Pepper Producers Research Articles

Genetic Diversity of Local Chili (Capsicum annum L.) from West Sumatra Indonesia Based on Inter Simple Sequences Repeat (ISSR) Markers

Capsicum annum L. is the most widely cultivated species due to its economic importance and health benefits. West Sumatra is one of the largest chili pepper producers in Indonesia, so it has a lot of local chili genetic resources. There is inadequate information on the genetic diversity of local chilies in West Sumatra. The purpose of this research was to analyze the genetic diversity of 23 genotypes of chili pepper from West Sumatra amplified with 10 markers of ISSR. The material used was leaves from 23 genotypes of West Sumatra’s local chili which are collections of the Agriculture Faculty, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatra. The results showed that ISSR markers (ISSR primer 12, ISSR UBC, and ISSR 3M) had produced 84 polymorphic DNA bands with a total polymorphic percentage of 61.45%. The dendrogram based on 10 ISSR markers showed that the 23 chili genotypes were retrieved into three main groups (I, II, III, IV) with genetic similarity coefficient values ranging from 0.67 to 0.97 or a diversity of features of 0.03–0.33 (30%). Group I consisted of 1 genotype, group II consisted of 3 genotypes, and group III consisted of 14 genotypes. Kopay chili (G20) has a large genetic distance compared to the other genotypes, while Lolai and Gero chilies have a very high similarity. This genetic diversity information can be used as a basis for generating crosses between genotypes in a breeding program. The farther the genetic distance will produce a high population diversity, the greater the chance of getting superior hybrids. Keywords: Capsicum annum, ISSR, local chili, West Sumatra

First Report of Xanthomonas perforans Causing Bacterial Spot of Pepper (Capsicum annuum) in North Carolina.

North Carolina (NC) is the fifth largest producer of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) in the US with an estimated 2,400 acres in production (NASS-USDA, 2022). A survey of bacterial diseases of peppers was initiated in 2020 after numerous bacterial spot outbreaks were reported in NC. Bacterial spot is caused by a complex of four Xanthomonads: X. euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. perforans, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri (Larrahondo-Rodríguez et al., 2022). If not preemptively managed, bacterial spot can cause up to 40% yield loss (Kousik and Ritchie, 1998). During the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons, 103 yellow mucoid colonies were isolated from plants representing 51 pepper cultivars symptomatic of bacterial spot, i.e., water-soaked leaf lesions that become necrotic spots on leaves and fruits across 22 commercial fields in NC following published methods (Klein-Gordon et al., 2021). All colonies were characterized to species using the qPCR species-specific primers and probes described by Strayer et al. 2016. Of the 103 colonies, 12 isolates tested positive for X. perforans. To confirm qPCR results, a Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) was run using fusA, gapA, gltA, gyrB, and lacF following previously described methods (Almeida et al., 2010) on three representative isolates: AHX61, collected in September 2020 from a field with 20% disease severity in Wake County on cv. Canary Bell; AHX261, collected in July 2021 from a field with 50% disease severity in Sampson County on Jalapeño; and AHX426, collected in August 2021 from a field with 50% disease severity in Dublin County on Jalapeño. All gene sequences were deposited to NCBI (GenBank Accessions: OQ799538-OQ799552) and compared to those from X. euvesicatoria, X. hortorum pv. gardneri, X. perforans, and X. vesicatoria type strains (Almeida et al., 2010). The MLSA showed AHX61, AHX261, and AHX426 cluster with X. perforans ICMP16690T, sharing 99-100% nucleotide similarity. Koch's postulates were performed with the three strains, Xp1484T [ X. perforans type strain, (Wilson 1987)], and water as a negative control. Three 10-week-old bell pepper plants (cv. Early Cal Wonder) were dip-inoculated in 600 mL of a bacterial suspension at an OD600 of 0.3 (~5x108 CFU/mL) and 0.04% Silwet L-77 per strain or water. All 18 plants were individually incubated in a plastic bag for 48 h post-inoculation at 28°C, 80% relative humidity, and 14 h:10 h light-dark cycle in a growth chamber, after which plastic bags were removed. Water-soaking and necrotic spots characteristic of bacterial spot were first observed at six days post-inoculation (dpi). At 14 dpi, symptomatic leaves were removed from treated plants to attempt pathogen re-isolation. Yellow mucoid colonies similar in morphology to those originally inoculated were recovered from all plants and confirmed to be X. perforans through sequencing; no isolates were recovered from water-treated plants. To our knowledge, this is the first time X. perforans is isolated in commercial bell pepper and specialty pepper fields in the state. This is an indication that the Xanthomonas population on peppers in the state is more diverse than previously reported and that pathogen populations will require monitoring for possible species shifts for this crop in NC.

Cayenne Pepper Seed Partnership Sustainability Strategy (Case Study of "You Seed" Company Jember East Java)

Jember is one of the Cayenne pepper-producing districts in East Java. It is among the top 10 cayenne pepper producers in East Java and has the potential to contribute raw materials for cayenne pepper seeds. One of the superior seed-producing companies in Jember Regency is PT. Benih Unggul Sejati or You Seed Company. The company partners with cayenne pepper farmers in Jember to get raw seed materials. The higher demand for seeds is a problem, namely the farmers' lack of raw seed materials in stock. Farmers often provide seeds from their cayenne pepper harvest in quantities below the target set by the company. The sampling method uses a total sampling of 28 respondents. The data collection method uses observation, interview, and literature study methods. The research methods used are descriptive and quantitative. The results of the study are the sustainability strategy of the partnership that exists between the company PT. Benih Unggul Sejati and cayenne pepper seed farmers, namely the company strengthening emotional relationships with partner farmers through increasing the frequency of visits to partner farmers' land; the company provides capital loan assistance of up to 50% of the total cost of cayenne pepper farming expenses to partner farmers; utilizing waring technology in the cayenne pepper cultivation process; expanding the sales market for cayenne pepper seeds both nationally and internationally and cooperating with fellow IPBH member companies.

The Role of Thermal and Electrical Energies to Increase the Pepper Quality: A Review

Indonesia is one of the most prominent pepper producers and consumers worldwide. Indonesian pepper quality, however, is still low. The pepper’s low-quality problem is caused by the processing that still uses the traditional (conventional) method. This study reviews many techniques that have the potential to improve pepper quality. The review result from the references shows that waiting time (delaying) in the ripening process can increase the pepperine level from 4.33 % to 6.60 %. The pepperine level is the most vital parameter to show pepper quality. However, a more comprehensive result that compares the conventional and non-conventional methods for all kinds of pepper quality parameters still could not be obtained.

Unveiling the Economic Potential of Smallholder Pepper Production in the Kumbungu District of Northern Ghana

This study examines the economic benefits and constraints associated with smallholder pepper production in the Kumbungu District of Northern Ghana. Using a multistage sampling method and semi-structured questionnaire, data were gathered from 200 pepper producers from various communities within the district. Gross Margin analysis, descriptive statistics and Kendall’s Concordance method were employed to analyze the data. The results revealed that male farmers dominated with 88% whiles the remaining 12% were women, the mean age of the respondent was 34.21. Majority of the respondents were married (72.5%) while the remaining were single (27.5%) with no divorcees or widows. 85.5% cultivate pepper on farm size between 1.1 to 2.0 hectares with relatively highest mean productivity. In addition, pepper production in the study area is profitable due to GH₵1.98 return for every GH₵1 invested. Major factors identified and ranked as the main constraints in order of importance were; Insufficient working capital, High cost of production inputs, Low level of government support, Inadequate storage facilities, Perishable nature of pepper, Poor mode of transportation, long distance to market, difficulty in getting land for production and insufficient knowledge in pepper production. Therefore, NGOs and Financial institutions who have interest in agriculture should offer credit facilities to pepper farmers for expanding production. The provision of incentive in the form of subsidy, cost-sharing, price control among others should be instituted by the Government, MOFA and Non-Governmental Organization to aid in the expansion of pepper production in the study area.

Divide et Impera in the Banten Sultanate: The Political Succession of Sultan Haji and VOC's Pepper Monopoly in the 17th and 18th Centuries

Nusantara's spice commodities became one of the determining factors of the global spice trade in the 17th and 18th centuries. There were three types of superior spices produced by the Nusantara such as cloves, nutmeg, and pepper. In the 17th century AD, Banten Sultanate was known as a pepper producer, and its pepper trade significantly influenced the economic and political development of the region. Apart from improving the economy, this commodity was also used to establish diplomatic relations between foreign nations. However, the pepper trade also became one of the factors that caused conflict in the Banten Sultanate. The implementation of the divide et impera strategy by the VOC caused an internal conflict between Sultan Haji and Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa. The conflict occurred when Sultan Haji allied with the VOC to succeed his father, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa. Sultan Haji made an agreement with the VOC in 1684, allowing the company to monopolize the pepper trade. This research examines this issue by looking at the overall condition of the pepper trade before and after the VOC's presence in the Banten Sultanate and the succession of Sultan Haji through the 1684 pepper trade agreement. This qualitative research uses historical research methods with a political approach. The theory used in this research is political economy theory, which includes understanding power, economic system, and public policy. The historical research method comprises heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography stages. The analysis using a political approach reveals the extent to which the Banten Sultanate's pepper trade policy influenced the succession of Sultan Haji and the monopolization of the pepper trade by the VOC.

Stochastic Frontier Analysis of Hot Pepper Production among Small-Scale Farmers in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria

This study used the Stochastic Frontier model to analyze hot pepper production among small-scale farmers in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area, Katsina State. Purposive and proportionate random sampling techniques were used to select 121 hot pepper farmers from whom the data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis, and stochastic frontier production function model. The result of the study shows that hot pepper production activity is dominated by male (99.2%) and married (95.0%) farmers whom are middle aged (Mean = 39 year) and most of them (about 53%) have household size of 1-10 persons, and an average farming experience of 13 years with a farm size average of 1.5 hectares. Majority of the hot pepper producers are engaged in its production for income generation while only few among them have access to credits. The result of the gross margin analysis (GM) shows that hot pepper farmers incurred total variable cost (TVC) of NGN138,703.6, and a return of NGN164,513.4 that yielded the profit of NGN25,809.8 per hectare of production and a return on investment of 1.28. The average technical efficiency (TE) of the farmers was found to be 80% among hot pepper farmers in the study area. Moreover the result of the frontier analysis shows that seed, labor and fertilizer are significant inputs determining hot pepper output. In addition to that inefficiency components of the frontier analysis revealed education, access to extension service, cooperative membership, Years of farming experience, farm size, and household size to be the significant determinants of efficiency of hot pepper production in the study area. The result also revealed that farmers in the study area are faced with major challenges of high costs of production inputs and problems of pests and diseases.

Fabrication of the mini multi-function pepper machine

Pepper is one of the most significant agricultural products in Sarawak, Malaysia currently in the fifth largest pepper producer in the world after Vietnam, India, Brazil and Indonesia. Black pepper and white pepper both come from the same plant, but they are prepared differently. Black pepper is made by cooking dried unripe fruit, meanwhile white pepper is made by cooking and drying the ripe seeds. The production contributes to the aspects of economy and plantation rate of the state. However, the process of pepper through manual work is time consuming and a tough process which requires commitment and hard labor from the farmers. Therefore, the objective of this research is to fabricate the Mini Multi-Function Pepper Machine for small or medium enterprise by reducing the time of drying process. This fabrication machine consists of all the procedures involved in the production of white pepper, which are soaking, heating, drying and grinding process. Through the operation observed, this machine was able to undergo production in 208 to 300 minutes for 300g of white pepper, in comparison to the traditional way that needs approximately 1 to 4 weeks to undergo one production batch of white pepper.

Biological diversity of arthropods associated with two varieties of pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i> L., 1753) at Nkolmelen (Yaoundé, Cameroon)

Pepper is a vegetable which plays an important role in the human diet and health. Many insects attack this plant and decrease its production in the absence of appropriate phytosanitary treatment. Thus, the objective of the present study was to record the arthropods associated with the yellow and red pepper varieties. For this purpose, weekly observations were conducted during two cropping cycles on 192 plants, using a completely randomized device. As results, the fauna of the pepper was very diverse and stable (specific richness 47 and Equitability index 0.86). The yellow pepper was the most sensitive with an average of nine insect species per plant versus eight on the red pepper. These insects belonged to seven orders (Arachnida, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and the Orthoptera), 28 families and 47 species. The densest orders were Diptera represented by Ceratitis capitata, Silba capsicarum, followed by Hymenoptera were represented by Camponotus floridanus, Camponotus acvapimensis and Crematogaster sp. and Hemiptera represented by Aphis gossypii, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Pseudococcus sp. The present study provided a database on arthropodofauna of the pepper plant. This is of paramount importance for the development of healthy and sustainable protection strategies among pepper producers in order to improve national production.

Rating System for Phytophthora Root Rot Influences Quantitative Trait Locus Detection and Reveals Incomplete Dominance and Duplicative Recessive Epistatic Gene Action in Capsicum annuum.

Phytophthora capsici is one of the most devastating pathogens facing pepper (Capsicum annuum) producers worldwide. Numerous factors, such as the race of the pathogen, the growing environment, and the source of resistance, have resulted in an overall lack of widely applicable molecular markers associated with resistance. Our objective was to determine the effect of the rating system on quantitative trait locus (QTL) detection and understand inheritance patterns of host resistance that can influence selection and molecular marker accuracy. We evaluated an F2:11 recombinant inbred line population screened against the highly virulent strain (Pc134) and scored using two widely used methods, developed by Bosland and Lindsey and by Black. The rating system developed by Bosland and Lindsey resulted in slightly higher logarithm of odds for the QTL on chromosome 5, and we detected a QTL on chromosome 12 uniquely using this rating system. A QTL on chromosome 10 was detected using both rating systems, but Black resulted in considerably higher logarithm of odds for this QTL compared with the Bosland and Lindsey system. Molecular markers developed were nominally better at accurately predicting the phenotype than previously published molecular markers but did not completely explain resistance in our validation populations. The inheritance pattern of resistance in one of our F2 populations did not significantly deviate from a 7:9 segregation ratio, indicating duplicative recessive epistasis. However, these results could be confounded by the presence of incomplete gene action, which was found through the improved selection accuracy when the phenotypes of heterozygous individuals were grouped with those with susceptible alleles.

Export Competitiveness Analysis of Pepper (Piper Nigrum L) Commodity in the International Market

Indonesia is popular as a country relying on the agricultural sector as livelihood and a backbone to support the national economy. One of the current challenges pepper producers encounters is increased competitiveness between producing countries. This increased competitiveness is reflected in the more considerable global pepper production growth than in export growth. This study aims to analyze (1) comparative competitiveness, (2) competitive competitiveness, and (3) trade specialization index. This study used time series secondary data from 2006 to 2020. The study employed an RCA to analyze comparative competitiveness, an EPD to analyze competitive advantage, and an ISP to analyze whether Indonesia tends to be an exporter or importer of pepper commodities. The research results showed that Indonesia, Vietnam, and Brazil are essential in the world pepper trade. The results of the calculation of the RCA index for the 2006-2020 period include that Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Brazilian peppers have a comparative advantage or strong competitiveness in the international market because the RCA value is > 1. Indonesian and Brazilian peppers are in the Rising Star position, indicating that these two countries have a comparative advantage and a competitive advantage. Meanwhile, Vietnam is in a lost opportunity position. The ISP values for Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Brazilian pepper have an average of 0.72, 0.82, and 0.77, respectively. This showed that these three countries have competitive solid capabilities or tend to become pepper-exporting countries.

Economic Transformation of Pepper Farmer’s Households in Lampung Province

This study aims to analyze: (1) pepper farming income (2) income and economic transformation of pepper farmer’s households. This research was conducted in 3 districts that were chosen purposively because these locations are the main black pepper producers in Lampung Province. There were 100 farmer respondents and were taken by simple random sampling method. Data collection was carried out from April to September 2020. The analytical method used was farming analysis and farmer household income. The results showed that pepper farming activities in Way Kanan, North Lampung, and East Lampung Regency were profitable to cultivate because the RC ratio was more than one, the economic income of farmer’s households came from on farm pepper, on farm non pepper, non-farm and off farm.

Occurrence of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on peppers in Hainan, China, and resistance of field cultivars to M. enterolobii and M. incognita.

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are the most economically damaging group of plant-parasitic nematodes. They are considered to be a major constraint of pepper (Capsicum annuum L) crops worldwide. In China, Hainan Island is the main producer of pepper, where the climatic conditions and cropping patterns are favorable for infection by Meloidogyne spp. In this study, we conducted a detailed investigation of the occurrence, severity and population distribution of root-knot nematodes infested pepper throughout Hainan Island. Meanwhile, we also tested the level of resistance to M. enterolobii and M. incognita for the field pepper cultivars in Hainan. Our results showed that root-knot nematodes belonging to M. enterolobii, M. incognita and M. javanica were found in Hainan, and the dominant population was M. enterolobii, which is the predominant species in the tropical area. Notably, all the pepper cultivars in this study were highly susceptible to M. enterolobii, which is probably one of the reasons for its rapid spread throughout Hainan. The pepper cultivars exhibited different levels of resistance to M. incognita. In conclusion, this study promotes the comprehensive understanding of the root-knot nematode distribution and host resistance level of Meloidogyne in Hainan, which will guide the effective control of root-knot nematodes.

Linkage to the market of jalapeño pepper producers through supplier development in Quintana Roo

Objective: To analyze the jalapeño pepper characteristics and demand of the restaurant sector in Quintana Roo, in order to identify the supply requirements of this sector. Design/Methodology/Approach: A random sample of n=73 restaurants were surveyed online. Results: Most of the restaurants (87.5%) have been in business for less than six years and —although most of them sell Mexican food— only 41.6% are interested in purchasing jalapeño peppers from the producers. Study Limitations/Implications: Producers must invest their social capital in order to firmly establish a supply strategy. Findings/Conclusions: The restaurants that purchase jalapeño pepper demand a constant delivery frequency, size, pungency level, and specific color.

DALAM MEMUDAHKAN PENGELOLAAN DATA LADA DI BANGKA BELITUNG (MUNTOK WHITE PEPPER)

ABSTRACTThe Province of the Bangka Belitung Islands has long been known as the main producer and exporter of pepper (Piper nigrum L) in Indonesia. The problem that often arises is the low pepper price that is detrimental to farmers and the price reference that follows the price of the International Pepper Community (IPC). Therefore, the Government established the Bangka Belitung Pepper Joint Marketing Office (KPB) to regulate pepper prices as well as the pepper buying and selling process and ensure that the pepper sent is quality pepper since 2019. KPB has had a positive impact on pepper prices and the pepper trading process and received verified seller and buyer data of pepper. This study aims to examine the role and influence of the Pepper Bangka Belitung Joint Marketing Office (KPB) and the KPB system for pepper farmers, starting from prices, stocks, export data, seller data, buyer data and Geographical Indications (GI) which is a guarantee that the pepper Shipped original from Bangka Belitung.

The Effect of oil palm plantations on the reputation of white pepper as the geographical indications of environmental aspect

Besides tin mining, oil palm plantations are also being carried out. On the other hand, this region is well known as a producer of good quality white pepper which in 2010 its reputation was legally registered as a geographical indication. This protection is given due to the environmental factor in this region which cause the quality of white pepper in this region is different from pepper in other region. However, the massive opening of oil palm plantations causes Pepper plantation area in Bangka and Belitung continues to decrease. This study uses empirical juridical methods; linking the effect of tin mining and oil palm plantations with the reputation of white pepper as a geographical indication. It uses primary and secondary data in which the primary is obtained from the results of interviews while the secondary data is obtained from literature study data on a number of documents. From the results of the conducted study, it was found that the oil palm plantations which reduce the area of pepper plantations and also change the quality make impact to the reputation. The impact can eliminate the reputation of white pepper as a juridical geographical indication and at the same time automatically end the legal protection of white pepper as a geographical indication.

Nederlandsche bestuur during culturstelsel at the Semangka Baai

This study aims to determine the implementation of the Cultuurstelsel period in Semangka Baai. Semaka Baai is an area that is used to shape the politics and economy of the Cultuurstelsel era, which is located near the port of Kota Agung. Semangka Baai is one of the implementation areas for Cultuurstelsel in the from of pepper plantations managed by Europeans and is the canter of pepper cultivation in Lampung. In 1914 Lampung was able to produce 13,207 tons of pepper for the Dutch East Indies and one of the largest pepper producers in Lampung came from Semangka Baai. However, behind the historical facts that were owned by the Semangka Baai area at the time of the implementation of the Cultuurstelsel period, many indigenous people of Semangka Baai or now Known as Semaka did not know more about the historical journey of the glory of pepper plantations as the main commodity in the Lampung residency. The method used in this research is the historical method with heuristic stages by collecting data sources, verifying or investigating the data, interpretation by establishing meaning and interrelation with the facts obtained, and historiography by rewriting the data obtained. The results of this study provide an explanation that the Cultuurstelsel period had been applied in Lampung, especially in the Teluk Semangka area as evidenced by the many plantations that were mostly managed by Europeans and even became the center of pepper cultivation in Lampung. In addition, Nederlandsche Bestuur or Dutch governance in Semangka Baai has an influence on people’s lives in Semangka Baai, such as settlement conflicts, robbers, to social and cultural influences.

Scenario of Black Pepper Production in North-East India

India, the land of spices is one of the major exporters and consumers of black pepper. India lost its top position 20 years ago in pepper production despite the land of origin. Black pepper is cultivated commercially in southern states and on a small scale in north eastern India at present. The farmers started cultivation of black pepper in north eastern states way back. Initially the production from North east India contributed only 1% of country’s total production but currently it is one of the major pepper producers contributing 10% of total production. The North eastern region provides tremendous scope for the cultivation because of diverse agro-climate, well-distributed rainfall, and fertile virgin land. Even though north east India is bestowed with ample of natural resources, growers are still not able to harness them efficiently. This paper discusses the current scenario, constraints, and future thrust of pepper production in the north eastern region.

The effect of adjusting fruit loading by pruning on the yield and quality of sweet pepper in low light conditions

Pruning and light quality and quantity can affect the fruit load, fruit shape, nutritional value, and quality of sweet pepper. The experiment was arranged as a split-plot conducted in a randomized block design. Treatments consisted of keeping 3, 5, and 7 fruits on the bush, and having un-pruned (P3, P5, and P7 Pnon=without pruning) sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L., cv. Lumos) with 3 replications. Two greenhouses including 14,000 for the full-light one and 6000-Lux for the low one were designed. The results showed that carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation were highly related to light, with a significant effect in the full light greenhouse, as compared with the low one. Leaves carbohydrate content was raised in P3 and P5 for both greenhouses and this was more significant in the full light greenhouse, as compared with the low one. TSS was higher in full light with pruning (P3, P5, P7); the highest TSS in the low-light greenhouse was seen in P3. Phenol, antioxidant, vitamin C, and organic acid were higher in the full light greenhouse, as compared with the low one. Conclusively, pruning was more effective on weight after increased growth of bush in the second or third harvest. Longer shape and less flushing are favored by pepper producers. This can be achieved in the full light greenhouse with P3 and then P5 pruning.

Perkebunan Lada Dan Masyarakat Di Kawasan Lampung Timur Pada Masa Kesultanan Banten

Pepper is a world commodity that has long been traded. One of the pepper producers is Lampung. Since the classical period, the Lampung pepper trade has filled world trade activities through the Sunda Kingdom. During the Islamic period, Lampung was under the control of Banten. Banten in meeting the need for pepper utilizes the Lampung area. This study aims to reveal how to zoning between villages and umbul for pepper cultivation in East Lampung. It also reveals how the condition of the people of Lampung at that time, and how the pepper cultivation management system was. The research method to uncover the problem was carried out through exploratory and descriptive methods. The results showed that the fields as the location for pepper cultivation were in the vicinity of the village. Most of the people at that time had embraced Islam but there were still those who practiced the megalithic tradition. The management of pepper cultivation is entirely by Banten through local authorities who are appointed as retainers as representatives of Banten in Lampung. Keywords: Lampung, Sultanate of Banten, pepper cultivation, fields, megalith