Pepper Seeds Research Articles

Valorization of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) dose validation in spices

In this work, ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation was applied at dose levels of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.0 kJ.m–2 to evaluate changes on the antioxidant capacity of dried fennel seeds, chilli pepper, and coriander seeds powder during storage. The samples’ total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydra-zyl activity, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were evaluated prior to and after storage for 6 and 12 months at 25°C and a relative humidity of 45%. The results showed that spices treated with UV-C doses had significantly greater content of TPC, TFC and FRAP during storage, compared to untreated samples. The validation of UV-C dose, as investigated by the partial least squares regression analysis, stated the most valid dose for each dried spice that improved its phenolic content and antioxidant activity prior to and after storage. These findings revealed that UV-C irradiation could help alleviate losses and sustain spices’ quality and shelf life as a postharvest treatment method.

Characterization of native Ya´ax ik chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the Yucatan Peninsula

Objective: To morphologically characterize the Ya´ax ik chili pepper: wild chili (Capsicum annuum), native variety from the Yucatan Peninsula. Design/methodology: Ya´ax ik chili pepper seeds were sown in 200-cavity polystyrene trays, and then the plants were placed in bags for hydroponics and were morphologically characterized using the Capsicum descriptor of the International Institute of Genetic Resources. Results: The plant showed 118 cm and 34.8 cm of height and ramification width and width of the intermediate plant, hanging white flowers and green fruits in the early stage and red at maturity with 7.42 and 2.32 cm length and width. Additionally, tolerance to the virus caused by whiteflies could be observed. Findings and conclusions: Plant with morphological characteristics susceptible to be genetically improved for its extensive farming, given the market acceptance of the fresh and dried fruit, supported by market prices.

Wild Poinsettia, African Ebony and Ashanti Pepper: Potential Biofungicides Against Phytophthora colocasiae Raciborski

Plant extracts could be used as substitutes to synthetic pesticides in the management of fungi and other plant pathogens. The biofungicidal potential of aqueous extracts of wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L., a weed) and African ebony (Diospyros crassiflora Hiern, a tree) leaves, and Ashanti pepper (Piper guineense Schumach., a spice) seeds was assessed against Phythophthora colocasiae in vitro. The plants were screened at the rates of 0 (control), 45 and 90%. The synthetic fungicide, mancozeb was included. Results indicated that all the plant extracts were fungitoxic and there was a variation in their potency. Also, the level of inhibition was higher at 90% concentration than at 45%. At 24-120 hours after exposure (HAE), a concentration of 90% Ashanti pepper consistently gave complete inhibition of the fungus similar to mancozeb. Complete inhibition of the fungus was also recorded for 45% Ashanti pepper at 24–48 HAE. At 45% concentration, the inhibitory levels of the extracts were Ashanti pepper: 89.6–100.0%, African ebony: 29.6–33.1 and wild poinsettia: <20.0%. At a concentration of 90%, the levels were Ashanti pepper: 100%, African ebony: 36.7–39.1% and wild poinsettia: 17.1–26.9%. The plant extracts showed promising activity against P. colocasiae and should be exploited for incorporation in management programmes for the fungus.

Biocontrol effectiveness of Trichoderma asperelloides SKRU-01 and Trichoderma asperellum NST-009 on postharvest anthracnose in chili pepper

This study assessed the effectiveness of Trichoderma asperelloides SKRU-01 and Trichoderma asperellum NST-009 in controlling postharvest anthracnose in chili fruits caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides PSU-03, using both in vitro assays and studies on chili fruits. In vitro findings indicated that both SKRU-01 and NST-009 exhibited inhibitory effects on PSU-03 through synergistic mechanisms, involving competition for space and nutrients, as well as the production of non-volatile and volatile compounds. Culture filtrates of both strains, at low concentrations (diluted at 1/1000), displayed a robust antifungal effect on PSU-03, achieving over 50% inhibition. This efficacy, however, was lower than that achieved by five chemical fungicides (propiconazole®, prochloraz®, metalaxyl®, azoxystrobin®, and thiram®). The efficacy against anthracnose of SKRU-01 (60.34% protection) and NST-009 (62.07% protection) was significantly higher than metalaxyl®, azoxystrobin®, and thiram®, but lower than propiconazole® and prochloraz®. The two strains demonstrated both preventive and curative effects. Furthermore, results from tests on chili seed germination showed that culture filtrates SKRU-01 significantly inhibited the germination of chili pepper seeds and the growth of seedlings in lab settings. Overall, this study suggests that both SKRU-01 and NST-009 hold the potential for managing postharvest anthracnose in chili fruits caused by C. gloeosporioides. It is crucial to note, however, that culture filtrates SKRU-01 should not be used for biostimulating root development in chili peppers. This research provides valuable insights into the potential application of these biocontrol agents, contributing to enhancing the quality and shelf life of chili produce.

IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND SEED GROWTH OF EXPIRED CAYENNE PEPPER (Capsicum frutescens) THROUGH INVIGORATION TECHNIQUE USING YOUNG CORN EXTRACT

One of the problems in companies engaged in the seed. Production is the large number of seeds that can not be sold immediately or accumulate in storage warehouses resulting in expired seeds. Seeds in this condition will experience deterioration and decrease in quality so special treatment is needed to improve their physiological quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in the physiological quality and growth of expired cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) seeds through invigoration techniques using young corn extract (Zea mays). The research was conducted in the laboratory and Green House of Seed Production Techniques, Polytechnic of Jember, using the Non-Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with the concentration of young corn extract (K) as the treatment factor. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and followed by DMRT level of 5%. The K factor consists of 5 levels, namely K02 (without soaking in young corn extract), K1 (20% of young corn extract), K2 (25% of young corn extract), K3 (30% of young corn extract), and K4 (35% of young corn extract ). The results showed that the use of young corn extract for expired cayenne pepper seeds invigoration had a significantly different effect on the parameters of growth synchrony and vigor index, and had a very significant effect on the parameters of germination power, maximum growth potential, and growth speed. These results indicate that young corn extract is capable of acting as a bio-invigorator in improving the physiological quality of expired seeds.

Identification, Characterization, Cloning, and Cross-Reactivity of Zan b 2, a Novel Pepper Allergen of 11S Legumin.

Protein from Sichuan peppers can elicit mild to severe allergic reactions. However, little is known about their allergenic proteins. We aimed to isolate, identify, clone, and characterize Sichuan pepper allergens and to determine its allergenicity and cross-reactivities. Sichuan pepper seed proteins were extracted and then analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was performed with sera from Sichuan pepper-allergic individuals. Proteins of interest were purified using hydrophobic interaction chromatography and gel filtration and further analyzed by analytical ultracentrifugation, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS). Their coding region was amplified in the genome. IgE reactivity and cross-reactivity of allergens were evaluated by dot blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and competitive ELISA. Western blot showed IgE binding to a 55 kDa protein. This protein was homologous to the citrus proteins and has high stability and a sheet structure. Four DNA sequences were cloned. Six patients' sera (60%) showed specific IgE reactivity to this purified 11S protein, which was proved to have cross-reactivation with extracts of cashew nuts, pistachios, and citrus seeds. A novel allergen in Sichuan pepper seeds, Zan b 2, which belongs to the 11S globulin family, was isolated and identified. Its cross-reactivity with cashew nuts, pistachios, and citrus seeds was demonstrated.

Phytotoxicity Assessment of Different Animal Manure on Selected Vegetable Crops in Kashere Community, Gombe State, Nigeria

The present study evaluated the phytotoxicity effect of poultry, goat and cow manure on Okra, Tomato and Pepper vegetables using appropriate standard methods. In the current study, of the three different manure collected and used on the three vegetable crops, GI value of <50% was recorded on Okra and Pepper seeds mounted on PM medium (48.51% and 41.36% respectively), GI value of between 50% and 80% was recorded on Okra, Tomato and Pepper seeds mounted on GM medium (64.76%, 79.77% and 73.70% respectively) also Pepper seeds mounted on CM medium (76.48%) and Tomato seeds mounted on PM medium (75.41%) while GI Value of >80% was observed on Okra and Tomato Seeds mounted on a CM medium (81.63% and 94.10% respectively). Overall result of all the animal manure evaluated, poultry manures was phytotoxic on okra and pepper seed and moderately phytotoxic on Tomato seed based on the plant bioassay evaluated. It is possible that other chemicals that were not analyzed in this study could potentially be responsible for the phytotoxic effects of poultry manure on the vegetable seeds, indicating that some curing in the form of composting or vermicomposting may be necessary to degrade or reduce the presence of phytotoxic compounds in the poultry manure used for the study before use as soil amendments and thus would help to render the resultant end product environmentally safer.

Study on the effect of different high-voltage electric field polarization process parameters on the vitality of dried chili pepper seeds

To study the effect of different high-voltage electric field polarisation treatment process parameters on the viability of seeds of dried chili peppers. In this study, a high-voltage electrostatic polarisation treatment system was constructed to carry out experiments on the effects of different high-voltage electric field polarisation treatment process parameters on the viability of dried chili seeds. Conduct one-way tests to determine the preferred polarisation method and the preferred interval for output voltage and polarisation time. Two-factor, five-level central combination test with output voltage and polarization time as test factors and seed conductivity as a response indicator. Determining the better combination of parameters for output voltage and polarization time; Conducting seed germination trials to validate the effectiveness of the polarisation process. The results of the one-way test showed that: Negative-voltage polarisation was more effective than positive-voltage polarisation and alternating positive–negative-voltage polarisation in promoting seed vigor, with a better output voltage in the range of 10–14 kV, and a better polarisation time in the range of 20–40 s; The results of orthogonal tests showed that: Under the condition of negative voltage polarisation treatment, the output voltage of 12.08 kV and polarisation time of 30.32 s was the better parameter combination, at which the seed conductivity was minimum 159.87 uS/(cm g). Analyzing the function of cell membrane selective semi-permeability by seed conductivity change and revealing the mechanism of seed viability enhancement by high voltage electric field polarisation treatment; In the seed germination test, compared with the control group, seed germination potential increased by 9.09%, germination rate increased by 20.45%, germination index increased by 3.49, and vigor index increased by 41.66 under high-voltage electrostatic polarisation treatment, and all vigor indexes were significantly improved. The results of this study can provide a basis for the selection of processes and parameters for subsequent high-voltage electric field polarisation treatment of crop seeds.

Effects of Seed Priming on Mitigating the Negative Effects of Increased Salinity in Two Varieties of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

The increase in soil salinity has a negative effect on the growth and yield of plants. Mitigating the negative effects of soil salinity is therefore a difficult task and different methods are being used to overcome the negative effects of salt stress on crop plants. One of the often-used approaches is seed priming that can increase plants’ vigor and resilience. In this paper, we tested the effects of hydropriming, proline priming, and salicylic acid priming on the mitigation of the negative effects of salt stress on two bell pepper varieties (Capsicum annuum L.): Herkules and Kurtovska kapija. Sweet bell pepper seeds were primed following desiccation to achieve the original water content, and subsequently cultivated in salt-supplemented medium. The positive effects on vigor (in the form of increased germination and seedling establishment) as well as on level of tolerance for salt stress were recorded for both cultivars. The positive effects varied between the priming treatments and pepper cultivar used. The results of germination, seedling performance, photosynthetic pigments, and osmolytes were measured for seedlings grown from unprimed and primed seeds with under 0, 25, and 50 mM of NaCl. Both cultivars demonstrated greater germination when primed with proline and salicylic acid, while the Herkules cultivar demonstrated a higher tolerance to salt when proline was used as the priming agent. Priming with salicylic acid and proline in the seed improved germination and seedling performance, which could be related to the increase in proline content in the seedlings.

Tegumental surface change in Paramphistomum epiclitum caused by Bombax ceiba flowers and black pepper seed extract

Rumen flukes, parasites of the superfamily Paramphistomoidea, are found in cattle rumen. Heavy infections can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, weight loss, and poor body condition, resulting in a decrease in milk and meat production. This study compares the tegumental surface change of Paramphistomum epiclitum as a response to ethanolic extracts of Bombax ceiba flowers and black pepper seeds. Adult flukes were subjected to various concentrations of crude extracts, including 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL for 12, 18, and 24 h incubation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited that the ethanolic extracts of both Bombax ceiba flowers and black pepper seeds caused tegumental surface changes in adult P. epiclitum. Based on the results, Bombax ceiba flower extract has anthelmintic activity, compared with black pepper seed extract, towards adult P. epiclitum due to the deformation of the tegument at lower concentrations than black pepper extract.

Tomato and Pepper Seeds as Pathways for the Dissemination of Phytopathogenic Bacteria: A Constant Challenge for the Seed Industry and the Sustainability of Crop Production

The seed industry plays a crucial role in global food production but it faces a persistent challenge in ensuring the health and quality of seeds, particularly those of tomato and pepper seeds, which represent key seed commodities on the global market. Seeds can serve as potential pathways for the introduction and dissemination of seed-borne bacteria, which may have devastating effects on crop yield, farmers’ remunerability, and food security. Therefore, fungicides and other antimicrobial compounds are extensively used to disinfect the seeds, thus increasing the input of chemicals in the agri-environment. In this review, we address aspects that connect disease epidemiology with seed infection and health, including seed contamination, endophytic colonization, and seed-borne infections. We focused on the main bacterial diseases affecting tomato and pepper seeds by discussing their official seed testing methods as requirements supporting a smooth seed trade. Moreover, we present a survey on the past and recent innovations for seed treatments, focusing on sustainable disinfection methods. Therefore, this review will be a short but indispensable guide for seed technologists and pathologists involved in the production of high-quality seeds, providing indications and suggestions to contrast seed-borne pathogen dissemination and avoid international controversies and complaints by phytosanitary authorities, extension services, and farmers.

Isolation of Protein and Fiber from Hot Pepper Seed Oil Byproduct To Enhance Rheology, Emulsion, and Oxidative Stability of Low-Fat Salad Dressing.

This research aimed to explore the potential utilization of protein (P) and fiber (F) extracted from cold-pressed hot pepper seed oil byproduct (HPOB) in the enhancement of the rheological properties, emulsion stability, and oxidative stability of a low-fat salad dressing with 10% oil content. The assessment involved the examination of several aspects, including the physical qualities such as emulsion stability, rheological behavior, and particle size as well as the microstructure and oxidative stability. It is worth mentioning that all emulsions had desirable characteristics, including shear-thinning behavior characterized by a consistency index ranging from 6.82 to 22.32 Pa s, as well as viscoelasticity and recoverability. These qualities were notably improved with the addition of P and F of HBOP. During the thermal stability testing, it was observed that the low-fat dressing containing 1% P-1F exhibited minor changes in the G* value, indicating its exceptional emulsion stability. The control salad dressings in C1 samples contained 30% oil. (B): C2: samples containing 10% oil (low-fat salad dressing sample) exhibited ζ-potential values of -34.70 and -46.70 mV. The samples 1P-1F and 2P-1F exhibited the highest ζ-potential values. Furthermore, the increase in F resulted in a reduction in droplet size and elicited elevated values for the induction period (IP), with the exception of samples containing 1% protein, 3% fiber, and 10% oil (1P-3F). The salad dressings that included P-F exhibited enhanced oxidative stability, demonstrated by their longer IP (ranging from 5.11 to 7.04 h) compared to the control samples. The formulation consisting of samples contained 1% protein, 1% fiber, and 10% oil (1P-1F) and samples contained 2% protein, 1% fiber, and 10% oil (2P-1F) exhibited superior ζ-potential, emulsion stability, and recovery rate compared to other formulations. The findings of this investigation indicate that the interaction of proteins and fibers extracted from HPOB exhibits the potential to enhance the rheological characteristics, emulsion stability, and oxidative stability of low-fat salad dressing.

First report of potato spindle tuber viroid isolated from pepper seeds produced in Vietnam

First report of potato spindle tuber viroid isolated from pepper seeds produced in Vietnam

Classification of Pepper Seeds by Machine Learning Using Color Filter Array Images.

The purpose of this work is to classify pepper seeds using color filter array (CFA) images. This study focused specifically on Penja pepper, which is found in the Litoral region of Cameroon and is a type of Piper nigrum. India and Brazil are the largest producers of this variety of pepper, although the production of Penja pepper is not as significant in terms of quantity compared to other major producers. However, it is still highly sought after and one of the most expensive types of pepper on the market. It can be difficult for humans to distinguish between different types of peppers based solely on the appearance of their seeds. To address this challenge, we collected 5618 samples of white and black Penja pepper and other varieties for classification using image processing and a supervised machine learning method. We extracted 18 attributes from the images and trained them in four different models. The most successful model was the support vector machine (SVM), which achieved an accuracy of 0.87, a precision of 0.874, a recall of 0.873, and an F1-score of 0.874.

Plasma activated‐water stimulates aged pepper seeds and promotes seedling growth

AbstractThis study conducted an activation experiment on tap water using a self‐designed dielectric barrier discharge plasma field. Aged pepper seeds and seedlings were chosen as the investigation's subjects to assess plasma‐activated water (PAW's) effects on aged seed germination, seedling growth, and their respective qualities. PAW cultivation led to notable improvements in pepper seeds' germination potential and rate, with increases of 18.0% and 28.3%, respectively. Moreover, the vitality index exhibited a remarkable rise of 250.0%. Concurrently, seedlings treated with PAW exhibited significant growth enhancements, with root length, root number, stem length, and leaf area increasing by 138.6%, 69.2%, 47.9%, and 28.4 cm², respectively. Additionally, PAW treatment induces changes in endogenous substances and enzyme activities in seeds and seedlings.

Detection and Analysis of Chili Pepper Root Rot by Hyperspectral Imaging Technology

The objective is to develop a portable device capable of promptly identifying root rot in the field. This study employs hyperspectral imaging technology to detect root rot by analyzing spectral variations in chili pepper leaves during times of health, incubation, and disease under the stress of root rot. Two types of chili pepper seeds (Manshanhong and Shanjiao No. 4) were cultured until they had grown two to three pairs of true leaves. Subsequently, robust young plants were infected with Fusarium root rot fungi by the root-irrigation technique. The effective wavelength for discriminating between distinct stages was determined using the successive projections algorithm (SPA) after capturing hyperspectral images. The optimal index related to root rot between each normalized difference spectral index (NDSI) was obtained using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The early detection of root rot illness can be modeled using spectral information at effective wavelengths and in NDSI, together with the application of partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), least squares support vector machine (LSSVM), and back-propagation (BP) neural network technology. The SPA-BP model demonstrates outstanding predictive capabilities compared with other models, with a classification accuracy of 92.3% for the prediction set. However, employing SPA to acquire an excessive number of efficient wave-lengths is not advantageous for immediate detection in practical field scenarios. In contrast, the NDSI (R445, R433)-BP model uses only two wavelengths of spectral information, but the prediction accuracy can reach 89.7%, which is more suitable for rapid detection of root rot. This thesis can provide theoretical support for the early detection of chili root rot and technical support for the design of a portable root rot detector.

Germination Study of Some Protein-Based Gels Obtained from By-Products from the Leather Industry on Tomato and Pepper Seeds.

This study aimed to evaluate the biostimulant effects of three protein-based gels, GHC 1-B (20% gelatin (GPU-B) obtained by thermal hydrolysis from residual untanned leather and 80% collagen hydrolysates (HCE-B) obtained by alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis from residual bovine-tanned leather), GHC 2-B (40% keratin hydrolysate (HKU-B) obtained by alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis from sheep wool + 40% HCE-B + 20% GPU-B), and GHC 3-B (20% GPU-B + 80% hydrolyzed collagen (HPU-B) obtained by thermal and enzymatic hydrolysis from residual untanned leather). A germination study was carried out on pepper and tomato seeds at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 10%. As a result of the study, it was found that all three protein-based gels showed a stimulatory effect on the tomato seeds at a 1% concentration, where the Gi (germination index) was ˂100%. The GHC 2-B variant had the highest stimulatory effect (Gi-190.23%). Pepper seeds have proven to be more sensitive to the gel's composition. The concentration at which it proved to be non-inhibitory (Gi-88.29%) was 1% in the case of GHC 2-B. It was found that the presence of hydrolyzed keratin in the composition can be a plus compared to the other two protein gels tested due to its composition, which is richer in phytonutrient compounds (e.g., sulfur molecules).

Discrimination and characterization of volatile organic compounds and nutritional values of three varieties of chopped pepper seeds

Fermented-chopped pepper is a widely consumed condiment in China due to its attractive flavor. Chopped pepper seed (CPS) is the byproduct generated during the production of chopped pepper and is generally discarded as waste. In this study, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nutritional value of three varieties of CPS were investigated. Results indicated that the nutritional compositions of the three CPS varieties exhibited significant differences. All CPS samples contained 17 amino acids and were rich in fatty acids, with unsaturated fatty acids being predominant and accounting for 79 % of the total fatty acids. A total of 53 VOCs were identified by gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry, which could be classified into 9 groups, with aldehydes, esters, and alcohols comprising the three largest groups. The three varieties of CPS had remarkably varied aromas whereas there are five key VOCs (i.e., 2-pentylfuran, methional, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, dimethyl disulfide, and nonanal) in all CPS samples. Network correlation analysis revealed that VOCs are closely correlated with amino and fatty acids. Thus, this study provides a useful basis for understanding the nutritional values and flavor characteristics of different CPS varieties, which could be used as an ingredient and might have great potential in the food industry.

Evaluating the Utilization of Synthetic Oligonucleotides as a Positive Control in the Detection of ToBRFV in Pepper Seeds

A constant challenge experienced by plant diagnostic laboratories is having reliable and readily available controls. Often, requests must be made from colleagues to obtain materials for use as controls. This can be problematic if the pathogen is not present in the country and/or is subject to regulations. gBlocks are synthetic oligonucleotides that are widely used in genomic-based applications and studies. We evaluated the use of synthesized gBlocks as a positive control for tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) in a seed extraction PCR (SE-PCR) assay. ToBRFV is a highly virulent Tobamovirus that expresses symptoms of mosaic patterns, browning, and undersized wrinkled fruits in tomatoes, peppers, and other solanaceous plants. Transmission occurs in the seeds and can spread via mechanical contamination of equipment, humans, and other infected plants. Regulations with ToBRFV in the United States makes it difficult to obtain a positive biological control for use in diagnostic clinics. Therefore, we wanted to assess whether this synthetic oligonucleotide could serve as a process control. In our study, pepper ( Capsicum annuum) seeds were “spiked” with synthesized oligonucleotides, which were then used as a point of comparison to biologically positive seeds and negative controls by way of quantifying viral titer. The stability of these synthesized oligonucleotides was evaluated over several temperatures and temporal parameters. Our results suggest that the oligonucleotides are suitable for use in the production of synthetically contaminated seeds that are to be used as a positive control in the validation of the diagnostic process for ToBRFV.

Extraction of β-carotene from peppers by means of certain organic solvents

The aim of this paper is to present a study of certain characteristics of sweet peppers (genus Capsicum and species Annuum), grown in a private garden located in the North-Eastern region of the country (Razgrad District). 12 types of sown pepper seeds are considered. 11 types of them have annually been collected from the best quality fruits and selected by an amateur gardener. Only one group of pepper seeds (number 7) has been purchased commercially. Before conducting the experiment, the collected peppers have been stored in a refrigerator (5 °C) within a week. The following characteristics of the peppers were studied: moisture content, dry matter and ash content. Static extraction of β-carotene from the peppers was carried out in four organic solvents, used as extractants (isopropanol, isobutanol, 1,1-dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane). The different organic solvents exhibited different extraction ability. The largest amount of β-carotene was extracted when polar organic solvents were used as extractants and first in terms of extraction ability was isopropanol, followed by isobutanol. The best organic solvent for extracting β-carotene from peppers proved to be isopropanol. The highest amount of β-carotene extracted by using isopropanol, was contained in sample № 7 (11.86±0.01 mg/100g of dry matter).