Well-being Of People Research Articles

Pembuatan Hotel Lebah Kelulut (Trigona sp.), Komoditas Unggulan Green Economy

The honey green economy commodities focus on sustainable development that integrates economic, social, and environmental aspects that improve people's welfare while maintaining environmental sustainability. Not only produce honey, Trigona also plays a role in fertilizing plants as a pollinator that affects the quality of fruit and seed. Raising a green economy based on Kelulut bee honey is faced with various challenges, and the need for more information on nonoptimal cultivation and management. Therefore, this activity aims to solve this problem. This activity has several stages: surveys, focus group discussions, socialization, technical guidance, bee's hotel installation, and evaluation. Binalatung Mandiri Farmers Group has 27 members and lives in Kampung I/SKIP Village, Tarakan City. Since 2018, they have been cultivating kelulut bees. The current problem in cultivating kelulut bees is inappropriate storage locations for artificial and maintenance of the hives. The resolution starts with socialization and technical guidance about the bioecology of kelulut bees, calculating breakeven points in rupiah, and calculating the minimum sales that must be achieved based on profit targets. Artificial nests are named hotels because they carry the philosophy of being more profitable, long-lasting, and easy to move. The evaluation results concluded that bee hotels can increase honey production and have better durability than hives.

The Odd Year: Experiences of Care Leavers in the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The purpose of the study is to describe how young care leavers conceptualize their subjective sense of wellbeing, as a lived experience during the “Odd Year” which refers to the first year of the COVID-19 Pandemic—from 2020 to 2021. Qualitative data from seven young people's open discussions by using the Time Out Method and essays. Principles of Joint Research were used. Fattorés theory of children and young people's subjective well-being as well as Eskelineńs (2020) themes of social philosophy during a disaster were employed in the analysis. The Odd Year's effect was to restrict agency relating to study and employment but simultaneously highlight moral agency. The downscaling of services created a sense of uncertainty. Background in Foster Care strengthened the sense of resilience and agency for some. The transformative resilience of society can be strengthened by peer support and by utilizing digital services in social work.

Intensive professional vehicle-based shooting provides local control of invasive rusa deer in a peri-urban landscape

Non-native deer are becoming increasingly common in peri-urban landscapes, where they pose a risk to the health and wellbeing of people. Professional vehicle-based shooting is commonly used to control deer populations in these complex landscapes, but the effectiveness and cost of this method have seldom been evaluated. We analyzed the effectiveness and cost of using professional vehicle-based shooting to reduce the abundance and impacts of non-native rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) in a peri-urban landscape in Wollongong, eastern Australia, during 2011–2021. We incorporated the results from an independent monitoring program into a Bayesian joint-likelihood framework to model spatio-temporal changes in rusa deer abundance. Finally, we used our findings to assess the effect of the management program on the number of complaints from the residents. After eleven years and the removal of 4701 rusa deer from Wollongong LGA (712 km2), deer abundance did not change in 74.7% of the area, decreased in 19.4% of the area (mostly in and around the sites where the professional shooting occurred), and increased in 5.9% of the area. Shooting was most cost-effective during winter when the longer hours of darkness meant that shooters could visit more sites. In contrast to deer abundance, the probability of residents complaining about deer increased in space and time. Our study shows that professional vehicle-based shooting can locally reduce the abundance of invasive deer in a peri-urban landscape, providing that sufficient control effort is expended. We suggest that shooting effort is currently too thinly spread across this peri-urban landscape, and that concentrating shooting effort on the areas of greatest deer abundance and resident complaints might be a more cost-effective strategy for managing invasive deer in peri-urban landscapes.

The impact of intergenerational support on social participation patterns of older adults in rural China.

This study aimed to examine the association between different dimensions of bi-directional intergenerational support and the social participation patterns of rural older adults, while also exploring the heterogeneity of these older adults by gender and age. Based on longitudinal survey data from the 'Well-Being of Older People in Anhui Province (WESAP)' in 2018 and 2021, this study used latent class analysis to identify social participation patterns and used multinomial logistic regressions to explore the relationship between intergenerational support and social participation patterns among rural older adults. First, the social participation patterns of rural older persons can be divided into four categories: leisure type (9%), work type (11%), housekeeping type (57.9%) and family labor type (22.1%). Second, there is heterogeneity in the relationship between intergenerational support and social participation patterns in older people, among them, receiving financial support decreased the likelihood of older adults being categorized as work type and family labor type by 14 and 7.7%, respectively, while providing financial support increased the likelihood of older adults belonging to the family labor type by 7.5%; receiving caring support increased the likelihood of older parents being categorized as leisure type by 6%, while providing caring support decreased the likelihood of older parents being categorized as leisure type by 10%; emotional support is related to all patterns of social participation among older adults. Third, the effects of intergenerational support vary across subgroups based on gender and age. Two-way intergenerational support was significantly associated with social participation among rural older adults, and there was significant heterogeneity in this association. Children and older persons should be encouraged to strengthen two-way intergenerational mobility to give full play to the positive impact of different dimensions of intergenerational support on the social participation of older persons in rural areas, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for rural older adults.

Seasonal Variation and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Bacteriological Parameters in Groundwater Sources in Oyi LGA, Anambra State, Nigeria

Potable water is essential for health and survival of all life forms. Contamination of groundwater sources by microbes, organic and inorganic matter has continued to negatively affect the well-being of most people in developing countries such as Nigeria. Thus, this study aimed to determine the seasonal variation and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteriological parameters in groundwater sources in Oyi LGA, Anambra State, Nigeria. Hand-dug well and borehole water sites were randomly selected in five communities of Oyi LGA, and water samples were aseptically collected and analyzed using standard microbiological procedures. The total heterotrophic counts of bacteria isolated from groundwater samples during both seasons were between 1.3×102 and 2.87×104 CFU/mL, total coliform counts ranged from 2 to 165 MPN/100mL and faecal coliform ranged from 0 to 32 MPN/100mL. Probable bacterial isolates in groundwater samples were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Shigella flexneri, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterobacter sp. Seasonal variations showed there were more bacterial loads in sampled water during wet season than dry season. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that all the bacterial isolates were sensitive to Levofloxacin and Ofloxacin, and are recommended for treatment of diseases caused by some of these pathogens. Shigella flexneri exhibited highest susceptibility (60%) to the antibiotics, while Enterobacter faecalis showed highest resistance (70%). Escherichia coli exhibited 50% susceptibility and 50% resistance. The sampled water sources did not meet the WHO and NSDWQ guidelines for drinking water, and therefore not fit for human consumption without adequate treatment.

Perceived responsiveness in suicidal ideation: An experience sampling study in psychiatric patients.

Perceived responsiveness, or the extent to which one feels understood, validated and cared for by close others, plays a crucial role in people's well-being. Can this interpersonal process also protect people at risk? We assessed whether fluctuations in suicidal ideation were associated with fluctuations in the degree of perceived responsiveness that psychiatric patients (admitted in the context of suicide or indicating suicidal ideation) experienced in daily interactions immediately after discharge. Fifty-seven patients reported on suicidal ideation (5 times a day) and perceived responsiveness (daily) for four consecutive weeks. The effects of established risk factors-thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and hopelessness-were assessed as well. The more patients felt that close others had been responsive to them, the less suicidal ideation they reported. At low levels of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, or hopelessness, perceived responsiveness seemed to play a protective role, negatively co-occurring with suicidal ideation. When thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and hopelessness were high, perceived responsiveness did not have an effect. Perceived responsiveness could be a protective factor for suicidal ideation for people at risk only when they are experiencing low levels of negative perceptions. When experiencing highly negative perceptions, however, perceived responsiveness seems to matter less.

Small irrigation reservoir for sustainable fish production and livelihoods

The present study is undertaken on Barnoo reservoir to find out how the environment of a small irrigation reservoir would be sustainable in terms of fish production as well as socio-economic wellbeing or upliftment of people (fishers) associated with it.. KEYWORDS :Barnoo reservoir, sustainable fish production, socio-economic status, fishers

Pengaruh Senam Tai Chi terhadap Psychological Wellbeing Lansia di Posyandu Sugih Waras, Desa Ngargorejo, Kecamatan Ngemplak, Boyolali

Abstract Background: Elderly people experience aging which causes changes, especially psychological, experiencing empty nest syndrome, anxiety disorders, depression, loneliness, and other psychological disorders which can affect psychological well-being. Tai Chi is an exercise that can have a positive effect on psychological well-being in sufferers of various chronic diseases, can reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, and improve quality of life. Objectives: This study aims to determine the effect of Tai Chi exercise on the psychological well-being of elderly people at Sugih Waras Integrated Health Service Post, Ngargorejo Village, Ngemplak District, Boyolali. Methods: This research is a Pre-Experimental type of quantitative research with a one group pretest-posttest design and purposive sampling technique. Psychological well-being was measured using the Indonesian version of the 18-item Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale (RPWB). Data analysis used SPSS version 25. Results: Respondents were dominated by young elderly (73.9%), female (95.7%), housewives (91.3%), individuals with no schooling/not yet finished elementary school (47.8%), widows (69.6%), and individuals living with family (69.6%). The average pre-test and post-test RPWB scores increased by 2.53. The results of the paired sample t-test hypothesis test showed a p-value of 0.000 which is less than 0.05, indicating an influence of Tai Chi exercise on the psychological well-being of the elderly at Sugih Waras Integrated Health Service Post, Ngargorejo Village, Ngemplak District, Boyolali. Conclusion: Tai Chi exercise has an effect on the psychological well-being of the elderly at Sugih Waras Integrated Health Service Post, Ngargorejo Village, Ngemplak District, Boyolali. Keywords : Tai Chi, Psychological Well-being, Elderly

A walk in the park: Towards developing a fractal pedagogy of well-being

This article describes a cycle of a work-in-progress action research project that aims to develop and implement a fractal pedagogy for design students. The fractal pedagogy takes on board fractal patterns, self-similar repeating natural patterns, as a lens for artmaking and teaching. Fractals have been proven to be bountiful in nature and to engender a well-being or biophilic response in people. The action research cycle describes a collaborative effort to bring three guided nature walks to the local community in Dublin, Ohio, USA. The walks reaffirm connections between the fractals in the participants’ bodies and in the natural environment while carrying out fractal and well-being-centred artmaking activities. Each of the walks, the embodied, found object and marking-making walks, were led by a different local Ohio artist. This cycle will combine with previous and future research to define a fractal pedagogy that is collaborative, interdisciplinary and connected to nature.

Banditry and the complicity of authorities in Zamfara State

Banditry is one of the major forms of insecurity in many states of the Northwest of Nigeria; it specifically poses significant threats to the wellbeing of the community and the economic stability in Zamfara State. The objective of this work is to examine the causes of banditry, analyze the impact on socio-economic, political and human security in Zamfara State and unravel the complicity of authorities in the banditry syndicate. Employing a qualitative approach, using primary sources, the study adopted the human security theory which emphasized the impact of banditry on the wellbeing and safety of people and communities in Zamfara State. The research findings include the identification of several causes of banditry which are farmer-herder conflicts, state and traditional rulers’ complicity, poverty. Banditry’s impact on the socio-economic activities has led to a significant decline in agricultural productivity, economic instability, loss of lives and property while in the political aspect it has resulted in a weak governance, political instability and threat to democratic process. Human security is severely impacted by banditry, with thousands of people displaced, human rights violation and disruption of basic services such as healthcare and education. The research recommended the adoption of integrated security strategies, economic support and development, community-based initiatives, government accountability and improvement, conflict resolution, human security and social services which should be critically used to mitigate the adverse effect of banditry and restore stability in Zamfara State.

Challenges Faced by the Department of Social Welfare in Empowering People with Disabilities (PWD): A Qualitative Study

Empowering people with disabilities and mainstreaming their needs into the national agenda should increase their development opportunities, improve development outcomes, and enhance their quality of life. However, people with disabilities face numerous barriers that impede their full participation in the social, economic, and cultural aspects of life. The Department of Social Welfare plays an essential role in improving the well-being of people with disabilities and makes significant efforts to empower them and combat exclusion. Therefore, this study focuses on examining the role of the social welfare office in empowering people with disabilities. The study aims to identify key factors that facilitate or hinder the empowerment process within the department for persons with disabilities. In this qualitative research, data was collected through focus group discussions with officials from the Department of Social Welfare in Putrajaya. Two main themes emerged from the analysis, namely the strength and support system and the limitations faced by the Department of Social Welfare. The findings emphasize that monitoring progress and offering opportunities for people with disabilities can contribute to their empowerment. Collaboration between the Department of Social Welfare, other government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other parties is critical in promoting positive social change. By leveraging their respective strengths, resources, and expertise, they can create innovative solutions, implement effective policies, and significantly impact society.

Performance evaluation of the compact water treatment system pilot project at Timah Tasoh Water Treatment Plant, Perlis, Malaysia

Abstract Clean water is crucial to ensuring the well-being of people. The Package Timah Tasoh Water Treatment Plant (WTP) is designed to support the existing conventional plant in coping with the growing demand for clean water. The package plant used the Compact Water Treatment System, classified as a Category B in the Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN) guidelines; thus, this performance monitoring research was conducted prior to product registration. The plant consists of aeration, flocculation, clarification, and filtration processes. The performance of this package plant was monitored through comparative and efficiency analysis of removal parameters and carried out over a period of six (6) months. Twelve (12) water quality parameters were selected, including turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), colour, ammonia, residual chlorine, aluminium, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), fluoride, standard total coliform, and E. coli with sampling water of RW, SW, FW, and TW, which was then assessed alongside the drinking water quality standards set by Ministry of Health (MOH). As a result, eight key parameters such as pH, turbidity, colour, TDS, iron, aluminium, manganese, and ammonia were meeting the MOH drinking water quality standards in over 94 % of cases. The remaining parameters are chlorine residual, fluoride, E. coli and standard total coliform were in non-compliance due to the inoperability of disinfection and fluoridisation processes. Most of the significant parameters deduced a better performance in terms of removal efficiency (> 60 %) consistently, except for TDS, throughout the monitoring activity.

EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT SERVICES ON DEPRESSION REDUCTION OF PEOPLE WITH ALBINISM IN RWANDAA CASE OF HEALTH ALERTS ORGANIZATION

Background: Individuals living with albinism face unique challenges, including living situation, socioeconomic status, and the effectiveness of the health education on their mental well-being. Creating focused interventions and support networks for this susceptible group requires an understanding of how these variables interact and how depression is affected by them. The goal of this research is to better understand the intricate interaction between these factors and how it affects the mental health of albinos in Rwanda. Three main goals served as the foundation for this investigation: finding out how common depression is among Rwandans who have albinism. to identify risk factors for depression in Rwandan individuals who are albinos. Also to look at how well health education programmes work in Rwanda to raise awareness of depression among those who are albinos. This research was guide by Disability Model, Eriksons Psychology Development Theories. Materials and Methods: Using a quantitative cross-sectional design and independent variables including gender, age, religion, place of residence, socioeconomic category, parental situation (living with parents or as orphans), and health risk factors like suicidal ideation, the mixed methods study evaluated the prevalence and factors linked to depression among individuals living with albinism in Rwanda starting in September 2023. Additionally, individual interviews were used to gather qualitative data in order to assess the efficacy of health education programmes aimed at reducing depression in the study population. In order to determine the components linked to depression, quantitative studies were conducted using logistic regression models. In the research with 75 participants, all individuals were considered as respondents using census sampling technique and these were the people living with albinism beneficiaries of the Health Alerts Organization, a Rwandan non-profit organization. Results: Most were young, female, and faced various life challenges. A significant majority experienced depression (69.33%), with occupation, literacy, socio-economic category, and facing challenges showing associations in bivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed that being in socio-economic category III was protective against depression (OR 0.11) while facing challenges substantially increased the odds (OR 48.15). Our study reveals a high prevalence of depression among individuals, particularly those dealing with life challenges. Occupation, literacy, socio-economic status, and challenges were linked to depression in our analysis. Socio-economic category III seemed protective, while challenges significantly increased risk. These findings emphasize the necessity for tailored interventions and support for mental health disparities, especially among vulnerable populations facing adversity. This study holds a significant importance for associations supporting individuals with albinism, providing insights into their mental health issues and specific support needs. Counselors benefit from a clearer understanding of the psychological challenges faced by this group. Conclusion: The findings can aid the Ministry of Health in planning and potential legislation to address mental health concerns among individuals with albinism, while the Ministry of Local Government can use them to develop a national social protection policy and enhance public awareness about the challenges faced by individuals with albinism.The recommendations derived from the study findings and conclusions are directed towards various stakeholders, each aiming at improving the mental health and overall well-being of people with albinism in Rwanda.

The Effect of Regional Fiscal Capacity Index, Government Expenditure, and Inflation on Human Development in Indonesia

Although still below the global average, Indonesia Human Development Index is increasing annually. The HDI of provinces in Indonesia also exhibited an upward trend. Fiscal capacity, government spending, and inflation are subject to continuous fluctuation. Consequently, this study aims to analyze the effects of regional fiscal capacity, government spending, and inflation on Indonesia's Human Development Index in both short and long terms. Secondary quantitative data were also used in this study. This study employs panel data obtained from the Ministry of Finance and Central Bureau of Statistics, focusing on 33 Indonesian provinces. The data used for this study comprised 594 observations, which were analyzed using the ARDL method. The results indicate that the fiscal capacity variable positively affects the Human Development Index in the short run but has no effect in the long run. The government expenditure variable does not affect the Human Development Index in the short term but exhibits a positive effect in the long term. Conversely, the inflation variable negatively affects the Human Development Index in the short term but positively affects it in the long term. The Indonesian government should implement more intensive policies to improve its HDI. This includes utilizing fiscal space with a budget that prioritizes education, health, economic improvement, and maintaining inflation stability to enhance people's welfare as an indicator of the HDI calculation. Researchers in the same field should consider incorporating additional variables and employing a larger sample size to produce more comprehensive, in-depth research and clearer results regarding the Human Development Index in Indonesia.

Regional Head Discretion Against Disharmony Between the Head of Service and the Regional Secretary in Cianjur Regency: reviewed from Law No. 30 of 2014 concerning Regional Government

The legal authority given to public officials is the responsibility of the position as the head of the Regional apparatus to provide appropriate legal information. The purpose of this study is to understand the regulations related to the Discretion of the Regional Head of Cianjur Regency so as to create a harmonious, clean and free government from all forms of corruption. Normative Juridical is the chosen research method, through a field approach and analyzed based on theory and comparative. The results of this study conclude that Law No. 30 of 2014 on Local Government explains how to use common sense, the concept of the right to reason as a middle ground between the weaknesses of the legal system and legal opportunities. As a state that adheres to the doctrine of the welfare state, the rule of law can play the highest role in protecting people's welfare. As the Local Government Law does not specifically regulate the settlement of disputes between public officials, mediation is the main way to unify perceptions based on Law No. 8 of 2003 concerning Guidelines for Regional Apparatus Organization whose task is to support the leadership of local government through policies and the main task of assisting Regional Heads in managing local government infrastructure, finance, equipment and facilities. The general principle of good governance so that in rational decision making as a responsibility of the position and personal responsibility.

Correlation of indicators of heart rate autonomic regulation and socio-economic well-being in young people 16–18 years old living in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation

Background. The impact of natural and climatic factors on human health may change under the influence of other factors related to his socio-economic well-being. The aim of the study. To determine the correlation between indicators of heart rate variability and parameters of socio-economic well-being, quality of life of young people living in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (Arkhangelsk).Materials and methods. Parameters of Heart rate variability in 36 young men (16–18 years old) were determined at entry (5 minutes) and at a fixed breath rate (5 minutes). We used the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version of questionnaire, Family Affluence Scale (FAS II) and a questionnaire reflecting the financial situation, composition, and large number of children in the participants’ families.Results. According to correlation analysis, a decrease in the number of family vacations per year and FAS-II scores is accompanied by an increase in sympathetic activity. Indicators of self-perceived health status, number of cars in the family, FAS-II score and family financial status are positively correlated with indicators of vagal activity. Parameters of the psychological sphere of life quality and family composition were negatively correlated with sympathetic activity; parameters of the physical sphere of life quality and the number of family vacations per year were negatively correlated with vagal activity (fixed breath rate).Conclusion. We identified specific indicators of socio-economic well-being that are most closely related to both the tension of the cardiac activity mechanisms and the decrease in vagal reserves of autonomic regulation in young men living in the Russian Arctic.

Art and Science of ‘Escape’

As authors we draw from our experience of hosting two virtual design and imagination labs, where we took a deep dive into the evolution of our economic system with a diverse group, and had a profound collective experience imagining possible alternatives that promote wellbeing and flourishing of people and planet. These labs were convened by the David Suzuki Foundation in Turtle Island/Canada during the pandemic. In each Lab, approximately 60 participants were invited from across government, First Nations communities, civil society, academia, and activism. Both the process of inviting, and the lab design and process, were carefully curated with an intention to bring different world views and perspectives to take a deep dive into re-imagining our economic system. As pracademics and systems change practitioners, we reflect on what is required to make visible the underlying conditions (including worldviews, myths, and metaphors) that keep our current systems in place, and what might be needed to free ourselves to imagine alternatives. We refer to this liberation as ‘escape’ and propose six elements of ‘escape’ for transformation. The process of unlearning and releasing ourselves from unhelpful limiting assumptions and worldviews applies to those ‘facilitating’ these processes of systemic change, as much as it applies to those participating in the labs. This form of collective practice requires constant vigilance, as no single methodology of framework is fit for purpose. We reflect on what this kind of methodological pluralism invites and offers, as we bring together different ways of knowing and different knowledge systems, and re-imagine alternatives that recognise the limitations and impact of our current economic system on people and planet.

교통장애인의 교통복지 포용정책에 관한 연구:이동편의와 교통복지의 딜레마

The purpose of this study is to examine various policies to promote the mobility of people with transportation disabilities, to identify problems and improvement measures in terms of transportation welfare, and to identify dilemmas in transportation welfare inclusion policies due to the strengthening of transportation rights and regulations. The scope of the study is limited to the current situation in Korea since the enactment of the Act on the Promotion of Mobility Convenience for the Transportation Disadvantaged in 2005, and the spatial scope is limited to the central ministries that manage transportation welfare inclusion policies related to the promotion of transportation convenience for the transportation disabled in Korea and abroad. Although previous studies have provided facility functions, practical and policy alternatives for transportation safety of people with disabilities, the comprehensive status of transportation welfare of people with disabilities, analysis of media reports, laws, and case studies have been overlooked. When the transportation safety of people with disabilities becomes an issue, it is necessary to find out the key factors for solving the problem by their characteristics and focus policy resources to solve the problem. In conclusion, this study is expected to contribute to the current situation where social problems of people with transportation disabilities remain, by identifying trends in transportation welfare, which is an antecedent factor of traffic safety, to check the current status of transportation welfare support for people with transportation disabilities and to provide basic data for social welfare intervention.

Human Sputum Proteomics: Advancing Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Respiratory Diseases with Enhanced Biomarker Analysis Methods

Many ailments can be diagnosed while they are asymptomatic, meaning that the patient has no signs or symptoms of a progressing disease. If caught in their initial stage of formation, these disorders can be effectively treated, leading to successful outcomes; curative therapies can halt illnesses from advancing, thus improving the quality of life and long-term survival of the patient. Still, cutting-edge upgrades in precision technologies are necessary for early, reliable, affordable, and rapid disease detection, but also vital for the well-being of people and the future of global public health. The emerging role and utility of non-invasive and repeatable diagnostic test approaches for the detection of health conditions have been exemplified by liquid biopsies based on genomic biomarkers. As such, biological fluids permit any measurable molecular indicator or signature (e.g., proteins) to provide valuable information on an individual’s wellness and/or disease. Among the bodily secretions used for non-invasive diagnostics is sputum, a complex viscous gel-like biopolymeric network that has gained growing recognition as a rich source of biomarkers of airway infections and pulmonary diseases, and serves as a determinant to reveal other illnesses. As per the World Health Organization, the burden of respiratory conditions is exacerbated by factors ranging from considerable subjection to air pollution and occupational contaminants to tobacco smoking and second-hand smoke, in addition to poor socio-economic status. Due to the likely increase in these determinants, respiratory tract ailments are on the rise, affecting the health of many individuals, in addition to putting stress on healthcare facilities and services worldwide. The aim of this study was to perform a narrative review of sputum constituents with an emphasis on proteins and glycoproteins assessed as possible biomarkers of lung and other organ diseases. A search was conducted using mucus, sputum proteomics, sputum biomarkers, and point-of-care testing as keywords employing Google, PubMed (MEDLINE), and Web of Science, selecting the most referenced and related papers of the last decade. We, therefore, highlight the need to use expectorated or induced sputum specimens as a routine sample source for testing valuable protein biomarkers to diagnose these chronic disorders, predict inflammation and disease progression, as well as monitor the effectiveness of treatments. Further, we discuss the urgent need for fast and reliable point-of-care methods to detect and quantify crucial protein biomarkers in sputum specimens, and the limitations faced when dealing with their complex matrices.

Perkembangan Bank Sentral : Status, Kedudukan, dan Tugas dari Bank Sentral

The role and function of Bank Indonesia as the central bank is crucial to revitalize the goal of maintaining and preserving the value of the rupiah, which is an important part of sustainable economic growth that will improve people's welfare. This goal is part of the economic recovery and reform policy that will help Indonesia get out of the middle economic crisis. The purpose of this study is to determine the development of the status, position, and duties of the central bank. This research uses the literature method. In 1968, Bank Indonesia's functions and responsibilities as the central bank began to diminish. In 1999, it was again responsible for safeguarding and maintaining the value of the rupiah. Its central bank work consists of three main pillars: setting and implementing monetary policy, maintaining a smooth payment system, and maintaining the stability of the national financial system. To improve people's quality of life, Bank Indonesia is also responsible for acting as a development agent.