Per-capita Income Research Articles

The impact of digital finance on resource allocation efficiency: evidence from China

ABSTRACT Digital finance presents new opportunities for enterprise development. This study develops a digital finance index utilizing data from Chinese prefecture-level cities and listed companies between 2011 and 2021, employing the OP and LP methods to assess resource allocation efficiency. The impact of digital finance on efficiency was analysed using a two-way fixed-effects model alongside an instrumental variable approach, while a two-step methodology was adopted to explore the underlying mechanisms. The findings demonstrate that digital finance significantly enhances resource allocation efficiency by broadening financing channels, improving corporate fund utilization, and reducing information asymmetry. Furthermore, the improvement in resource allocation efficiency attributed to digital finance is particularly pronounced in regions with higher per-capita income, larger urban populations, and state-owned enterprises. This study contributes a novel perspective on resource allocation efficiency and provides policy implications for effectively harnessing the opportunities afforded by digital finance in the contemporary era, thereby maximizing the benefits of the digital age and improving resource allocation efficiency.

Influencing factors analysis of asymmetry in knee adduction moment among patients with unilateral knee osteoarthritis

BackgroundThe knee adduction moment(KAM) of both lower limbs in patients with unilateral knee osteoarthritis(KOA) exhibits asymmetry during walking, but the factors influencing this asymmetry remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the influencing factors of KAM asymmetry in patients with unilateral KOA.MethodsA total of 148 patients with unilateral medial compartment KOA were selected for this retrospective study, and general data such as gender, age, and duration of disease were collected. The hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle, degree of pain, and knee-extension muscle strength on the affected side were assessed through radiographic outcomes, the visual analog scale(VAS), and the Biodex isokinetic system. The peak KAM of both lower limbs was analyzed using a BTS motion-capture system and force platform. The asymmetry index(ASI) of KAM was calculated, and the patients were further categorized into the KAM symmetry group(ASI value ≤ 10%) and the KAM asymmetry group(ASI value>10%).Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to analyze the factors influencing the asymmetry of KAM.Results90 patients were categorized into the KAM asymmetry group, representing 60.8% of the cohort. A significant difference in the ASI value of KAM was observed between the two groups. Correlation analysis identified nine factors, including sex, age, and BMI, that were positively correlated with the ASI value of KAM. In contrast, knee-extension muscle strength and per-capita monthly household income were negatively correlated with the ASI value of KAM. Regression analysis revealed that being female(OR = 1.752), older age(OR = 2.472), increased BMI(OR = 1.535), larger varus angle(OR = 3.965), higher VAS score(OR = 2.617), Kellgren-Lawrence(K-L) grade IV(OR = 4.474), history of knee joint trauma(OR = 5.684), and living in a rural location(OR = 1.554) increased the risk of KAM asymmetry. Conversely, increased knee-extension muscle strength(OR = 0.758) and a per-capita monthly household income of 3000 ~ 6000 yuan(OR = 0.814) decreased the risk of KAM asymmetry.ConclusionFemale gender, older age, increased BMI, larger varus angle, higher VAS score, K-L grade IV, history of knee joint trauma, and living in a rural location are identified as risk factors for KAM asymmetry. Conversely, increased knee-extension muscle strength and a per-capita monthly household income of 3000 ~ 6000 yuan serve as protective factors against this asymmetry.

Global obesity epidemic and rising incidence of early-onset cancers.

Incidence of early-onset cancers at multiple organ sites has increased worldwide in recent decades. We investigated whether such increasing trends could be explained by trends in obesity. We obtained incidence data for 21 common cancers among 25-49-year-olds during 2000-2012 in 42 countries from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents database. Nine cancers we examined have been classified as obesity-related by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Estimates of overweight and obesity prevalence came from the Non-communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. Using country-level data, we examined whether changes in the prevalence of overweight and obesity combined were correlated with changes in cancer incidence, after accounting for various time lags (0-15 years) between exposure and cancer diagnosis. To test the validity of our approach, we conducted negative control analyses (using non-obesity-related cancers as the outcome variable, and per-capita gross national income as the exposure variable), and sensitivity and supplemental analyses using alternative data streams or processing. We found increased incidence for six of nine obesity-related and seven of twelve non-obesity-related cancers in 25-49-year-olds. These increases were more predominant in Western countries (particularly Australia, the USA, Canada, Norway, the Netherlands, and Lithuania). For four obesity-related cancers displaying increased incidence (colon, rectum, pancreas, kidney), changes in cancer incidence were positively correlated with changes in overweight and obesity prevalence. When accounting for a 15-year lag, the estimated correlation was 0.27 (95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.04, 0.53; P = 0.090) for colon cancer, 0.33 (95% CI = 0.02, 0.58; P = 0.036) for rectal cancer, 0.39 (95% CI = 0.08, 0.64; P = 0.018) for pancreatic cancer, and 0.22 (95% CI = -0.10, 0.50; P = 0.173) for kidney cancer. Similar correlations were found in the sensitivity and supplemental analyses. We did not find similar correlations with excess body weight for the non-obesity-related early-onset cancers, nor correlations with per-capita gross national income for any cancer types, in the negative control analyses. Worldwide increases in early-onset colon, rectal, pancreatic, and kidney cancers may have been partly driven by increases in excess body weight. The increases in other early-onset cancers, however, were likely driven by other factors deserving of further investigation.

African Migration at a Crossroads: The Social and Theoretical Implications of Emerging International Migration Trends

This study examines international migration trends in Africa since the mid-1960s. It argues that African international migration trends are at a turning point that could significantly affect the future of migration studies. New African immigrant communities are emerging in Asia, South America, and other world regions, while the influence of state and non-state institutions is increasing. Moreover, interstate migration in Africa is now more disconnected from the legacies of the continent's colonial labor migration systems. By 2050, Africa is also expected to have the world's largest population in the age-groups that typically have the highest probabilities of migration, while per-capita incomes will increase in ways that could reduce the costs of migration. Although Africa's influence on future migration research is likely to increase, progress in developing theories to examine its emerging trends has been limited. With few exceptions, studies on migration in Africa focus on theory application rather than theory building. New theoretical approaches are therefore needed to adequately situate Africa's emerging migration trends within the larger context of migration studies. The building blocks for developing these theories include decolonial approaches that highlight African perspectives and the integration of the substantive influences of future migration trends into theory-building processes.

EFFECTS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION ON POVERTY REDUCTION, SAVINGS AND NIGERIA ECONOMIC GROWTH: 1980 -2022

This study examined the financial inclusion and Nigerian economic growth for the period 1980-2022. The study considered the following three objectives; to examine the significant impact of financial inclusion on the Nigerian economic growth, evaluate the impact of financial inclusion on poverty reduction in Nigeria and to ascertain the impact of financial inclusion no savings growth in Nigerian economy. Secondary time series data were used to carry out the empirical analysis. The study employed the aid of vector error correction model (VECM) approach, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron tests, Co-integration Test and ECM. Based on the above econometric and statistic techniques conducted, it was observed that financial inclusion has significant positive impact on the Nigerian economic growth. Our results indicated that financial inclusion has significant positive impacts on poverty reduction in Nigeria. Furthermore, the result reported that financial inclusion has significant positive impact on the Nigerian savings growth within the study period (1980-2022). These empirical results do support that; One percent decrease in the interest rate (ITR), inflation rate (IFR) and exchange rate (EXR) at lag (-2) will lead to [31% (ITR)-2), 53%(IFR)-2), and 8%(EXR)-2)] increases on the aggregate saving (ASE) Nigeria economy. One percent increase in the financial inclusion proxy by; deposit from the rural areas (DRA), loan to rural areas (LRA), account owners of any type (AA) and electronic money banking/payment system (EMB) at lag (-2) will lead to [38%(DRA)-2), 29%(LRA)-2), 59%(AA)-2) and 03%(EMB)-2)] increases on Per capita income (PCI) respectively in Nigeria. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends that; Nigeria governments should fund financial inclusion programs preferring financial literacy as a national strategy for financial inclusion because it is relatively cheaper to educate the population about financial management and the benefits of using formal financial services. Stable electricity supply to drive the infrastructural facilities provided by banks, telecommunication companies and other related service providers such availability and affordability of financial services in Nigerian monetary authority (CBN) should increase the number of formal account ownership by building up trust securities in financial institutions operation in Nigeria, remove all obstacles for account ownership such as income and age bracket bias, distance in location and education discrimination in the delivery and use of financial services

Resilience to drought and climate change disasters and its determinants in the heterogeneous pastoral Ethiopia

Disastrous livestock losses have been documented over long periods in pastoral Ethiopia, and this challenge has remained unresolved. Nevertheless, this issue has received less attention than it deserves. This study estimated resilience of households to drought and climate change using survey data collected from 2756 households in the four pastoral regions of Ethiopia. A two-step approach, along with factor analysis, was followed to estimate resilience by household categories, intervention groups, and regions. Following this, tobit model was estimated to identify factors influencing resilience. The results indicated, (1) the average resilience estimated for treated and untreated groups range from 0.32 to 0.90 and from 0.32 to 0.55, respectively. (2) The components of income and food-access, public services, social safety net, and liquid and non-liquid assets boosted the estimated resilience. To those components, daily per-capita income and expenditure, food-insecurity, health-post, mobility, time-efficient food-aid, livestock-size and diversity, and irrigated land contributed most. (3) The estimated tobit model indicated months of drought, whether households produce or purchase grain for consumption, among others, significantly influenced resilience. To improve resilience, the study advises diversified income, school-feeding, market access, water points, and timely food-aid. Over time, transformative investments in road and irrigation, augmented by technology and training for forage and crop production require attention.

Is trade relevant to the macro drivers of carbon dioxide emissions? A study of high‐ and low‐trade openness economies

AbstractThe objective of this research is to systematically compare the impact of macro determinants on CO2 emissions, using the theoretical frameworks of trade, the Environmental Kuznets Curve, and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis. The study specifically focuses on high‐ and low‐trade‐openness economies from 1995 to 2020. Methodologies employed include stepwise regression, fully modified least squares, pooled ordinary least squares, and fixed effects models. Long‐run dynamics were assessed using Granger causality tests and Pedroni and Johansen cointegration tests. The results indicate both long‐term and short‐term relationships between CO2 emissions and the following variables: (i) gross capital formation (GCF), (ii) per capita income (PCI), (iii) population (POP), and (iv) trade openness. Trade openness has a positive and significant effect on CO2 emissions in highly trade openness economies, whereas it has a negative effect in low trade‐open economies. Highly open economies are more significantly impacted by GCF and POP on CO2 emissions compared with low‐ trade openness economies. Additionally, PCI positively and significantly influences CO2 emissions in low‐ trade openness countries, and this effect is greater than in high‐ trade openness economies. The study also identifies a bidirectional causal relationship between PCI, GCF, and CO2 emissions in both groups of economies, as well as a unidirectional relationship between trade openness, POP, and CO2 emissions in both high‐ and low‐ trade openness countries.

Green finance and its role in sustainability in the EU

The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of green finance on sustainability in Germany and the European Union (EU). This aim will be achieved by examining recent data in this field via a panel fixed effect regression model. When comparing Germany and the EU in terms of the value of issued green bonds, the results show that Germany is leading in reducing emissions with several initiatives. One plausible reason could be the higher per-capita income of residents, which enables them to use more energy-efficient technologies than other EU countries. The fixed effect regression results reveal that in Europe, the value of issued green bonds has a negative impact on emissions. Meanwhile, expenditure on environmental protection, fossil fuel subsidies, and environmental tax revenue are counterproductive and do not impact lowering emissions.

Global resurgence of measles in the vaccination era and influencing factors

ObjectivesRecent years have seen increased cases of measles despite widespread vaccination. We examined the potential drivers behind the resurgence of measles. MethodsWe analyzed the trends in measles incidence and vaccine coverage from 2010 to 2019 across World Health Organization member countries using country-level linear regression models. We computed the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (ρ) between measles incidence and socioeconomic and vaccination-related variables using published data from the World Health Organization member countries to identify the key factors influencing measles incidence. ResultsBetween 2010 and 2019, global measles cases fluctuated, with a notable rise in 2019 (measles cases per million in 2019 was about 140% higher than in 2010), alongside a declining vaccination coverage in many countries (59 of 194 countries). Among 10 socioeconomic factors examined, per-capita national gross income, population literacy, urban residences, and political stability were significantly associated with measles incidence (ρ <0, and P <0.05 for all these variables). These factors likely reflect the quality of public health infrastructure (e.g. access to vaccines), particularly, in low- and middle-income countries. In addition, a stratified analysis suggests vaccine hesitancy likely contributed to measles case increases in high- and upper middle–income countries. ConclusionsThe socioeconomic determinants of measles transmission are interconnected and region-specific. The availability of public health resources and political stability significantly influence measles burdens in low- and middle-income countries, whereas vaccine hesitancy presents a unique challenge to measles elimination in high- and upper middle–income countries.

ESCAPING INCOME TRAP INDEX (EITI)

Middle-income Countries (MIC) that were unable to increase their National Incomes Per Capita (NIPC) to become High-Income Countries (HIC) and were stuck at a certain income threshold fell into the Middle Income Trap (MIT). In this study, 65 countries where 38 of them were HIC which might be taken as an example of economic development success and 26 of them as MIC those had strict competition in the international market along with Türkiye, which was examined as a sample country in the study, have been investigated by Escaping Income Trap Index (EITI). The index consisted of 5 sub-indices and 82 indicators multidimensionally. Türkiye did not have a successful ranking in the overall index and sub-indices. The ratio of Türkiye’s EITI score to leader country’s scores was 65 per cent. It was 60 per cent in the other popular indices generated by international organizations. The relationships of calculated EITI scores with Income Per Capita (IPC) for 65 countries have been tested with both the Cross-sectional Data Method for the 2013-2014 period and the Panel Data Method for twenty-one periods between 1993-1994 and 2013-2014.

Spatial heterogeneity of cyclone induced social psychology in the Indian Sundarbans using empirical data and geospatial techniques

Recurrent cyclones in the Bay of Bengal affect the lives and livelihoods of coastal communities. However, studies on the socio-psychological behaviour of cyclone-affected communities in the Indian Sundarbans received less attention in the existing literature. Thus, the present work intends to explore the tropical cyclone induced livelihood vulnerability and spatial heterogeneity of socio-psychological behaviour. The study was systematically carried out considering four selected mouzas (villages) from Indian Sundarbans using robust geospatial and statistical methods. The results depict that during the cyclone, the maximum decrease of monthly per-capita income was recorded for Amrabati mouza due to the southernmost location with comparatively higher perceived socio-psychological threats as portrayed by the interpolation maps and hotspot analysis. Considering all the six cyclones, Dwariknagar mouza recorded a maximum rating for fear/phobia, psychological stress and shock while a minimum rating for physical stress. Thus, income, age, gender, caste and religion also significantly control socio-psychological behaviour as shown by p < 0.05 and principal component analysis. This research calls for a thorough investigation of cyclone-affected victims in the Indo-Bangladesh Sundarban region. This study helps better comprehend the mental health of the cyclone victims which is important before the policymakers for designing the appropriate measures.

A Study on Different Indicators of Economic Development

ABSTACT: Economic development is most important concept for measuring improvement of any country in the competitive world. But it is not easy to define economic development in a precise manner because different criteria have been used for different country. But which criteria is good for measuring economic development is debatable issue in economics. Economic development is a process of change over a long period of time. Thought there are several criteria used to measure the economic development, but no one criteria provide a satisfactory and universally acceptable index of economic development. According to R. G. Lipsey there are many possible measures of a country’s degree of development like national income, per capita income, saving per head, amount of social capital and the percentage of resource unexploited. But more commonly used criteria of economic development are increase in national income, PCI, standard of living and economic welfare etc. so some important economic development criteria are discus here in this paper which is used by all over the world. Keyword = Growth, development, PCI (per capita income), HDI (human development index), PQLI (physical quality life index) NI= national income

Does Good Governance Mediate Between GDP To Debt and Economic Development?

The main motive of the study was to investigate the role of good governancebetween debt to GDP and economic development. Existing study used the dataover the period of period 1990 to 2020 of World Bank. Per capita Income (PCI) istaken as dependent variable for economic performance. While good governance(GG) is considered as mediating variable in this study which is measured throughthe Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). Whereas debt to GDP is used as anindependent variable in this study. This study measured the direct and indirecteffect of mediating and independent variables. The study results concluded thatthere is a relationship between debt to GDP and economic development. It showsthat more debt to GDP leads to higher economic development. Study also foundsignificant relationship of mediating variable between debt to GDP and economicdevelopment

Assessing the quality of life in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThis study investigated the current status of the quality of life (QOL) of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) patients in Nanjing, China, and analyzed the influencing factors.MethodsThe survey was conducted among patients with DR-TB who were hospitalized in the tuberculosis department of the Second Hospital of Nanjing (Nanjing Public Health Medical Center) from July 2022 to May 2023. The Chinese version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire was used to investigate the QOL levels of patients with DR-TB, and a multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the QOL influencing factors.ResultsA total of 135 patients participated in the study; 69.6% were male, the average age was 46.30 ± 17.98 years, 13.33% had an education level of elementary school or below, and 75.56% were married. The QOL scores were 51.35 ± 17.24, 47.04 ± 20.28, 43.89 ± 17.96, and 35.00 ± 11.57 in the physiological, psychological, social, and environmental domains, respectively. The differences between the four domain scores and the Chinese normative results were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the factors related to the physiological domain included residence, family per-capita monthly income, payment method, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and comorbidities; psychological domain correlates included educational level, family per-capita monthly income, course of the disease, and caregivers; social domain correlates included age and comorbidities; and factors related to the environmental domain included age, education level, and comorbidities.ConclusionsIn Nanjing, China, patients with younger age, higher education level, living in urban areas, high family per-capita monthly income, no adverse drug reactions, no comorbidities, and having caregivers have better quality of life. Future interventions to improve the quality of life of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis could be tailored to a specific factor.

Psychosocial Burden in Parents Having Intellectually Disabled Children: A Hospital-based Study

Abstract Background: Intellectual disability is a non-communicable health disorder that has become a public health concern worldwide, with a marked impairment in communication, academic, and social skills. It is important to identify the level of psychological stress among parents of these children. Hence, this study was designed to assess the level of psychological stress among parents having intellectually disabled children. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient department (OPD) at Kalawati Saran Children’s Hospital, New Delhi. Data were collected to analyze the psychological stress in families. Parental Stress Scale (PSS) was used as the tool to measure stress in parents. Results: A total of 170 mothers were enrolled in the study. In total, 14 different variables were considered plausible contributing factors to the mother’s stress. Four variables demonstrated a clear linear association between variable values and PSS. These variables were a) per-capita monthly family income, b) socioeconomic status, c) study subjects’ occupation, and d) duration of disability. The overall mean PSS for the entire cohort was found to be 47.14 ± 2.93. The reference criteria for low stress was 19–45, and it was 45–90 for high stress. Conclusion: The study suggests that mothers of children with intellectual disability experience high stress. Raising a child with special care needs is overwhelming for mothers. Appropriate clinical services should be provided to support parents of children with disabilities and offer resources to educate and enable mothers to manage their children’s disabilities and needs.

Are the synergy of stable energy supply, robust financial service and strong economic growth achievable? Evidence from 134 countries

PurposeThis study tests convergence in energy diversification, per-capita income and financial development and explores their interrelationships.Design/methodology/approachClub convergence tests, Granger tests and panel regressions are employed on 134 countries from 1995 to 2019.FindingsWhile overall convergence is absent across the entire sample, countries have converged within specific clubs. Low- and lower-middle-income countries show convergence in energy diversification and per-capita income. Positive bidirectional relationships are found between energy diversification and per-capita income, and between financial development and per-capita income. A U-shaped relationship between oil prices and energy diversification is identified.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings suggest that achieving a shared equilibrium in energy diversification, economic prosperity and financial development is feasible through technological progress within convergence clubs. Investments in human capital and technology are crucial prerequisites for sustainable development.Originality/valueThis study pioneers testing energy diversification, per-capita income and financial development convergence, investigating the tri-directional relationship between them, and exploring the U-shaped relationship between oil prices and energy diversification.

Socioeconomic and sociodemographic correlations to COVID-19 variability in the United States in 2020.

The COVID-19 pandemic provided an additional spotlight on the longstanding socioeconomic/health impacts of redlining and has added to the myriad of environmental justice issues, which has caused significant loss of life, health, and productive work. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that a person with any selected underlying health conditions is more likely to experience severe COVID-19 symptoms, with more than 81% of COVID-19-related deaths among people aged 65 years and older. The effects of COVID-19 are not homogeneous across populations, varying by socioeconomic status, PM2.5 exposure, and geographic location. This variability is supported by analysis of existing data as a function of the number of cases and deaths per capita/1,00,000 persons. We investigate the degree of correlation between these parameters, excluding health conditions and age. We found that socioeconomic variables alone contribute to ~40% of COVID-19 variability, while socioeconomic parameters, combined with political affiliation, geographic location, and PM2.5 exposure levels, can explain ~60% of COVID-19 variability per capita when using an OLS regression model; socioeconomic factors contribute ~28% to COVID-19-related deaths. Using spatial coordinates in a Random Forest (RF) regressor model significantly improves prediction accuracy by ~120%. Data visualization products reinforce the fact that the number of COVID-19 deaths represents 1% of COVID-19 cases in the US and globally. A larger number of democratic voters, larger per-capita income, and age >65 years is negatively correlated (associated with a decrease) with the number of COVID cases per capita. Several distinct regions of negative and positive correlations are apparent, which are dominated by two major regions of anticorrelation: (1) the West Coast, which exhibits high PM2.5 concentrations and fewer COVID-19 cases; and (2) the middle portion of the US, showing mostly high number of COVID-19 cases and low PM2.5 concentrations. This paper underscores the importance of exercising caution and prudence when making definitive causal statements about the contribution of air quality constituents (such as PM2.5) and socioeconomic factors to COVID-19 mortality rates. It also highlights the importance of implementing better health/lifestyle practices and examines the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable populations, particularly regarding preexisting health conditions and age. Although PM2.5 contributes comparable deaths (~7M) per year, globally as smoking cigarettes (~8.5M), quantifying any causal contribution toward COVID-19 is non-trivial, given the primary causes of COVID-19 death and confounding factors. This becomes more complicated as air pollution was reduced significantly during the lockdowns, especially during 2020. This statistical analysis provides a modular framework, that can be further expanded with the context of multilevel analysis (MLA). This study highlights the need to address socioeconomic and environmental disparities to better prepare for future pandemics. By understanding how factors such as socioeconomic status, political affiliation, geographic location, and PM2.5 exposure contribute to the variability in COVID-19 outcomes, policymakers and public health officials can develop targeted strategies to protect vulnerable populations. Implementing improved health and lifestyle practices and mitigating environmental hazards will be essential in reducing the impact of future public health crises on marginalized communities. These insights can guide the development of more resilient and equitable health systems capable of responding effectively to similar future scenarios.

Role of Vocational Education in Economic Empowerment of Adivasis of Jharkhand

The Adivasis are categorized as the Scheduled Tribes in the Constitution of India. Adivasis consist of 26% of the total population of State of Jharkhand. 78% of the total Adivasi population lives in the rural areas of the State. At least half of the rural population of the Adivasi lives below the poverty line. The Adivasis of Jharkhand are enslaved in the poverty trap. The per-capita income of the Adivasi community is very low. The majority of the Adivasi youth of the state are poorly equipped for employment in the labour market. Most of the Adivasi youth are neither adequately educated nor equipped with vocation skills. They are unable to succeed in finding productive employment which increases their per capita income and helps them to escape from the poverty trap. In this context the paper tries to study the roles of vocational education in the economic empowerment of the Adivasis of Jharkhand. Vocational education can equip the Adivasis with skills, especially the Adivasi youth, for self-employment and employment in labor market. It can trigger economic change and transformation in the Adivasi community in Jharkhand.

Contributions of Cooperative Societies to the Development of Small-Scale Industries: A Case Study of Selected Pure Water Manufacturing Firms in Aniocha South L.G.A Delta-State

The quest for economic survival has made several Nigerians delve into small-scale businesses which has improved the per-capita income of the average Nigerians, and led to the initiation of the Cooperative Scheme. This research unveils the significance of the cooperative society and its multiple effects on the small-scale firms. The benefits inherent in the cooperative societies and the small-scale business are highlighted; and its constraints, funding and prospects are equally identified. Some relevant research instruments aided the methodological approach and consequently, the justification of the empirical study. The study shows that if cooperatives play their proper role in the development of small scale business, specifically pure water manufacturing firms, other entrepreneurs will be encouraged to establish and consolidate their enterprise in a record time. Finally, based on response comparison, the study also shows that the considered factors that affect the contributions of cooperative societies to small scale business development are very significant; and hence should not be overlooked.

Contributions of Cooperative Societies to the Development of Small-Scale Industries: A Case Study of Selected Pure Water Manufacturing Firms in Aniocha South L.G.A Delta-State

The quest for economic survival has made several Nigerians delve into small-scale businesses which has improved the per-capita income of the average Nigerians, and led to the initiation of the Cooperative Scheme. This research unveils the significance of the cooperative society and its multiple effects on the small-scale firms. The benefits inherent in the cooperative societies and the small-scale business are highlighted; and its constraints, funding and prospects are equally identified. Some relevant research instruments aided the methodological approach and consequently, the justification of the empirical study. The study shows that if cooperatives play their proper role in the development of small scale business, specifically pure water manufacturing firms, other entrepreneurs will be encouraged to establish and consolidate their enterprise in a record time. Finally, based on response comparison, the study also shows that the considered factors that affect the contributions of cooperative societies to small scale business development are very significant; and hence should not be overlooked.