Disease Of Pepper Research Articles

Use of molecular markers associated with resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors in developing breeding material for tomato and pepper in Belarus

Relevance. The development of a system of molecular markers that allows identifying the genetic determinants of resistance to pathogens, as well as the typing of alleles involved in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation, is the most important condition for increasing the efficiency of the breeding process aimed at enhancing the resistance of cultivated crops to biotic and abiotic stresses.Methodology. The work involved molecular genetic methods of DNA isolation, PCR analysis, restriction, and evaluation of amplification and restriction products in agarose or polyacrylamide gels. The material used included the diverse collections of Solanum lycopersicum and Capsicum annuum, as well as the specimens of closely related wild species.Results. The paper evaluates the effectiveness of 25 molecular markers presented in the literature associated with resistance to tomato and pepper diseases caused by fungal, bacterial, viral pathogens, as well as nematodes. Markers to the alleles of MYB transcription factor genes associated with the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in tomato (SlMyb12, Anthocyanin1, Anthocyanin2, An-2-like and Atroviolacium) and pepper (Myb113-like1, Myb113-like2 and ETC3-2), recommended for the breeding process aimed at increasing resistance to stressful biotic and abiotic environmental factors, are presented.

Silver nanoparticles green synthesized using leaf extract of Piper spp. reduce Phytophthora capsici infection in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is vulnerable to the devastating disease foot rot caused by the oomycete, Phytophthora capsici. Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts provides an eco-friendly, and economical method for plant disease management. Leaf extracts from two genotypes of pepper plants - one susceptible to foot rot disease (P. capsici) - Piper nigrum, and the other, resistant - Piper colubrinum, were used for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). These green synthesized AgNPs were characterized and evaluated for their anti-oomycete effects against P. capsici and ability to suppress foot rot disease in black pepper. UV Spectroscopic analysis confirmed typical absorption characteristics of AgNPs, while field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed sizes ranging from 39 to 69 nm for both samples. In vitro poisoned food assay demonstrated that the green synthesized AgNPs at 500 and 750 ppm showed highest inhibition on the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Among the treatments,71% and 77% inhibition in mycelial growth of pathogen was observed with 500 ppm and 750 ppm of Pn-AgNPs respectively, and 65% and 73% inhibition in growth of mycelia of pathogen with 500 ppm and 750 ppm of Pc-AgNPs respectively. Copper Oxychloride at 0.2% completely inhibited mycelial growth. In a detached leaf assay with black pepper variety Panniyur-1, significant reduction in lesion development was observed on leaves treated with the green synthesized AgNPs compared to those treated with commercial AgNPs and chitosan nanoparticles. No lesion developed on leaves treated with 750 ppm concentration of green synthesized AgNPs. Leaf extracts were ineffective in disease suppression and pathogen growth. Mild symptoms were observed on leaves treated with the biocontrol agent (Pseudomonas fluorescens, 2%), while no symptoms were found on leaves treated with the fungicide. Spraying of AgNPs green synthesized using leaf extracts of pepper genotypes reduced foot rot disease incidence in susceptible pepper genotype P. nigrum, efficiently. Green nanotechnology for foot rot management can benefit farmers by providing an eco-friendly, cost-effective solution that reduces dependency on chemical fungicides and minimizes environmental impact.

PGPM Tablets: A Sustainable Solution for Managing Foot Rot Disease in Black Pepper

Black pepper holds significant importance as a spice crop in Kerala, a state often referred to as the "Land of Spices" for its substantial contribution to India's economy through exports. Phytophthora foot rot poses a significant challenge in nurseries across the black pepper-growing regions of Kerala, leading to substantial economic losses for farmers. A study was undertaken to develop and evaluate a tablet formulation of Plant Growth Promoting Microbes (PGPM) and other biocontrol agents for promoting growth and managing foot rot disease in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). The findings revealed that the PGPM tablet formulation, along with the liquid formulation of Trichoderma (KAU), emerged as the most effective treatments for suppressing foot rot. Biometric analysis showed that plants treated with the PGPM tablet (Bacillus cereus., Trichoderma spp.) formulation recorded the greatest plant height, number of nodes, and leaves, performing on par with the talc-based PGPM formulation. Soil microbial analysis, conducted before and after treatment using serial dilution and plating techniques, indicated that the PGPM tablet consistently supported the highest counts of viable fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes in the soil. Thus, the tablet formulation of PGPM emerged as the most effective treatment for promoting growth and managing Phytophthora disease in black pepper, showcasing its potential as a promising solution for sustainable crop health and productivity.

Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antifungal Activity against Powdery Mildew Disease of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and Genotoxicity Potentials

Powdery mildew, caused by Leveillula taurica, anamorph Oidiopsis taurica, is one of the most serious diseases affecting pepper (Capsicum annuum) under greenhouses and open fields in Egypt. The current study aimed to investigate the relative antifungal activity of chemically synthesized Zinc oxide (ZnO)-nanoparticles (CS-ZnO NPs) and green synthesized Zinc oxide (ZnO)-nanoparticles (GS-ZnO NPs) against pepper powdery mildew under greenhouse conditions. A controlled precipitation technique was used to produce CS-ZnO NPs, and aqueous leaf extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa was used to produce GS-ZnO NPs. ZnO NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering. The CS-ZnO NPs were 105.7 nm in size and with a zeta potential of -15.7 mV, whereas those of GS-ZnO NPs were 86.9 nm in size and zeta potential of -18.3 mV, respectively. TEM analyses of GS-ZnO NPs and CS-ZnO NPs confirmed their spherical shape. At 300 mg/L concentration, both types of NPs revealed a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decline in disease severity (DS) and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The effectiveness of these NPs varied between 78.74 and 82.45%. However, penconazole exhibited the most significant effect, as evidenced by the lowest DS (9.5 and 11.72) and AUDPC (481.02 and 578.14) values when compared with GS-ZnO NPs and CS-ZnO NPs and control in both greenhouses. Pepper plants treated with GS-ZnO NPs and CS-ZnO NPs exhibited increased chlorophyll and carotenoid content, indicating a correlation with the dosage applied. Contrarily, the increased GS-ZnO NPs and CS-ZnO NPs concentration reduced the total phenol content (TPC). The treated pepper plants also exhibited the highest peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase levels at 100 mg/L. The findings revealed a dose-dependent increase of 9.6% and 9.4% in micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations. Our results implied that either GS-ZnO NPs or CS-ZnO NPs are capable of causing genotoxicity in bone marrow cells of rats, even at low dosages of 50 mg/kg after 14 days, and the effect gradually extended up to 28 days. The data suggests the cautious use of nano-products is inevitable, and the mitotic damage should be assessed before using such nano-products on a large scale.. KEYWORDS :Antifungal, Genotoxicity, Nanoparticles, Pepper, Powdery mildew, Zinc oxide

Evolution of copper resistance in Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans population.

The widespread use of antimicrobials that target bacterial pathogens has driven evolution of resistance, compromising the efficacy of these bactericides. Understanding the emergence and spread of resistance genes via mobile genetic elements is crucial for combating antimicrobial resistance. Copper resistance (CuR) in Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans has severely affected the efficacy of copper-based bactericides for controlling bacterial leaf spot disease of tomato and pepper. Here, we investigated the evolutionary pathways of CuR acquisition and dissemination in X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans using an extensive collection of strains. We determined that chromosomally encoded CuR predominates over plasmid-borne CuR in multiple distinct phylogenetic groups of X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans. Our analysis revealed a single site of chromosomal integration by a CuR genomic island, although the genomic island showed sequence variation among phylogenetic groups. While chromosomal CuR was more prevalent, strains with plasmid-borne resistance conferred greater copper tolerance. Additionally, we identified strains carrying two copies of CuR genes, on plasmid and chromosome, that exhibited increased copper tolerance. Strains of X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans from the USA shared identical CuR gene sequences whether on plasmids or chromosome while different alleles were found in strains from other countries. In contrast to X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans, plasmid-borne CuR predominated in closely related pathovar, X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria. Overall, these findings contribute to a better understanding of the evolution and persistence of CuR in X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans and its closest relatives.IMPORTANCEThe emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a significant threat to agricultural production as it reduces the efficacy of various antimicrobials including copper-based bactericides that are widely used to control plant diseases. The challenge of increasing antimicrobial resistance entering a production system necessitates a deeper understanding of the dynamics and mechanisms by which pathogens acquire resistance. As a result of this research, we have identified different mechanisms of copper resistance acquisition as well as levels of copper resistance in a devastating plant pathogen, X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans. The evolution and dissemination of copper resistance in strains through plasmid or chromosomally integrated genomic island or both presents barriers to current management approaches, where growers rely heavily on copper-based bactericides to manage disease outbreaks. This knowledge is crucial when considering the continued use of existing antimicrobials or adopting alternative antimicrobials in efforts to implement enhanced antimicrobial stewardship strategies in agriculture.

A multimodal framework for pepper diseases and pests detection

Pepper diseases and pests typically exhibit small target proportions, diverse shapes and sizes, complex imaging backgrounds, and similarities with the background. Existing detection methods perform poorly in identifying targets of different sizes and shapes within the same scene, and they lack adequate noise suppression capabilities. To address the practical needs of detecting pepper diseases and pests in complex scenarios, we have constructed the first multimodal pepper diseases and pests object detection dataset (PDD). This dataset includes a wide variety of diseases and pests images, along with detailed natural language descriptions of their attributes. Locating the described targets in complex scenes with similar disease symptoms and leaf occlusion presents a significant challenge. To tackle this issue, we propose the PepperNet model for object detection in pepper diseases and pests images using natural language descriptions. This model decomposes complex multimodal features of language and images into explicit attribute features and employs fine-grained multimodal attribute contrast learning strategies. This approach effectively distinguishes subtle local differences between similar objects, achieving fine-grained mapping from language to vision in complex scenarios. Our detection results show a mAP@0.5 of 91.93% and a detection speed of 121.8 frames per second. Visualizations indicate that the model maintains high robustness under varying noise levels and occlusion conditions, demonstrating superior performance and stability across diverse complex scenarios.

CaWRKY20 Negatively Regulates Plant Resistance to Colletotrichum scovillei in Pepper.

Chili anthracnose, a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum scovillei, is among the most devastating diseases affecting pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Although WRKY transcription factors play important roles in plant immunity, it is unknown how WRKY gene family members contribute to pepper plant resistance to C. scovillei. Here, CaWRKY20 was found to negatively regulate pepper resistance to C. scovillei, which was demonstrated by virus-induced gene silencing and transient overexpression in pepper. Moreover, overexpression of CaWRKY20 enhanced susceptibility to C. scovillei in tomato. Additionally, our findings demonstrated that CaWRKY20 can indirectly regulate the expression of salicylic acid (SA)-related defense genes (CaPR1, CaPR10 and CaSAR8.2) as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzyme genes (CaCAT, CaPOD and CaSOD) in response to C. scovillei. In addition, CaWRKY20 was found to interact with CaMIEL1 in the nucleus to regulate the defense response to C. scovillei in pepper. Furthermore, CaWRKY20 directly bound to the W-box in the promoter of SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE DEFICIENT 1 (CaSARD1) and suppressed its expression, resulting in reduced resistance to C. scovillei. These results will clarify the mechanism by which WRKY transcription factors are involved in pepper disease resistance and can thus facilitate molecular breeding for anthracnose-resistant varieties.

Space-time analysis, severity of the wilt disease in escabeche pepper (Capsicum baccatum var. Pendulum) and identification of the causal agent (Phytophthora capsici L.) under subtropical climate conditions in Peru

Phytophthora capsici is an aggressive pathogen in escabeche pepper on the Peruvian coast. Root rot has a strong correlation with humidity and environment. Disease behavior was evaluated epidemiologically using spatiotemporal variables. Severity was evaluated according to the advance of the secondary symptom according to grades 1 to 5. Then, coordinates of each plant were established by photogrammetric survey of a field with 1705 escabeche pepper plants. For temporal analysis, severity was adjusted to an exponential model (R2 = 0.909) and incidence to a Gompertz model (R2 = 0.921) that detected an initial delay of the disease due to temperature. For the spatial analysis, the Global Moran Index (Ii) showed a high spatial dependence of the disease reaching a peak of 0.4 and 0.7 for severity and incidence, respectively. Also, heat maps related to the Local Ii were generated from which an initial source of infestation was determined where the furrow irrigation started in random infestations. Then, the infestation spots were settled in areas of surface water accumulation. Also, rhizosphere samples were collected per plant by degree of severity on V8 or CMA whit PARB and PDA-A selective medium. As a result, significant differences were obtained between grade 1, grade 2, 3, 4 and grade 5. In addition, the effect on yield was significant for plants with grade 4 and 5 with respect to fruit weight (22.3 and 18.5g/fruit) and weight per plant (509.5 and 371.8g/plant), respectively.

Diagnosis of Viral Diseases in Pepper (Capscium sp.) within Bouaké and Abidjan localities and Characterization of Associated Begomoviruses

Diagnosis of Viral Diseases in Pepper (Capscium sp.) within Bouaké and Abidjan localities and Characterization of Associated Begomoviruses

Spore PCR and qPCR Methods for Rapid Detection of Five Colletotrichum Species Responsible for Pepper Anthracnose in Korea

Pepper anthracnose, caused by <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp., leads to a decrease in the quantity of pepper fruit production. Molecular diagnosis is crucial for rapid identification of pathogens and determination of fungicide resistance. However, the traditional process of isolating the pathogen, extracting genomic DNA, and analyzing the gene sequence is time-consuming, which delays rapid diagnosis. In this study, we introduced a method using conidia of <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. instead of genomic DNA, eliminating the need for DNA extraction or special processing for diagnosis. To elucidate this method, sensitivity was assessed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) tests using internal transcribed spacer-based primer pairs. Both PCR and qPCR tests showed that detection is feasible with just one conidia, with over 1,000 conidia yielding results comparable to approximately 1 pg of genomic DNA. For amplifying the cytochrome b gene for quinone-outside inhibitor fungicide susceptibility testing, detection from a single conidium is achievable, but a stable PCR product is obtained by increasing the number of cycles to 35. Additionally, the addition of 10% grinding fresh chili pepper paste to V8-Juicea gar medium, which is known for inducing conidia rapidly from the isolates, resulted in 3.2 to 6.0 times more conidia compared to the commonly used potato dextrose agar medium, enhancing the potential for swift testing. Taken together, this study presents a direct utilization of pepper anthracnose conidia through PCR or qPCR, offering a valuable technique for amplifying target genes, such as the minimum conidial amount and barcode genes, for molecular identification of anthracnose disease in pepper through PCR and qPCR analysis.

Next-generation sequencing-based comparative mapping and culture-based screening of bacterial rhizobiome in Phytophthora capsici-resistant and susceptible Piper species.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), a highly valued spice crop, is economically significant as one of the most widely traded spices in the world. The global yield and quality of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) are affected by foot rot-causing soil-borne oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici. To gain initial insights toward developing an approach that utilizes microbial genetic resources for controlling foot rot disease in black pepper, we mapped the rhizobiome communities in susceptible Piper nigrum L. and wild-resistant Piper colubrinum. The analysis showed compositional differences in the rhizobiome of two Piper species, which revealed higher diversity and the presence of more differentially abundant genera in P. colubrinum. Furthermore, P. colubrinum rhizobiome had a significantly higher abundance of known anti-oomycete genera, such as Pseudomonas, and a higher differential abundance of Janthinobacterium, Variovorax, and Comamonas, indicating their probable contribution to pathogen resistance. Predictive functional profiling in P. colubrinum rhizobiome showed highly enriched functional gene orthologs (KOs), particularly chemotaxis proteins, osmoprotectants, and other transport systems that aid in pathogen resistance. Similarly, pathways such as phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and other antimicrobial synthesis were enriched in P. colubrinum rhizobiome. The culturable diversity of the resistant root endosphere, which harbors efficient biocontrol agents such as Pseudomonas, strengthens the possible role of root microbiome in conferring resistance against soil-borne pathogens. Our results depicted a clear distinction in the rhizobiome architecture of resistant and susceptible Piper spp., suggesting its influence in recruiting bacterial communities that probably contribute to pathogen resistance.

Effect of Pseudomonas spp. and Funneliformis mosseae on bacterial spot disease and growth response of pepper

Effect of Pseudomonas spp. and Funneliformis mosseae on bacterial spot disease and growth response of pepper

Improving Pepper Inbreds for Resistance to Pepper Yellow Leaf Curl Thailand Virus (PepYLCTHV) through Challenged Inoculations

Chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are an economically important crop worldwide. Pepper yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (PepYLCTHV), a Begomovirus causing yellow leaf mosaic disease of chili pepper, has been reported to incur 95% economic loss under epiphytotic conditions. Thirty-one chili genotypes were screened for resistance to PepYLCTHV disease through inoculation using 10–15 viruliferous whiteflies per plant. We purified two resistant lines (PEP6 and PEP12) through four generations of selfing and selection. At 28 days after inoculations, two chili genotypes (PEP6 and PEP12) had low disease severity and percentage of disease incidence (DI) compared to four susceptible checks, viz., Yodsonkeam80, Homsupan, Huareau12, and Pong Charian, which had a disease severity score of 5 with 100% DI. Thirty initial plants of PEP6 showed an average disease severity of 3.64 with 69.33% DI, and PEP12 showed an average disease severity of 3.83 with 77.67% DI. From these populations, we selected nine highly resistant plant of PEP6 and seven plants of PEP12 having a disease severity of 0 through pure-line selection for four selfing generations. The ratio of resistance (R) to susceptibility (S) consequently decreased. In PEP6, the ratio decreased from 1R:2S to 1R:1S, while in PEP12 the ratio decreased from 1R:3S to 1R:1S. These lines have potential for release as resistant lines for improving chili pepper resistance to PepYLCTHV and for developing makers associated with the resistant trait.

A Critical Insight into the Breeding for Resistance to Bacterial Diseases in Pepper (Capsicum spp.)

A Critical Insight into the Breeding for Resistance to Bacterial Diseases in Pepper (Capsicum spp.)

Evaluation of Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Germplasm Collection for Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) Resistance

This study was conducted to identify resistant pepper accessions against the destructive disease bacterial wilt (BW) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. A total of 338 pepper (Capsicum species) germplasms collected from different countries and deposited in the National Agrobiodiversity Genebank, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Republic of Korea, were evaluated. The evaluated accessions comprise samples from five distinct species: Capsicum annuum (213), Capsicum baccatum (47), Capsicum chinense (45), Capsicum frutescens (31), and Capsicum chacoense (2). Disease severity scores were recorded over four consecutive weeks and showed an increase in severity from initial inoculation to the end of the evaluation period. A strong correlation was observed between week 1 and 2, as well as between week 3 and 4. Ten resistant pepper accessions were identified. All selected accessions consistently exhibited low disease scores ranging from 0 to 1 throughout the observation period. These accessions belong to C. chinense (2), C. annuum (6), C. chacoense (1), and C. frutescens (1). Accessions such as IT236738 (C. chinense) and IT283498 (C. chinense) were demonstrated to have high resistance, showing no symptoms over all four weeks. Other accessions belonging to C. annuum (IT247232 and IT236340) and C. chacoense (IT158713) maintained a disease score of 0 (no symptoms) for the first three consecutive weeks; however, they developed symptoms with a score of 1 in the fourth week. Other important characteristics of the resistant materials were evaluated, including carotenoids and fruit characteristics. These accessions have important traits beyond resistance to the destructive pepper disease. They will serve as promising resources for breeding resistant pepper varieties against BW to enhance productivity.

Screening a major fungal disease in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) nursery

Screening a major fungal disease in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) nursery

Current species of oomycetes associated with foot rot disease of black pepper in Vietnam

Current species of oomycetes associated with foot rot disease of black pepper in Vietnam

Effect of varying levels of achichi (Cannabis sativum L.) seed oil extract in the inhibition of bacteria spot disease of scotch pepper (Capsicum annum L.)

Negative food safety reports over the use of synthetic pesticides in controlling bacteria disease of pepper caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv is increasing in Nigeria, hence the need for friendly options. An experiment was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, located on latitude 70 12N and longitude 50 35E at 350m above sea levels, to evaluate the effect of varying levels of achichi (Cannabis sativum L.) seed oil extract in the inhibition of bacteria spot disease of scotch pepper (Capsicum annum L.). Treatments include; Positive control (Synthetic Rindomil gold), Negative control (distill water), 2 ml ASO (Achichi seed oil), and 4ml ASO (Achichi seed oil) which were randomly distributed into plots, arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Results showed that the application of ASO had bactericidal inhibition potential against the bacteria spot diseases comparable to the synthetic ridomil powder. Application of between 2 – 4 ml / 1 liter of water of ASO was found to significantly influence the general performance of sprayed pepper in the study area. Further investigation should be carried out to determine the right volume between the ranges of 2 ml – 4 ml of ASO that can effectively control the bacteria spot disease in the study area.

The use of combination plant growth promoting rhizobacteria to control chili leaf curl disease in the field

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is a promising technology for controlling viral diseases, including pepper yellow leaf curl disease (PYLCD) of chili pepper caused by Begomovirus infection. The objectives of this research were to investigate the effectiveness of PGPR containing Pseudomonas fluorescens PF1 and Bacillus polymyxa BG25, as well as their combination with other protective agents, to control PYLCD under field conditions in an endemic region. The treatments consisted of a single application of PGPR (a mixture of P. fluorescens PF1 and B. polymyxa BG25), guano tea, endophytic fungus H5, and neem oil; combination of PGPR with guano tea, endophytic fungus H5, and neem oil; conventional pesticide that relies on synthetic chemical insecticide sprayed weekly; and untreated plots. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Treatment with PGPR alone was able to delay disease onset by 2.25 weeks, but it caused only a slight reduction in disease incidence. The combination of PGPR + guano tea and PGPR + endophyte H5 provided the best results in controlling PYLCD. The combination of PGPR + guano tea and PGPR + endophyte H5 delayed disease onset by 2.75 weeks and 3.25 weeks, respectively, and reduced disease incidence with effectiveness rates of 52.72% and 52.08%, respectively. These two treatment combinations gave the best performance for plant growth and yield.

Identification of Pepper Leaf Diseases Based on TPSAO-AMWNet.

Pepper is a high-economic-value agricultural crop that faces diverse disease challenges such as blight and anthracnose. These diseases not only reduce the yield of pepper but, in severe cases, can also cause significant economic losses and threaten food security. The timely and accurate identification of pepper diseases is crucial. Image recognition technology plays a key role in this aspect by automating and efficiently identifying pepper diseases, helping agricultural workers to adopt and implement effective control strategies, alleviating the impact of diseases, and being of great importance for improving agricultural production efficiency and promoting sustainable agricultural development. In response to issues such as edge-blurring and the extraction of minute features in pepper disease image recognition, as well as the difficulty in determining the optimal learning rate during the training process of traditional pepper disease identification networks, a new pepper disease recognition model based on the TPSAO-AMWNet is proposed. First, an Adaptive Residual Pyramid Convolution (ARPC) structure combined with a Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) module is proposed to solve the problem of edge-blurring by utilizing adaptivity and channel attention; secondly, to address the issue of micro-feature extraction, Minor Triplet Disease Focus Attention (MTDFA) is proposed to enhance the capture of local details of pepper leaf disease features while maintaining attention to global features, reducing interference from irrelevant regions; then, a mixed loss function combining Weighted Focal Loss and L2 regularization (WfrLoss) is introduced to refine the learning strategy during dataset processing, enhancing the model's performance and generalization capabilities while preventing overfitting. Subsequently, to tackle the challenge of determining the optimal learning rate, the tent particle snow ablation optimizer (TPSAO) is developed to accurately identify the most effective learning rate. The TPSAO-AMWNet model, trained on our custom datasets, is evaluated against other existing methods. The model attains an average accuracy of 93.52% and an F1 score of 93.15%, demonstrating robust effectiveness and practicality in classifying pepper diseases. These results also offer valuable insights for disease detection in various other crops.