Migration Of People Research Articles

Understanding counter-urbanization and re-urbanization in pandemic: Insights from People's migration behavior in China

This study investigates the drivers behind migration from larger to smaller cities and from urban to rural areas (counter-urbanization), along with the reverse migration (re-urbanization) during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing a retrospective survey of 1000 respondents across China from January 2020 to April 2023, we explored how pandemic-related factors influenced migration behaviors. A theoretical framework integrating push-pull, risk perception, and human capital theories was developed. Boxplot visualization was used to examine the motivations for counter-urbanization during the pandemic, and regression models were applied to identify the complex factors driving both counter-urbanization and re-urbanization. Key findings reveal that pandemic-induced insecurity and perceptions of the strictness and effectiveness of virus prevention measures significantly influenced migration decisions. Notably, land ownership in rural hometowns served as a crucial "safety net" for rural populations, affecting their migration decisions. This study differentiates between migration types: urban-to-rural versus larger-to-smaller cities, and compares the driving factors behind both processes. By focusing on both counter-urbanization and re-urbanization, this research highlights the interplay of psychological, policy, and economic factors that shape migration patterns in the context of public health crises.

Intergenerational adverse childhood experiences and adolescent migration aspirations in Nicaragua

AbstractAdolescents' aspirations are strong predictors of their future outcomes, including later migration experiences. Adversity also shapes aspirations for and decisions about the future. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are measures of early exposure to adversity and may be associated with migration aspirations, though this relationship is understudied. Given high rates of gender‐based violence, single‐headed households and economic insecurity, Nicaragua is an important context to study this relationship. Drawing on Nicaragua Health and Stress Study data, we estimate multinomial logistic regressions to examine the association between adolescents' and mothers' ACEs and adolescent migration aspirations. We find that mothers' ACEs, but not adolescents' ACEs, are positively associated with adolescent migration aspirations. We also find that girls are more likely than boys to aspire to migrate. Results highlight how family and gender work together to shape young people's migration goals, with important implications for migration flows within and outside Central America.

Leaps of Knowledge

Chagas Disease is the main cause of heart failure in the Western Hemisphere. Initially restricted to the American continent, the people's migration to the Northern Hemisphere caused the disease to become present in the five continents. A scientific revolution occurs when an important discovery removes an obstacle to the serial production of new scientific knowledge of social interest. Such a revolution creates a paradigm accepted after experimental analysis and verification by scientists investigating the subject. An example of a leap in knowledge was the discovery of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, its invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, an agent of a new human disease recognized by Dr. Carlos Chagas at the beginning of the twentieth century. Certainly, the seminal work of Carlos Chagas inseminates enthusiasm that is essential to disturb the minds of scientists who produce leaps of knowledge about recondite aspects of Chagas disease at the University of Brasilia.

Impacts of Climate Change on Teesta River Basin Char Lands: A Study of Livelihood and Ecosystem Dynamics in Bangladesh

This study anticipates identifying how does climate change affect the livelihood and ecosystem of char land of Teesta River basin char land. Structured questionnaire and related documents were used for both primary and secondary data collection. Survey was conducted in two districts (Rangpur and Nilphamari) and four unions (Lakhitari, Topa Madhupur, Shatibari, Gulmund) of four upazilas (Gangachara, Kaunia, Dimla, Jaldhaka). A total of 50 respondents from each selected char union was selected following a multistage random sampling procedure. Thus, there was altogether 200 respondents selected for this study. Data related to age, education level, occupation, knowledge about climate change of char inhabitants and perception of char dwellers regarding climate change was measured. A total number of 93% of the respondents clearly grasp that climate change refers to changes in long-term typical weather. It was observed that ongoing climate change has 78% impact on agriculture followed by health of peoples and other animals that is 20%. In the rainy season they observed increase in lightning from sun as the highest effect of climate change that has a WAI of 1.77. Teesta river basin people perceived dry spell frequency as the second highest extent of climate change that had a WAI of 1.74 followed by timing of rain offset, uneven distribution of rainfall and timing of rain onset. According to their perception it was found that great extent of loss was found in skills of char peoples (48.35%) followed by knowledge of char peoples (44.27%). It was also observed that a third great extent of loss was found in char peoples good health (41.67%) followed by ability to work (39.06%). Out of all the respondents 166 (43.2%) observed that soil is becoming dry day by day due to climate change followed by rivers becoming dry (37.8%) (Table 8). They found that growing trees have become difficult (45.1%), due to drought underground water is decreasing (61.7%) and air became dry due to climate change, and these are small extent of loss. Char inhabitants observed that climate change impact on physical capital and great extent impact was perceived on people's migration to another place (41.4%). Teesta River basin char dwellers opined about 24 adaptation strategies to reduce the impact of climate change on livelihood and ecosystem in that area.

Effect of Socio-Economic and Demographic Characteristics on Agricultural Labourers Migration in Bidar District of Karnataka, India

The study was carried out in the Bidar district of Kalyana Karnataka where a people's migration is big. Three talukas were chosen based on the highest labour force from the district. In specific, they were Bidar, Bhalki, and Basavakalyan. In random selection, four villages from each taluka were selected. The primary data was taken via the personal interview process from a total of 240 samples randomly from every taluka for the experiment, with 80 samples. The current study was an attempt to obtain the different motives for the migration of farm labourers from the district of Bidar and to create the correct models for migration data. Tabular research was led in the sample villages of Bidar district for the specific characteristics of migrants and non-migrants. The tabular research found that about 50 percent of people from all talukas migrate from sample households. The tabular analysis exposed that 44 per cent of individual migration compared to the entire family migration and individuals belonging to the 15 – 30-year age group migrate more. Research also found that agricultural labourers in the villages are fleeing because of underemployment and unemployment. Agricultural families are not successful, so many leave with smaller land holdings for better opportunities. Also, the current study attempted to know the nature and magnitude of the association between the agricultural labourers migration in the bidar district and their socioeconomic characteristics. Results of the correlation coefficients of migration over other variables viz. land holding, family size, education, income including migrants income (IMI), and income excluding migrants income (EMI) revealed a significant relationship among land holding and migration. Along with family net income and relocation, the important relationship still occurred. Even between migration and family size.

Volume and Status of Agricultural Labourers’ Migration in Bidar District, Karnataka, India

The study was carried out in the Bidar district of Kalyana Karnataka where a people's migration is big. Three talukas were chosen based on the highest labour force from the district. In specific, they were Bidar, Bhalki, and Basavakalyan. In random selection, four villages from each taluka were selected. The primary data was taken via the personal interview process from a total of 240 samples randomly from every taluka for the experiment, with 80 samples. The gravity model results revealed that the rate of migration and volume of migration decreases as the distance to the destination increases. A logistic regression model was fitted for Bidar district migration results for three talukas viz. Basavakalyan, Bhalki and Bidar. The results displayed that with the odd ratios more than unit, per capita land holding was negatively significant, so we can interpret that lower per capita land holding caused more migration. The other features viz., family size, with unit or less than unit value for odd ratio, it was positively significant for some villages and negative for others. The positive significance displayed that the migration was more affected when the family size was high, the other factor was education, the model disclosed that educates migrate more than illiterates do due to underemployment. Income including migrants' income (IMI) had a positive influence and income excluding migrants’ income (EMI) had a negative influence on migration. This tells us that for having a high income for a family, any member of the family should migrate. Both Wilcoxon’s signed rank and t-tests displayed that for better income and lifestyle of a people they should migrate because the migrated people situation is upgraded in this study.

Spatial Migration Experience and Turnover Intention: Empirical Evidence from Japan

AbstractMigration experience has a profound impact on psychological health and well‐being, but relatively little is known about how spatial relocation affects turnover intention in the labor market. This study attempted to examine the effects of spatial migration experience on turnover intention. Using individual‐level survey data on people's migration experience and career development from Japan, we verified the central hypothesis that internal migration has positive effects on later turnover intention by employing both linear and ordered probit regressions. Further, several robustness checks were conducted in order to address endogeneity issues. We first corrected for the self‐selection bias in two ways, adding the number of companies worked for as a control variable to partly capture the individual psychological factors and estimating with the treatment effects model. Then a sub‐sample regression was used to eliminate the bias from active migration due to job change. All confirmed the positive effect of migration experience on turnover intention.

Big cities of Russia and their suburbs as centers of attraction of internal migrants

Big cities and their suburbs are the main centers of attraction for internal Russian migrants, pulling the population from peripheral territories. Based on detailed data on internal Russian migration for 2011-2020. the scale of net migration is estimated in Moscow, St. Petersburg and five groups of cities with a population of 100 thousand inhabitants or more, and their suburbs. The size of the suburbs depends on the population of the cities - the larger it is, the greater the distance the cities extend their influence and, accordingly, the greater the radius of the allocation of suburbs. The number of inhabitants of cities and their suburbs is determined on the basis of the 2010 population census data, based on the distance from the city center, near, middle and far suburbs are distinguished. It is estimated that 89.6 million people lived in major cities and their suburbs (2010). The process of population concentration continued. The migration growth of Big cities and their suburbs is comparable in size, and suburbs are significantly larger in intensity than cities. The suburbs of regional capitals and largest cities have the most intensive migration growth. The nearest suburbs of cities grow most intensively due to migration. Every year, Big cities lose 40-50 thousand people in migration with their suburbs. We are not inclined to consider this evidence of the process of suburbanization, the main role is played by the sprawl of cities and the attractiveness of living in the maximum transport accessibility to their centers. Migration in the suburbs that are formed near Moscow and St. Petersburg deserves further study.

Decision-Making, Irregular Migration, and Benefits: A Case of Chin Migrant Workers in Malaysia

Abstract: Malaysia is a primary destination country for many economic migrants from Myanmar, including those from Chin State. Their remittances are essential sources of income for their families' survival. However, the diversity of workers' migration experiences, the challenges to finding regular migration pathways, and finally, the benefits of working in Malaysia remain unclear. This study employed nongovernmental referrals and snowball sampling to explore the above research questions. Findings indicate that the primary driving factors for Chin people's migration are poverty, a decline in agricultural production due to climate change, and a lack of employment opportunities at home. In addition, in Myanmar, people in Chin State experience structural discrimination based on ethnicity, religious affiliation, military oppression, and human rights violations. Barriers to regular migration include: (1) access to broker services; (2) the high cost of a legal work permit; (3) complicated paperwork and lengthy bureaucratic procedure; (4) geographical challenges to accessing the registration center; and (5) the high cost of living in the city while waiting for application results. For many, the irregular migration journey is a huge sacrifice, though female migrants are especially vulnerable, including to sexual harassment by brokers. However, the higher wages they can earn in Malaysia sometimes enable them to repay their debts and support their family's basic needs and welfare. The findings suggest that the national and local governments must enhance the socioeconomic conditions of the Chin people to minimize the "push factors" as well as streamline the regular migration process to facilitate those who choose to migrate.

Childhood and children's migration in the era of COVID-19: A case study of Zimbabwean children/young people's migration to South Africa.

This paper draws on research with a group of Zimbabwean orphaned young people. It explores their experiences of migrating to South Africa during the COVID-19 period when official borders were closed. It draws attention to the complexities of south-south migration in the era of COVID-19 in a way that situates the orphaned child migrants as having contradictory, fluid identities that are simultaneously victimised, agentic and infinitely more complex than the dominant binary representation of adult/child.

Migration propensity of peripheral youth: insights from Italy

ABSTRACT The social and economic consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic are at risk of exacerbating the pre-existing intergenerational and interregional inequalities between and within countries, such as those between core and peripheral areas. In particular, in the latter, especially in Italy, the lack of opportunities and access to essential services may affect the current and new generations to come, while also compromising the development of the country as a whole. Against this backdrop, understanding young people's aspirations and needs is vital to produce evidence-based knowledge to inform policies promoting opportunities to stay in or return to these territories. This paper investigates young people's migration propensity, uncovering the individual characteristics and the factors explaining their propensity to leave their place or to stay and work there. Data come from a nationwide survey carried out on a representative sample of about 950 young people residing in peripheral areas of Italy, via a questionnaire designed and administered as part of the research-action project ‘Giovani Dentro’. The study provides new and timely information about the difficulties, desires and plans of young people who choose to stay in or return to these territories.

Understanding the Inequality of Center-periphery Information Flow from the Migration of Seven Youths from Bandar Lampung to Jakarta

Media in Jakarta (core) has a socio-cultural influence on Bandar Lampung (periphery). The accumulation of information production in Jakarta creates an unbalanced flow of information in the national information circuit. Mainstream media and converging media continues to create an anti-diverse flow of information. This paper finds that the media play an essential role behind migration and socio-cultural change for youth in Bandar Lampung. The migration of peripheral youth to Jakarta results from media habituation and routine in cultivating the symbol of Jakarta. For peripheral youth, Jakarta is not only a place to find opportunities, but Jakarta is a place for self-actualization, increasing social status, and prestige. While demographers place the problem of job opportunities as the main problem of people's migration in Jakarta, this paper places the accumulation of media hub and the production of information all around Jakarta as the cause of the accumulation of people migrate to Jakarta. In addition, the gap in technology and facilities in Bandar Lampung and Jakarta causes research subjects to legitimize their migration to Jakarta. This paper uses an ethnographic narrative method with data collection techniques in the form of interviews and observations.

How minor immigrants became the dominants: the case of the Kinh people migrating to the Central Highlands, Vietnam in the twentieth century

ABSTRACT By century XX, the Central Highlands was being the traditional residence of indigenous ethnic minorities. In 1858, the French colonialists established plantations of industrial crops all over the area, which ended up forming the first wave of the Kinh people's migration to the Central Highlands. In 1957, the Republic of Vietnam government created the second wave of Kinh emigration to the Central Highlands through the Land Development Program. In the period 1965–1975, the violent escalation of the Vietnam War prompted the 3rd wave of war refugees migrating to the Central Highlands. The 4th wave (1976–1989) was the result of the efforts of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to redistribute human resources throughout the country, in which a large part of the population from the plains was moved to the Central Highlands to build new economic zones. By early 1990s, with the worldwide ‘coffee boom’ and the legal recognition of private economic sector, the wave of free migration to the Central Highlands to plant coffee trees exploded - this was the 5th wave. The continuum of the above five waves of migration has completely changed the population and land ownership structure of the Central Highlands as well as brought great alterations to the socio-economic life of this region. While investigating such changes, our article seeks to provides a comprehensive explanation on the process in which the Kinh gained their dominance on the Central Highlands over the five waves of their migration to the plateau.

Examining selective migration as attitudinal fit versus gay migration

Gay migration is a popular culture notion that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people move from places that are not gay-friendly to places that are gay-friendly. Such migration may reflect person-environment fit, and it may be comparable to other types of person-environment fit that may rely on attitudes. The present research examines psychological mechanisms underlying LGB and straight people's migration in search of fit, based on sexual orientation, sexuality attitudes, and contextual cues to gay friendliness. In Study 1, we leveraged a very large, ecologically valid internet sample to examine real-world migration, and in Study 2, we experimentally manipulated gay culture to examine desire to migrate. Both studies provide evidence for person-environment fit moderated by sexual orientation: LGB people largely migrated to gay-friendly places regardless of their own sexuality attitudes, whereas straight people migrated to places that matched their sexuality attitudes. We discuss the implications of these findings for LGB people's health and well-being, demonstrating the importance of fostering gay culture as it relates to fit and belonging among LGB people.

Geographical heterogeneities and externalities in an epidemiological‐macroeconomic framework

AbstractWe analyze the implications of geographical heterogeneities and externalities on health and macroeconomic outcomes by extending a basic epidemiological‐macroeconomic model to a spatial dimension. Because of people's migration and commuting across different regions, a disease may spread also in areas far from those in which the outbreak originally occurs and thus the health status (i.e., disease prevalence) in specific regions may depend on the health status in other regions as well. We show that neglecting the existence of cross‐regional effects may lead to misleading conclusions about the long run outcome not only in single regions but also in the entire economy, suggesting that single regions need to coordinate their efforts to achieve disease eradication. We analyze such a coordination by focusing on a control problem in which the social planner determines globally the level of intervention showing that to achieve eradication it is essential to accompany traditional disease control policies (i.e., prevention and treatment) with regulations limiting people's movements. Focusing on COVID‐19 we present a calibration based on Italian data showing that, because of the infections generated by cross‐regional commuting, even vaccination may not be enough to achieve disease eradication, and limitations on people's movements need to accompany vaccination to preclude COVID‐19 from reaching an endemic state.

What Explains People's Migration Aspirations? Experimental Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

What Explains People's Migration Aspirations? Experimental Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

Why People Emigrate to Work in Elder Care?

Emigration is one of the sorest problems in Lithuania. Emigrants from Lithuania most often fill the sector of unskilled labour in the target countries, one of which is elder care. Financial factors are considered the main motivation for emigration; however, migration is a complex phenomenon and requires a more nuanced investigation. The aim of this article is to analyse subjectively identified reasons of emigration from Lithuania to work in the elder care sector and motivation in choosing a particular country. The thematic data analysis of 13 semi-structured interviews revealed that emigration is motivated by an entirety of reasons: beside financial factors other „push“ (family, health) and „pull“ (knowledge about the country, family formation) factors are important. The move also is facilitated by the chain migration factors. The importance of the economic reasons for migration is revealed in cases of financial insecurity (loss of employment, threat of company bankruptcy, financial difficulties in the parents’ family etc.). Economic considerations become significant again, when comparing the job options and working conditions available to migrants. Work in the care sector for older people is seen as relatively easy, accessible and well paid. Other “push” factors were related to an unsatisfactory life situation, including stressful employment, and unsatisfying family relationships. The desire to get to know a foreign country, the opportunity to start a family or establish oneself there can work as „pull“ factors. The decision to emigrate was supported by the chain migration factors – encouragement, help and support of previously established immigrants. In some cases, it emerged as an independent factor of migration people emigrated, invited by relatives or acquaintances from abroad even though they did not initially plan to migrate.
 With the rapidly growing share of older people in Lithuania and the underdeveloped care services, the opportunity to retain potential emigrants by creating attractive working conditions for them in Lithuania, remains untapped. Policies should aim to improve the working conditions and opportunities in the care sector in Lithuania in order to encourage Lithuanians to stay in the country. In addition, regulations to better absorb (returning) migrants should be in place, given the ongoing movement between countries.

Ethics in Forced Migration Research: Taking Stock and Potential Ways Forward

Migration research poses particular ethical challenges because of legal precarity, the criminalization and politicization of migration, and power asymmetries. This paper analyzes these challenges in relation to the ethical principles of voluntary, informed consent; protection of personal information; and minimizing harm. It shows how migration researchers — including those outside of academia — have attempted to address these ethical issues in their work, including through the recent adoption of a Code of Ethics by the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration (IASFM). However, gaps remain, particularly in relation to the intersection of procedural and relational ethics; specific ethical considerations of big data and macrocomparative analyses; localized meanings of ethics; and oversight of researchers collecting information outside of institutional ethics boards. The paper concludes with the following recommendations: Institutional Research Ethics Boards should familiarize themselves with the particular ethical challenges in migration research, as well as available resources, such as the IASFM Code of Ethics. Ethics boards should include researchers and community representatives who are familiar with migration in reviews of related projects. Academic and training programs in migration studies should include sessions and resources on migration-specific research ethics. Nonacademic organizations, including migrant-led organizations, should provide information resources and training to their staff and clients to ensure that they understand procedural ethics requirements, relational ethical principles, as well as the rights of those asked to participate in research. Organizations conducting their own research should establish ethics review processes and relational ethics norms. A leading migration studies center or institution should map existing ethical guidelines and processes in different countries and contexts to be better aware of overlap and gaps. This mapping should take the form of an open access, interactive database, so that information can be accessible and updated in real time. Researchers should engage in more dissemination of lessons learned on ethics in migration. While there is some emerging consensus on key ethical principles for migration research, it is in their application that researchers face dilemmas. Honest reflection and sharing of these experiences will help researchers to anticipate and manage similar dilemmas they encounter while undertaking research. Researchers at all stages of their careers should not undertake migration research without having first reviewed some of the literature on ethics and migration, which is partially cited in this paper. Research centers should facilitate dialogue on ethical issues in languages other than English, particularly languages most spoken by people in migration, and by people who are underrepresented in formal ethics processes and debates, especially those with direct experience of migration.

CONOCIMIENTO TRADICIONAL Y PRESERVACIÓN DE LA AGRODIVERSIDAD. LOS CASOS DE LA TRINIDAD, EN MEXICO Y KOKONUCO, EN COLOMBIA

<p><strong>Background</strong>: traditional knowledge embedded in the memory of communities and related practices gradually are disappearing. <strong>Objective</strong>: this study analyzes agents and ways of communication of traditional agroecological practices applied to agrodiversity preservation in two territories: La Trinidad, Mexico, and; Kokonuko Indigenous Reserve, Colombia. <strong>Methodology</strong>: through applying participatory methodologies and a comparative analysis of both contexts, this study was carried out. <strong>Results</strong>: knowledge and practices are communicated locally through orality and praxis at the family and community-scale; however, they are despairing. <strong>Implications</strong>: in communities studied, young people's migration threatens the preservation and daily knowledge practice. <strong>Conclusions</strong>:<strong> </strong>in both communities, women are fundamental agents in the communication of this knowledge. In Colombia, the Custodios de Semilla group promotes seed recovery, exchange, and conservation initiatives, hence the greater agrodiversity and applied practices compared to Mexico.</p>

Domestic and international migration intentions in response to environmental stress: A global cross-country analysis

AbstractIn light of increasing environmental stress and its likely implications for migration patterns, we conduct a cross-country individual-level analysis of the impact of self-reported exposure to environmental stress on people's migration intentions and their destination choice. We simultaneously model intentions to migrate domestically and internationally for 90 countries worldwide in 2010. We find that self-reported exposure to environmental stress increases the probability to intend to migrate both domestically and internationally in the coming year. In absolute terms, the largest impact is obtained for domestic migration, but controlling for the fact that this is the most common form of migration anyway, environmental stress particularly raises intraregional migration intentions. Overall, the effects on migration intentions to the different destinations are strongest in low- and middle-income countries in Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean, while in high-income countries, and in Europe particularly, environmental stress appears to spur only domestic migration intentions.