karanja biodiesel samples.

English

Two traditional treatments for shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) butter processing namely storage of fresh nuts and duration of subsequent boiling were studied by using the response surface methodology (RSM) to determine best treatment. Experimental treatments influenced several kernel parameters, such as fat content (38-52% dw), redness (a* values between 6.3 and 11.7), and butter parameters, viz. yield (24 to 36% wet weight of kernel mass), brightness (L* values between 70-80), yellowness (b* values between 16-23), and free fatty acid (FFA) percentage (0.5-2%). On the other hand, the moisture content (6-8%) of the kernels and the peroxide values (2.3 - 3.8 meq O2/kg) of the butter were not affected. Storage for 3 days and boiling for 28 ± 3 min gave the best results,  that is, kernels with a moisture content of 7% and a fat content of 50% dw. Butter extracted by traditional technique from these kernels yielded 32% on wet weight of kernel mass with 0.8% of FFA, and 2.5 meq O2/kg of peroxide. This butter can be used for food and cosmetic purposes without refining. Furthermore, the microstructure of fresh shea nuts, studied with Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy, showed large and small fat globules with some free spaces inside.   Key words: Vitellaria paradoxa, kernels, storage, boiling, physico-chemical characteristics, shea butter.

Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Unripe Green and Ripened Yellow Banana (Musa sp.) Peel and Pulp Oil Extracts

Background: Banana peel (Musa Sp.) is more nutritional and rich in phytochemical compounds than its pulp. All parts of the banana plant have medicinal applications. Damage from free radicals at the cellular level causes cell inflammation, increasing the risk of damage from sunlight, radiation, and related development of skin cancer. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the physicochemical properties, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of unripe green and yellow ripened banana fruit peels and pulp oil extracts. Methods: The oil extraction was done in Soxhelt apparatus using petroleum ether as a solvent. Then, the oil extracts were assessed based on the determination of oil yield, acid value, percent free fatty acid, peroxide value, and free radical scavenging activity using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide, and ascorbic acid. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were determined based on ascorbic acid content, DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. The antimicrobial experiment was arranged in completely randomized factorial design with three replications. Results: The result indicated that significantly the highest oil yield (2.60±0.21%), acid value (2.66±0.20%), and free fatty acids (1.34±0.10%) were recorded for green peel oil extract. Significantly, the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was recorded for green peel (5.85%) followed by green pulp (4.80) and the least for yellow peel (4.50). Ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity were significantly higher for yellow peel and green pulp oil extract extracts than for green peel oil extract. The strongest antibacterial activity with the maximum zone of inhibition (15.5mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (0.125μg/ml), and corresponding minimum bactericidal concentration (0.25 μg/ml) was recorded for ripened peel oil extract against Staphylococcus aureus. The antifungal activity of the oil extract presented the highest zone of inhibition (15.67mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (0.125 μg/ml) and corresponding minimum fungicidal concentration (0.25 μg/ml) were recorded for unripe green banana fruit pulp oil extract against Aspergillus versicolor. Conclusion: The result indicated that the banana fruit peel oil extracts demonstrated differential antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials. Thus, the banana peel waste oil extracts proved to have potential sustainable applications in nutritional and drug development technologies.

Physico-chemical Properties and Biological Activities of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Seed and Leaf Oil Extracts

Background: Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L., Lamiaceae), a medicinal plant with several therapeutic properties. This plant, native to Mediterranean regions, is commonly used as a culinary herb and with a long history of use for various medicinal purposes. Objective: The present study was aimed to examine the physicochemical properties, biological activities including antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of oil extracted from seeds and leaves of common thyme grown in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods: The oil extraction was done using petroleum ether as a solvent. Then, oil quality assessment was done based on the determination of oil content, specific gravity, acid value, percent free fatty acid, peroxide value, ascorbic acid, and free radical scavenging activity using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and hydrogen peroxide. The Biological activity was investigated based on antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial activity was tested using disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. Results: The result of physicochemical properties of T. vulgaris seed oils demonstrated significantly higher oil content (14.75%), specific gravity (0.70±0.50), and peroxide value (1.90±0.14). The antioxidant activities of leaf oil extract presented significantly higher DPPH (22.30±1.27%). The stronger antibacterial activity with maximum zone of inhibition (15.67mm), minimum inhibitory concentration MIC (0.09µg/ml) and minimum bactericidal concentration MBC (0.18µg/ml) were was recorded for leaf oil against S. aureus. The strongest antifungal activity with maximum zone of inhibition (15.33±0.50mm) MIC (0.06 µg/ml), and minimum fungicidal concentration MFC (0.125 µg/ml) against A. niger. Conclusion: The result indicates that leaf oil has stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial potential than seed oil extract.

Waste from Persea schiedeana Fruits as Potential Alternative for Biodiesel Production.

Biodiesel is a mixture of monoalkyl esters of fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. Agricultural residues are a potential source of raw materials for generating biofuels. The aim of this research was to determine the usefulness of Persea schiedeana Nees fruit as a potential source to be transformed into biodiesel by alkaline transesterification. In this sense, biodiesel was obtained using oil isolated from overripe fruits of P. schiedeana, damaged by the Heilipus lauri pest. The fruits were collected in the municipality of Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico. The maceration of the fruits with hexane resulted in an oil with a high percentage of free fatty acids (8.36 ± 1.35%). The main components of the biodiesel were methyl oleate (53.12%) and methyl palmitate (25.74%). The dynamic viscosity of the biodiesel complies with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 and the biodiesel blends with commercial diesel comply with ASTM D675, the calorific value showed an increase with increasing biodiesel concentration in the blends. This study demonstrates that the oil obtained from the overripe and surplus fruits of P. schiedeana is a viable feedstock for the production of a fuel to replace diesel.

Физико-химические свойства и жирно-кислотный состав масла Zosima absinthifolia Link.

Zosima absinthifolia is the only species of Zosima genus in Azerbaijan. The aim of this study was to determine the quantitative and qualitative determination of fatty acids in the fruits of the plant Zosima absinthifolia, which is widespread in Absheron, as well as to study its physicochemical and organoleptic properties, possible use in the pharmaceutical and food industries. The oil obtained from the fruits of the plant collected from the Absheron Peninsula (Bibiheybat) was analyzed by gas chromatography. The oil was obtained at 60 °C for 8 h by the extraction of the fruits in a Soxhlet extractor. The yield was 10.36%. Chromatographic analysis of the oil obtained from plant fruits allowed to determine 14 fatty acids. The main component of Z. absinthifolia fruit oil is oleic acid (74.36%). Small amounts of caprylic and palmitic acids were also found to be 8.9% and 5.39%, respectively. The lowest percentage is palmitinoleic acid (0.07%). Physical-chemical constants and organoleptic properties of Z. absinthifolia fruit oil were also analyzed and it was determined that the percentage of free fatty acids in our sample was 2.47%, the peroxide value 34.16 mg O/kg and the saponification number 200.23 mg KOH/g.

Study on oxidative stability of deep fat fried food in Canola oil blended with medium chain triglyceride

In the present study potatoslices are deep fried in Canola oil blended with medium chain triglycerides. The oxidative stability of deep-fried Potato slices is evaluated during their storage in dark. The potato slices were deep fried for 5 min in hot oil blend of Canola Oil and MCT at the ratio of 90:10, 70:30, 50:50 and 40:60. The fried potato Slices were stored in a glass container at room temperature in a dark place. The deep-fried potato slices were stored for 20 days in dark. The oxidative stability was evaluated by estimation of peroxide value and formation of free fatty acid. The study revealed that the peroxide value was less for following two blends i.e., 50:50 and 40:60 of Canola oil and MCT and the peroxide value showed increased value for 90:10 and 70:30 blend of Canola oil: MCT. The left-over oil after frying was also evaluated for its quality by checking percentage of free fatty acids formed in it. The quality of oil containing less MCT degraded quickly as compared to blend containing high MCT.

Characterization and Testing of KF/CaO Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

The application of heterogeneous catalyst in the production of biodiesel cannot only decline the costs of the separation process but also reduce the cost of biodiesel. The present study has emphasized on the performance evaluation of KF/CaO catalyst for biodiesel synthesis from nonedible Jatropha curcas oil (JCO). The synthesized catalyst was characterized through various analytical methods such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), CO2-temparature program desorption (CO2-TPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, BET surface area (SA) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The novelty of this heterogeneous catalyst (KF/CaO) is its reuse without leaching of Ca2+. It was observed from experimental study that prepared catalyst reflects high efficiency towards catalytic transesterification activity. Furthermore, the catalyst has admirable stability, making it suitable for use as a solid base catalyst in the manufacture of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil with 5.5 percent free fatty acid (FFA). Reusability tests of the prepared catalyst validated that it could be reused up to four times without sacrificing ample activity, thereby giving rise to a potentially relevant biodiesel production possibility.

Effect of storage conditions on seed quality of soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> L.) germplasm

<abstract> <p>Soybean is one of the most important oil seed crops. However, soybean seed is structurally weak and inherently short-lived, making the crop vulnerable to long period storage. Thus, it is crucial to study the effect of storage conditions on the quality of soybean seeds (<italic>Glycine max</italic> L.). The genetic material consisted of 10 soybean varieties, whose seeds were stored under both cooling (refrigerator) and room temperature conditions and were subsequently subjected to germination test, electric conductivity test and estimation of free fatty acids percentage. In order to determinethe long-term effects of storage on seed quality, all genotypes were subjected to accelerated ageing at 40℃ up to 48 days and viability equation was used to determine the Ki value. Overall findings revealed the significant effect of storage conditions on seed quality and, at the same time, underlined the beneficial effect of storage under cooling conditions, which is expressed as higher germination percentage, reduced electric conductivity and free fatty acids percentage and improved storage longevity. Further, our data provide conclusive evidence for the qualitative superiority of the varieties Adonai, Celina and Neoplanta, especially upon storage under cooling conditions, as they were characterized by higher germination percentage and improved tolerance to storage (storage potential).</p> </abstract>

Metal Ion Improved Properties of Burning Candle

Irvingia gabonensis seed oil was extracted, characterized, and used in the production of metallic soaps of calcium, magnesium, and aluminium for application as hardeners for candle wax. The percentage free fatty acid (as oleic acid) is 2.76, the acid value is 5.50, unsaponifiable matter is 0.12 and the viscosity is 205.70×102 Kgm-1S-1. The seed oil contains eight fatty acids; the most abundant being myristic acid with 54.39% followed by lauric acid with 36.83%. The percentage saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are 93.19%, 6.27% and 0.54%, respectively. The free fatty acid content of the soaps is in the order aluminium soap > magnesium soap > calcium soap. The metallic content of the soaps revealed that aluminium soap has the highest metallic content of 8.10% while that of calcium and magnesium soaps have 0.03% and 0.02% metallic contents, respectively. The melting points of the soaps prepared also followed a similar pattern. The aluminium soap exhibited mild acidic nature while calcium and magnesium soaps were basic. Although the lumens of the metallic soap candles were similar to that of local commercial candles which served as control, the candles had higher melting points and reduced burning rate. It is concluded from these that the metallic soaps make the candles harder and, longer lasting during burning and of greater value to the common user. Production of candles with metallic soaps as additives is highly advocated.

Pengaruh Temperatur Penyimpanan Terhadap Mutu dan Kualitas Minyak Goreng Kelapa Sawit

The MGKS storage temperature can cause changes in the percentage of free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide number (PV) and oil color so that the quality and quality of the oil decreases. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the factors related to the quality of palm cooking oil based on storage temperature parameters. Titration method is used to determine changes in FFA and PV values, while color determination uses a lovibond tintometer to analyze changes in these parameters based on changes in storage temperature in the range of 18 0C - 36 0C, treatment increases every 2 0C. The average change in the FFA value for every 2 0C increase in the sample Sp.A = 0.1071 %; Sp.B = 0.1097 %; Sp.C = 0.1111 %. Changes in PV of Sp.A samples; Sp.B and Sp.C respectively 1.152 meq/kg; 1.266 meq/kg and 1,352 meq/kg, while the color changes that appear in the three samples are 2.34; 2.46 and 2.67. These results show that every 2 0C increase in MGKS storage temperature affects the quality and quality of the oil. MGKS Sp.A is more stable than samples Sp.B and Sp.C. Changes in the FFA value of the three samples were stable in the temperature range 18 0C - 36 0C. Changes in the FFA value of the three samples were stable in the temperature range of 18 0C - 36 0C. Sp.A samples are more stable in maintaining PV values and color against changes and increases in storage temperature compared to Sp.B and Sp.C.

EVALUATION OF ALLANBLACKIA FLORIBUNDA SEED OIL FOR POTENTIAL USE IN SOAP MAKING.

Allanblackia floribunda seed oil was extracted and used for soap production, as an alternative to palm oil and other frequently used vegetable oils in industries. The physico-chemical properties of the oil in terms of density, melting point, saponification value and iodine value were measured using American oil chemists’ society (AOCS) standard methods. Medicated Allanblackia floribunda soap was produced by reaction of the oil produced with caustic soda, water, pine oil, chloroxylenol, colour, fillers of different percentages. The physiochemical parameter measured show that the oil has iodine value of 39, melting point of 37 0C, density of 0.914 g/ml, peroxide value of 0.86 mEq/kg, saponification value of 198 mgKOH/g, moisture content of 0.16 % and percentage free fatty acid of 1.15%. The values of the physico-chemical properties of Allanblackia soap made were: soap weight = 81.8 g, soap texture - soft, foam height = 59.6 ml, percentage moisture content = 8.56 %, percentage free caustic alkali = 0.01 %, percentage alcohol insoluble matter = 4.0 %, percentage water insoluble matter = 1.6 % and percentage total fatty matter = 72.0 %. There were little deviations in the values of the parameters of the soap produced with the Allanblackia floribunda seed oil from that of the commercial medicated soaps (tetmosol and dettol) analysed. The results from the study show that the soap produced from Allanblackia floribunda seed oil is good and can serve as an alternative to palm oil.