People Of Genders Research Articles

Sex: the last real binary?

The rights of transgender and intersex people have become a contentious issue in our current political climate. Whether it be the rights of intersex athletes such as Caster Semenya (who identifies as a woman) to compete in elite sport, or the rights of transgender women to use women's only spaces, there is an increasingly fierce debate as to the legitimacy of people's gender and sexual identities and what parameters should be used to define them. A common argument accepted by most in our society is that while gender may be a spectrum, sex is an inalienable binary.

Revisiting the Link: A qualitative analysis of the diverse experiences of gender dysphoria as a subset of pervasive social dysphoria co-occurring with autism in Japan.

Studies have suggested that autistic people are more likely to experience gender dysphoria, which refers to the gender-related distress emerging from personal factors and gender norms that some transgender people experience. Transgender people are diverse; some experience gender incongruence (i.e. an incompatibility between a person's gender identity and that expected of them based on their birth-assigned gender), whereas others do not. Therefore, the association of autistic transgender people's gender dysphoria with gender incongruence varies, and the literature has overlooked such diversity. Interviews with 15 Japanese autistic transgender adults revealed diverse gender dysphoria experiences independent of gender incongruence, such as resistance to the societal gender norms themselves, physical dysphoria caused by the imposition of gender, sensory disgust related to autistic sensory sensitivities, uncertainty about the gender norms of the social majority, and the autistic burden of living in a gendered society. Moreover, we found that most participants had not only accumulated distress over gender norms (i.e. gender dysphoria) but also over pervasive social norms, termed Pervasive Social Dysphoria. Our findings suggests that future co-occurrence research and practice must affirm these internal perspectives more, such as by providing support for both gender dysphoria and Pervasive Social Dysphoria, as autistic transgender people may experience gender dysphoria as a subset of Pervasive Social Dysphoria.

Predictors of Depression in Elderly According to Gender during COVID-19: Using the Data of 2020 Community Health Survey.

This study aimed to examine factors influencing depression according to gender in people during COVID-19. This study was conducted on 61,147 elderly individuals over the age of 65 who participated in the 2020 Community Health Survey (CHS). Data analysis was conducted using SAS 9.4. Elderly females had a higher perceived fear of COVID-19 than males. The common factors affecting depression in elderly individuals were age, monthly income, economic activity, stress, subjective health status, and social support. Among elderly women, changes in residential areas and daily life due to COVID-19 were identified as factors affecting depression. Therefore, during COVID-19, it was necessary to provide customized depression relief programs for the elderly, and it was necessary to find ways for them to positively perceive their health status and increase healthcare efficacy. In the future, it is necessary to pay attention to elderly women living in rural areas and make efforts to ensure that their daily lives are not interrupted by infectious diseases.

Peculiarities of young people's gender awareness in contemporary Kazakh society

Relevance. The relevance of the study in the field of youth gender awareness in the current conditions of Kazakhstan is conditioned by the fact that providing gender education and conducting gender policy is an important tool for the development of gender equality for any state in the world.Purpose. The objectives of the study include the investigation of the institution of gender awareness and its key components in the form of characteristics and features of functioning, analysis of the features of gender identity in the structure of self-concept among young people, and the study of modern approaches of the authors to the definition of gender identity.Methodology. The main methodological approaches used in the study include the theoretical methodological approach, the functional methodological approach, logical analysis, sociological analysis, deduction, etc.Results. The study revealed that there is currently ambiguity and unformed attitudes among young people regarding their distribution in marital roles; identified factors of self-concept development that serve as components of gender identity, and developed a model of gender identity in the structure of self-concept among young people; highlighted the main gender stereotypes that influence youth and may serve as a problem in their perception of gender identity.Conclusions. The gender policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in relation to the formation of teacher education on defining one's gender identity was analysed; appropriate recommendations for implementation in the gender policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan were developed to increase efficiency and avoid possible problems.

The Influence of Information Media on People's Gender Identity

Media and gender identity construction are interdependent. Media reinforce people's gender identity by perpetuating stereotypes, while also reflecting the public's demand for gender identity. This paper explores the impact of information media on people's gender cognition and the changes in gender perception under media influence. It also examines the differences between media in the past and contemporary periods, and their respective effects. For instance, before the popularization of paper information, oral language was the main medium for people. At that time, information was subject to the media, with slow transmission speed and a small influence range. In this condition, due to the superiority of the male physiological structure, there is a male-biased patriarchal gender relationship, which was first established in social production relations. The low social productivity makes the social status of men with innate physiological advantages above that of women. This fact proves that the influence of information media on people's gender cognition is huge, and society reinforces people's gender identity by emphasizing men's physical advantages. The ultimate goal of this study is to showcase the huge stereotypes created by the media in the past and the current 'improvement' situation.

Death Anxiety of Students and Teachers of High Schools in the Region of Thessaly, Greece

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the five personality factors such as religiosity, well-being and the central mechanism of self-evaluations on the overall performance in death anxiety. At the same time, other individual variables were also taken into account and formulated in order to investigate this specific issue. The relationship between the effect of personality factors to death anxiety was examined. As personality is a complex and multidimensional object, for this reason researchers attempt to create a systematic taxonomy in order to analyse it. The result of this research emerged both from the literature review that follows and from the survey that was conducted on a sample of 235 people (before adulthood students and teachers), between 17-63 years old of the region of Thessaly. The method of probability sampling and a specifically simple random sampling was used. The questionnaire was used for the needs of this quantitative research. Descriptive statistics was used in order to present the demographic data of the research and also to give the trend that arose from the answers to the research questions. Additionally, the methods of inductive statistics were focused on the question in order to rely on the findings of a sample observations. With the help of inductive statistics examination the confidence of the finding was proved. In the descriptive statistic the main characteristics of the individual variables were described. In the presented survey mainly the descriptive statistic was used in order to present the data of research participants. These results were presented schematically. Consequently, no significant differences were found between people's well-being and gender. According to research men were slightly happier than women, however, this was a negligible difference. Despite the above finding, this study significantly contributed to the promotion of the research in the specific field.

APA/APAGS Award for Distinguished Graduate Student in Professional Psychology: Sergio Domínguez Jr.

This award honors a graduate student who has demonstrated outstanding practice and application of psychology. "Sergio Domínguez Jr. is a PhD candidate in counseling psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a pre-doctoral intern in health service psychology at the University of Illinois Chicago Counseling Center. As a practitioner-scholar-advocate, their work focuses on facilitators and inhibitors to pleasure, particularly by using a racial-gender justice perspective as a vehicle toward achieving widespread freedom and liberation. Specifically, they are deeply invested in Black and Brown trans people's well-being, ethical and legal professional issues in psychology, and the transformative power of relationships in psychotherapy and in community-engaged psychological practice. Their connection to community and involvement in multilevel advocacy has enabled them to be a trusted collaborator for community-oriented individual, social, and systemic justice efforts. Sergio's dissertation involves a qualitative exploration of the ways trans people's gender euphoria defies systems of power that deprive all people from experiencing racialized gendered pleasure. After graduation, Sergio aspires to continue being a community-rooted psychological practitioner who intervenes individually, socially, and systemically to create pleasure-centric futures. While this award bears their name, this award was not earned by Sergio alone; instead, this award is shared with the many people who have done and will continue to do and support racial-gender justice advocacy." (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Ambulance use and emergency department visits among people with dementia: A cross-sectional survey.

This study aimed to explore factors associated with ambulance use and emergency department (ED) visits among people with dementia in the month before death. A web-based survey of bereaved family caregivers of people with dementia was conducted in March 2020. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted with ambulance use and ED visits in the month before death as dependent variables. Age and gender of people with dementia and their family caregivers, home care use, decision-makers, comorbidities, degree of independence in daily living, and caregivers' preparedness for death were independent variables. Data were collected from 817 caregivers of people with dementia who had died at hospitals (52.4%), long-term care facilities (25.0%), or own homes (22.4%). Caregivers' lack of preparedness for death was significantly associated with ambulance use in the month before death. Comorbidites and males with dementia were significantly associated with ED visits in the month before death. Better death preparedness of family caregivers may reduce ambulance use for symptoms that can be more effectively addressed by palliative care than acute care for people with dementia.

‘Doing things you don't wanna do’: young people's understandings of power inequalities and the implications for sexual consent

ABSTRACT Legal definitions of sexual consent emphasise ‘freedom’ as central to valid consent; however, power inequalities may complicate freedom. This paper discusses findings from a two-stage focus group study with young people (aged 13–23) in England exploring the implications of power inequalities for sexual consent. In Stage 1, 77 participants explored and ranked the types of power inequalities they felt were common within young people's sexual relationships, with age, gender and popularity being identified as the most common power inequalities. In Stage 2, 43 participants discussed power inequalities using scenarios based on the Stage 1 findings and considered their implications for sexual consent. Thematic analysis of the data produced two themes: powerless and powerful roles in consent communication and power inequalities implicitly constrain freedom to consent. Consent communication was constructed as a unidirectional process whereby those with more power initiate, and those with less, gatekeep. Such roles require deconstruction to position consent as mutual and actively negotiated by partners. Further, since power inequalities were seen to place implicit constraints on freedom to consent, we advocate for an explicit exploration of power and privilege within Relationships and Sex Education to equip young people to recognise, challenge and negotiate these constraints.

Comparing physical work exposures between men and women: findings from 65 281 workers in France

ObjectivesMusculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a leading cause of disability and sick leave among workers. Although MSDs are associated with physical exposures, there are gender differences in the prevalence and related...

Are Rural People Liberal toward Their Family and Societal Responsibilities? Evidence from Bangladesh

Gender ideology has long been a discussed issue in the field of social science, particularly gender studies. This study aims to explore the category of people's gender ideology toward their family and societal responsibilities in rural Bangladesh. Following a mixed-methods approach, this study interviewed 400 rural people (200 men and 200 women, between 18 and 50 years) and conducted two FGDs from eight cluster villages at Paba Upazila of Rajshahi District in Bangladesh. The result shows that people were liberal in the context of household chores and decisions (strongly agreed to share taking care of an infant, housekeeping/cooking, and freedom of choice in taking matrimonial decisions) but traditional and transitional in acceptance of male privilege and preferences for female privilege respectively. This study argues that patriarchal adherence is reflected in people’s gender ideology. Our study results suggest better awareness of rural people to transform their traditional gender ideology in the family and societal responsibilities in Bangladesh. These findings add new knowledge about the gender ideology of rural people and contribute as a prior field to promote liberal attitudes among both men and women in Bangladesh.

Prediction of the morbidity and mortality rates of COVID-19 in Egypt using non–extensive statistics

Non–extenstive statistics play a significant role in studying the dynamic behaviour of COVID-19 to assist epidemiological scientists to take appropriate decisions about pandemic planning. Generic non–extensive and modified–Tsallis statistics are used to analyze and predict the morbidity and mortality rates in future. The cumulative number of confirmed infection and death in Egypt at interval from 4 March 2020 till 12 April 2022 are analyzed using both non–extensive statistics. Also, the cumulative confirmed data of infection by gender, death by gender, and death by age in Egypt at interval from 4 March 2020 till 29 June 2021 are fitted using both statistics. The best fit parameters are estimated. Also, we study the dependence of the estimated fit parameters on the people gender and age. Using modified–Tsallis statistic, the predictions of the morbidity rate in female is more than the one in male while the mortality rate in male is greater than the one in female. But, within generic non-extensive statistic we notice that the gender has no effect on the rate of infections and deaths in Egypt. Then, we propose expressions for the dependence of the fitted parameters on the age. We conclude that the obtained fit parameters depend mostly on the age and on the type of the statistical approach applied and the mortality risk increased with people aged above 45 years. We predict - using modified–Tsallis - that the rate of infection and death in Egypt will begin to decrease till stopping during the first quarter of 2025.

Resilience patterns of human mobility in response to extreme urban floods.

Large-scale disasters can disproportionately impact different population groups, causing prominent disparity and inequality, especially for the vulnerable and marginalized. Here, we investigate the resilience of human mobility under the disturbance of the unprecedented '720' Zhengzhou flood in China in 2021 using records of 1.32 billion mobile phone signaling generated by 4.35 million people. We find that although pluvial floods can trigger mobility reductions, the overall structural dynamics of mobility networks remain relatively stable. We also find that the low levels of mobility resilience in female, adolescent and older adult groups are mainly due to their insufficient capabilities to maintain business-as-usual travel frequency during the flood. Most importantly, we reveal three types of counter-intuitive, yet widely existing, resilience patterns of human mobility (namely, 'reverse bathtub', 'ever-increasing' and 'ever-decreasing' patterns), and demonstrate a universal mechanism of disaster-avoidance response by further corroborating that those abnormal resilience patterns are not associated with people's gender or age. In view of the common association between travel behaviors and travelers' socio-demographic characteristics, our findings provide a caveat for scholars when disclosing disparities in human travel behaviors during flood-induced emergencies.

Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap tingkat kemiskinan dengan pengangguran sebagai mediasi di Probolinggo

The problem of poverty is experienced by various countries in the world, both developed countries and developing countries. Poverty is defined as a problem where people are unable to fulfill their needs. Indonesia is a country that has been experiencing poverty problems for a long time. The problem of poverty is influenced by various factors, such as people's income, unemployment, education, location, geography, gender, and environmental location. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of economic growth on the level of poverty using the unemployment rate as a mediator in the city and district of Probolinggo. This study uses secondary data from BPS Kota and Probolinggo Regency with the variables of poverty, economic growth, and unemployment in 2014–2021 using the Sobel Test method, which utilizes SPSS version 16. The results of this study indicate that economic growth has no significant effect on the poverty rate. The unemployment rate has no significant effect on the poverty rate. And based on Sobel's analysis, it is known that the unemployment rate does not mediate the effect of economic growth on the poverty rate.

Gendered Actions with a Genderless Robot: Gender Attribution to Humanoid Robots in Action.

The present study aims to investigate how gender stereotypes affect people's gender attribution to social robots. To this end, we examined whether a robot can be assigned a gender depending on a performed action. The study consists of 3 stages. In the first stage, we determined masculine and feminine actions by a survey conducted with 54 participants. In the second stage, we selected a gender-neutral robot by having 76 participants rate several robot stimuli in the masculine-feminine spectrum. In the third stage, we created short animation videos in which the gender-neutral robot determined in stage two performed the masculine and feminine actions determined in stage one. We then asked 102 participants to evaluate the robot in the videos in the masculine-feminine spectrum. We asked them to rate the videos according to their own view (self-view) and how they thought society would evaluate them (society-view). We also used the Socialization of Gender Norms Scale (SGNS) to identify individual differences in gender attribution to social robots. We found the main effect of action category (feminine vs. masculine) on both self-view reports and society-view reports suggesting that a neutral robot was reported to be feminine if it performed feminine actions and masculine if it performed masculine actions. However, society-view reports were more pronounced than the self-view reports: when the neutral robot performed masculine actions, it was found to be more masculine in the society-view reports than the self-view reports; and when it performs feminine actions, it was found to be more feminine in the society-view reports than the self-view reports. In addition, the SGNS predicted the society-view reports (for feminine actions) but not the self-view reports. In sum, our study suggests that people can attribute gender to social robots depending on the task they perform.

Journal of Scientific Temper

Background: Climate change has emerged as the most pressing concern for humankind, given the rapidly depleting natural resources and burgeoning issues of pollution and waste posing grave threat to the planet’s survival. News media bear the onus of not only reporting on climate change to spread awareness, but they’re in fact educators for a large part of the population. Photographs embedded in news stories have a profound effect on the audiences in that they immediately reduce the distance between the readers and ground zero.Objective: The present study has been designed to conduct a visual content analysis of photographs incorporated in climate change news stories in mainstream online newspapers in India. Online newspapers have been incorporated owing to the growing propensity of a large populace to receive their news through digital devices like smartphones, laptops and tablets. SIt would help in examining the climate change imagery being employed by the online newspapers, which goes a long way in shaping readers’ perceptions about the burning issue.Methodology: The newspapers chosen are the online editions of The Hindu, The Hindustan Times, and The Times of India, keeping in view their wide reach and popularity. The newspapers are scanned for climate change stories over a period of two months (December 2020 and January 2021) with the accompanying photograph each the news story as the unit of analysis. The stories with key words ‘climate’, ‘climate change’ or ‘global warming’ in the headline or lead paragraph were selected for data collection.The corpus of images thus obtained is quantified and analyzed to ascertain the depiction of gender in terms of activity. Further, the data is scrutinized from several perspectives, ranging from analysing gender representation in the stories from various sources (internal staff, or national/international news agencies) to the spectrum of topics covered.Implications: The study follows a unique approach as it inspects gender portrayal along several dimensions not undertaken hitherto by any other study. It would be pertinent to understand the visual representation of gender in people’s daily dose of online news, which has strong agenda-setting influences on the society.

Equal Access to American Higher Education: Reality or Fiction?

American democratic values and ideals affirm that all people have the same chance of success regardless of race, ethnicity, or gender. The equal opportunities that all students must have do not apply to all educational institutions in this country. Leadership theory, instructional as well as evaluative practices have had and still have a great impact on this inequality. In this regard, educational leaders need to put a brake on the policy they are enforcing to balance resources and provide everything needed for an education tailored to all social classes. Higher education should be the means of educating a multicultural society where neither color, race, origin, nor the gender of people comes first. Educational equity must be present in each of the institutions to offer the educated equal opportunities to seek universal social justice.

The transmission of gender stereotypes through televised patterns of nonverbal bias.

One tacit assumption in social psychology is that people learn gender stereotypes from their environments. Yet, little research has examined how such learning might occur: What are the features of social environments that shape people's gender stereotypes? We propose that nonverbal patterns communicate intersubjective gender norms (i.e., what behaviors people value in women and girls vs. men and boys). Furthermore, we propose that children develop intersubjective gender norms in part because they are commonly and consistently exposed to these nonverbal patterns. Across three studies, we tested the hypotheses that (a) children are frequently exposed to a nonverbal pattern of gender-role bias in which people respond more positively to gender-stereotypical than counterstereotypical girls and boys and (b) emotionally perceptive girls extract meaning from this pattern about what behaviors others value in girls (traditionally feminine behavior) and boys (traditionally masculine behavior). Study 1 indicated that characters across 12 popular U.S. children's TV programs exhibited a small, but consistent nonverbal bias favoring gender-stereotypical TV characters. In Study 2, girls (N = 68; 6-10 years) felt more pressure to be feminine after viewing TV clips that included traditional nonverbal bias than after viewing clips that reversed this bias. As predicted, these results held only to the extent that children could accurately decode nonverbal emotion (i.e., were emotionally perceptive). Study 3 replicated these results (N = 91; 6-11 years). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The comparative analysis of Gibson girls of 20th century and contemporary females

There is a complex relationship between fashion and dress to identity. It's worth noting that given twining, cloths can be a portrayal of one's identity because they tell people something about class, gender, status, and so on. Also, the author asserts that cloths can lead to misinterpretation because they are not able to speak (Entwistle, 2000: 112). It is because of this argument that copious theories have emerged in an attempt to explain the relations. Entwistle, in her book, highlights the centrality of dressing to people's identities, gender, and sexuality (2000, p.40). These sentiments are also held by Stroope, Walker, and Franzen (2017, 85), who posit that the portrayal of identity has led to theories such as feminism. Therefore, feminism has existed in all aspects of life since it came into being in early 1910. These concepts are also used in various ways in the fashion industry making it significant in contemporary times. Feminist theory mainly accentuates the analysis of gender inequality. Therefore, it aims to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of gender. In her book, Butler believes that gender is used sometimes as a way to secure heterosexuality (2006, 5). Therefore, according to Griffin (2015, p.196), feminism wanted to transform the entire realms of the lives of women: social, political, cultural, personal, and economical. Consequently, Zinn and Dill (2016, 76) assert that feminists meant to remove all psychological and structural obstacles to the financial independence of women. The reason is that most of them believed that gender was produced and considered though sexual hierarchy as outline by (Butler, 2006, 5). Some of the themes explored in these theories entail objectification, contemporary discrimination, and art history. Indeed, feminists combined lots of reasons that became related to a New Woman. Some crusaded for woman voice, others fought for labor and socialism, whereas others still called for birth control and ‘free love.’ As a result, Butler (2006, 7), in her book, she continues to point out that feminist views attempt to eliminate and overthrow gender, because it is a typical signal of women. The feminism resurgence in the recent past has been integral in the evolution of the modern fashion industry. It is a relief that females are no longer anticipated to fit into a particular mold for them to be perceived as beautiful. The stereotypical thinking, as well as the labeling of females as sexual objects, often have negatively impacted how several women dress Entwistle (2000, p.40). As denoted by Fraser (2017, 167), this is something that most women seem to be reluctant to dress because of the fear that they might be perceived as sexually provocative. Seabrook, Ward, and Giaccardi (2019, 556) also echoed this sentiment but went further to posit that fortunately for feminists, especially those in the fashion industry, feminism has led to the promotion of females as sexual beings rather than sexual objects. Many people are happy that the industry is catching up, though centuries later.

Feminism without “gender identity”

Talk of gender identity is at the core of heated current philosophical and political debates. Yet, it is unclear what it means to have one. I examine several ways of understanding this concept in light of core aims of trans writers and activists. Most importantly, the concept should make good trans people's understanding of their own gender identities and help understand why misgendering is a serious harm and why it is permissible to require information about people's gender identities in public life. I conclude that none of the available accounts meets these essential criteria, on the assumption that the gender norms of femininity and masculinity are unjustified. But we can, and should, pursue the feminist project without “gender identity”. Such feminism can include trans people because it is possible to account for the specific harm of misgendering without assuming a claim to the recognition of our gender identities. I conclude that we should eliminate the concept of “gender identity.” To understand the phenomena that are putatively captured by “gender identity,” we are better off employing other concepts, such as “sexual dysphoria,” (assigned or aspirational) “gender roles,” and (internalised or endorsed) “gender norms”. These concepts can usefully replace “gender identity” in an individual evaluation of each of the trans people's claims to inclusion into particular spaces.