People's Democratic Republic Research Articles

Lao People's Democratic Republic

Lao People's Democratic Republic

VẬN DỤNG PHƯƠNG PHÁP DẠY HỌC KHÁM PHÁ TRONG DẠY HỌC PHƯƠNG TRÌNH LƯỢNG GIÁC Ở NƯỚC CỘNG HÒA DÂN CHỦ NHÂN DÂN LÀO

According to educational researchers, effective learning is not only just sitting in classes spectating other activities, and memorizing available imparted knowledge, but learners also should participate in the discovery process of new knowledge guided by instructors. It is necessary to apply the discovery learning method to teaching the subjects in general and teaching Mathematics in particular in the direction of developing the competencies and qualities for students. This paper focuses on researching the concept of the discovery learning method and its characteristics. Based on researching the Mathematics curriculum and practical teaching in The Lao People's Democratic Republic, this paper proposes applying the discovery learning method to teaching trigonometric equations at high schools in the Lao People's Democratic Republic.

200 - Developing Capacities in Nuclear Medicine in Lao People's Democratic Republic

200 - Developing Capacities in Nuclear Medicine in Lao People's Democratic Republic

Elimination of schistosomiasis mekongi in reach for Lao PDR: The last patient with severe disease?

Schistosomiasis mekongi is endemic in a restricted area in Northern Cambodia and the Southern Lao People's Democratic Republic. Severe hepatobiliary morbidity is associated with chronic untreated S. mekongi infection. Since the 1980s extensive control efforts have been employed in endemic areas, resulting in substantial reduction of infection rates and disease burden. We report on a patient with a fatal course of clinically-assessed chronic schistosomiasis. This report underscores that patients with severe chronic Mekong schistosomiasis may still exist and may need treatment support.

The Geo‐Socio‐Personal Model: Mapping Complex Information Ecosystems for Research‐related Information Behaviors

ABSTRACTCreating international collaborative teams is common to address complex research problems in low‐income countries. Teams involve experts from low‐ and high‐income countries who must share information and communicate across interpersonal, organizational, and national contingencies and geographic and temporal borders. Effective information sharing between people and across institutions requires nuanced understandings of various information ecosystems, including the relationships between attitudes, values, and behaviors of individuals and organizations. This paper reports on an evidence‐based model developed from a qualitative study of research teams operating in two countries (Lao People's Democratic Republic and Australia), using constructivist grounded theory methodology. The resulting Geo‐Socio‐Personal (GSP) Model for Complex Information Ecosystems reflects multicultural relationships at four levels: geo‐structural, geo‐social, organizational, and inter−/intra‐personal. The model examines contingencies affecting information behaviors across all four levels, including interpersonal, organizational, and international relations, and the economic, political, and structural levels that posit these relations.

Trends and Distribution of Life Expectancy and Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy - Asia-Pacific Region, 1990-2021.

The Asia-Pacific region is the most populous and diverse globally, encompassing nations with both the longest and shortest life expectancies (LE). However, less is known about the health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) situation in this region. This study found diversity in the levels and trends of HALE among countries in the Asia-Pacific region, with HALE in 2021 ranging from 49.87 years in Afghanistan to 74.96 years in Singapore. The largest HALE increase from 1990 to 2021 was observed in the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the smallest in Fiji. HALE continually increased as SDI increased, but different patterns of HALE across countries varied by SDI level. The diversity among these countries provides a prerequisite and scientific basis for promoting the achievement of health goals in the Asia-Pacific region through multilateral and bilateral cooperation.

Study on Factors Affecting Performance in the Construction Business of Contractors in the Pakse Municipality, Champasack Province, Lao PDR Case study: Building construction business

The purpose of this research is to examine the key factors that affect the construction business of the construction companies in the Pakse Municipality, Champasack Province of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, which include the business model and operations of the construction company, as well as the analyze of various factors that affect the success of the business. Additionally, the research investigates the causes and methods for preventing or resolving such issues, considering the project's two critical aspects. The data were obtained from 53 construction company utilizing questionnaires. The data was further statistically examined to determine the factors' relative relevance and test the hypothesis. Research results showed 12 major problems: 1) project owner does not pay the agreed-upon construction costs; 2) lack of pre-employment financial assessment; 3) lack of personnel planning; 4) lack of motivation to work; 5) inflation and country's economic insolvency; 6) registered capital and performance of the company; 7) overproduction and overpricing; 8) lack of mechanical planning; 9) lack of planning and control of material use; 10) competitors who are companies from other provinces or abroad; 11) shortage of subcontractors and skilled labor; 12) encouragement-promotion and knowledge of modern construction techniques from the government. Altogether, the two fundamental factors indicated that the most significant issue is within the project, specifically the finances and building budget, with an average mean score of 4.18, which is 100%. As for personnel and staff, the average mean score of 4.14 covers 100%. In terms of sourcing, the average mean score of 3.85, accounting for 83.33%; for tools and construction machinery, the average mean score of 3.78, representing 83.33%. Considering building materials, the average mean score of 3.74, forming 71.42%, and in terms of environment and regulations, the average mean score of 3.74, equivalent to 60 percent of the problems with an average mean score greater than 3.5. The hypothesis testing showed that the value is less than the value. In summary, factors that affect the operation of construction contractor businesses do not depend on whether the contractor is profitable or at a loss/equity, or the importance of the factors does not depend on performance.

Genomic epidemiology demonstrates spatially clustered, local transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in forest-going populations in southern Lao PDR.

While there has been significant progress in controlling falciparum malaria in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), sporadic cases persist in southern provinces where the extent and patterns of transmission remain largely unknown. To assess parasite transmission in this area, 53 Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) positive cases detected through active test and treat campaigns from December 2017 to November 2018 were sequenced, targeting 204 highly polymorphic amplicons. Two R packages, MOIRE and Dcifer, were applied to assess the multiplicity of infections (MOI), effective MOI (eMOI), within-host parasite relatedness, and between-host parasite relatedness ([Formula: see text]). Genomic data were integrated with survey data to characterize the temporal and spatial structures of identified clusters. The positive cases were mainly captured during the focal test and treat campaign conducted in 2018, and in the Pathoomphone area, which had the highest test positivity and forest activity. About 30% of the cases were polyclonal infections, with over half of theses (63%) showing within-host relatedness greater than 0.6, suggesting that cotransmission rather than superinfection was primarily responsible for maintaining polyclonality. A large majority of cases (81%) were infected by parasites genetically linked to one or more other cases. We identified five genetically distinct clusters in forest fringe villages within the Pathoomphone district, characterized by a high degree of genetic relatedness between parasites (mean [Formula: see text] = 0.8). Four smaller clusters of 2-3 cases linked Moonlapamok and Pathoomphone districts, with an average [Formula: see text] of 0.6, suggesting cross-district transmission. Most of the clustered cases occurred within 20 km and 2 months of each other, consistent with focal transmission. Transmission clusters identified in this study confirm the role of ongoing focal parasite transmission occurring within the forest or forest-fringe in the highly mobile population.

Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Southeast Asia: The Role of Geographical Indications

The Southeast Asian economies have been highly proactive in developing Geographical Indicators (GIs) within their jurisdictions. For instance, Thailand developed its “One Tambon One Product” (OTOP) project to support community co-operatives in tambons (sub-districts) and villages throughout Thailand. The aim was to increase village incomes and preserve local wisdom. This followed Japan's One Village One Product (OVOP) program. This was followed by its “One Province, One GI” to encourage each of its 76 provinces and Bangkok to develop at least one GI product. The aim was to increase village incomes and preserve local wisdom. Subsequently, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR) established its One District One Product (ODOP) program. In addition, local communities throughout most of the eleven Southeast Asian Nations, often with the support of external development agencies, have protected their products using GIs or Trademark legislation. The number of domestic GIs registered within the eleven Southeast Asian nations as of April 2024 was Cambodia with seven, Indonesia with 127, Lao PDR with six, Malaysia with 79, Thailand with 194, and Vietnam with 94. These cover both agricultural and non-agricultural products, with the majority in each jurisdiction being the agricultural sector. This paper outlines the legislative framework of GI protection of products from the above jurisdictions and how the legislation has provided a framework for local entrepreneurs and communities to develop and protect local products, thus improving the quality of life of those local communities, whether as producers or providers of labour. Cambodia and Lao PDR have also followed a different path to registering GIs as they are parties to the World Intellectual Property Organisation’s Geneva Act, which provides a one-stop shop for registering GIs. Products protected by the relevant legislation include agricultural products, products derived from agricultural products, cooked food, handicrafts, and woven cloth, including associated designs and pottery methods and designs. Three examples are provided in detail: Kampot Pepper – Producers return to ancestral lands after 40 years of civil war and unrest; Bolaven Coffee – International development agencies support small landholders to form a co-operative to support the development of their community; and Mak Mao Berry Juice – One man’s 30-year passion to commercialise a local product.

Developing the Health Self-Reliance Potential of Lao Women in the Lao People's Democratic Republic

The present study aims to investigate the level of health self-reliance among Lao women in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) and to enhance their potential for health self-reliance by means of research and development. A variety of qualitative techniques were employed, such as brainstorming, focus groups, in-depth interviews, and observation. The target groups include experts from the Ministry of Public Health, leaders of Lao women, representatives of Lao women in Vientiane Capital, academics with relevant experience in Lao Women's Federation agencies, and representatives of the agency in charge of the project on promoting Laos mothers. It was found that: 1) Lao women in the Lao PDR have normal health and self-reliance; they avoid smoking, eat fermented foods and seasonal fruits and vegetables, and occasionally engage in aerobic and running exercise. Regarding reliance on one's health in the event of illness, research is being done to better understand different ailments. 2) The outcomes of transforming health behaviors and planning seven activities to enhance the health self-reliance potential of Lao women in the Lao PDR.

Examining the Acceptability of Helminth Education Packages "Magic Glasses Lower Mekong" and "Magic Glasses Opisthorchiasis" and Their Impact on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Schoolchildren in the Lower Mekong Basin: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

Helminths are a major global health issue, impacting health, educational, and socioeconomic outcomes. Infections, often starting in childhood, are linked to anemia, malnutrition, cognitive deficit, and in chronic cases of Opisthorchis viverrini (OV), cholangiocarcinoma. The main control strategy for helminth infection is mass drug administration; however, this does not prevent reinfection. As such, prevention strategies are needed. The "Magic Glasses" is a school-based cartoon health education package that has demonstrated success in improving knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surrounding soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in China and the Philippines. This study is designed to assess the acceptability and impact of the 2 new versions of the Magic Glasses targeting STH and OV designed for the Lower Mekong audience in Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), and Thailand. The objective of this study is to evaluate the acceptability of the "Magic Glasses Lower Mekong" and "Magic Glasses Opisthorchiasis" education packages among schoolchildren in the Lower Mekong Basin, and the impact of these education packages on students' KAP surrounding STH and OV, respectively. Schoolchildren will be recruited into a cluster randomized controlled trial with intervention and control arms in rural schools in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Thailand. Schoolchildren's initial acceptability of the intervention will be evaluated using an adapted questionnaire. Sustained acceptability will be assessed at 9-month follow-up through focus group discussions with students and interviews with teachers. Impact will be evaluated by KAP questionnaires on STH and OV. KAP questionnaires will be administered to children at baseline and at follow-up. Indirect impact on parents' KAP of OV and STH will be assessed through focus group discussions at follow-up. The trial is in progress in Lao PDR and Thailand and is expected to commence in Cambodia in January 2024. The results of the study are expected to be available 18 months from the start of recruitment. We hypothesize that participants enrolled in the intervention arm of the study will have higher KAP scores for STH and OV, compared with the participants in the control arm at follow-up. We expect that students will have initial and sustained acceptability of these intervention packages. This trial will examine the acceptability of the "Magic Glasses Opisthorchiasis" and "Magic Glasses Lower Mekong" interventions and provide evidence on the effectiveness of the "Magic Glasses" on KAP related to OV and STH among schoolchildren in the Lower Mekong Basin. Study results will provide insight on acceptability and impact indicators and inform a scaling up protocol for the "Magic Glasses" education packages in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Thailand. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12623000271606; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=385315&isReview=true. DERR1-10.2196/55290.

Уголовная ответственность юридических лиц за нарушения в сфере оборота наркотиков в Алжирской Народной Демократической Республике

Purpose: study the regulation in the sphere of drug trafficking control based on judicial practice and doctrinal provisions and to identify the peculiarities of criminal liability of legal entities for drug offenses in the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria. Research methods: the study is based on content analysis of documents, special-legal methods (interpretation and formal-legal method), methods of juris linguistics and consider comparative in nature. Conclusions: regulation in the sphere of drug trafficking control is complex. A number of laws contain blanket and reference norms. Comparing the Algerian and other Arab legislation reveals common features and distinctions related to the criminal liability of legal entities the approach to the definition and terms is similar; the list of drug offenses for which juridical persons can be prosecuted is exhausted, but it can be expanded, taking into account the firmly established case law broader interprets the applicable legislation. The term of such punishment as temporary closure is more lenient in comparison with that provided for by the criminal law, unlike the fines, which are multiples of either the amount of fines provided for individuals or the value of confiscated goods. The author has highlighted procedural peculiarities of bringing legal entities to criminal liability, as well as jurisdictional principles. Scientific and practical significance: with the regard to the specific combination of religious and secular principles in the Arab legislation and linguistic specifics, the research contributes to filling the gaps in understanding modern anti-drug legislation of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, as well as the issues of corporate criminal liability. The results of the study can be taken into consideration in the developing Russian legal framework of criminal liability of legal entities and used in the context of further studies of Algerian law and interaction with the country.

Comprehensive evaluation of malaria reactive surveillance and response strategies in Lao People’s Democratic Republic: a mixed-methods study

ObjectivesTo achieve malaria elimination by 2030, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR) adopted a reactive surveillance and response (RASR) strategy of malaria case notification within 1 day, case investigation and...

Study of the population genetic structure of Opisthorchis-like eggs in northern Thailand using mitochondrial genes.

Opisthorchis-like eggs are a public health problem in northern and northeastern Thailand. However, the genetic epidemiology and structure of these parasites in northern Thailand are unknown. Thus, this study investigated their population genetic structure using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) nucleotide sequences. A study was conducted in the hill tribe regions of Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. Internal transcribed spacer 2 polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism were used to distinguish 205 positive feces samples for Opisthorchis-like eggs. The results showed that the prevalence of O. viverrini and Haplorchis taichui was 10.5% and 38.2%, respectively, and the co-infection rate was 37.2%. To determine the genetic structure of O. viverrini and H. taichui using cox1 and nad1 genes, genetic analysis was performed using 30 randomly chosen fecal samples for Opisthorchis-like eggs. Pairwise FST analysis indicated that O. viverrini and H. taichui displayed nonsignificant genetic differentiation within Chiang Mai Province and between interpopulations from different geographic areas. Moreover, within the intrapopulation in Chiang Mai Province,cox1 presented higher gene flow than nad1 in O. viverrini, while nad1 demonstrated higher gene flow than cox1 in H. taichui. The neutrality tests based on Fu's Fs indicated population expansion and selective sweep from bottleneck or hitchhiking in O. viverrini and H. taichui populations, supported by haplotype network patterns. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on cox1 and nad1 revealed the monophyly of O. viverrini and H. taichui and genetic relationships with other isolates collected from Thailand, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), and Vietnam. This study investigated the molecular discrimination and genetic structure of Opisthorchis-like eggs in northern Thailand. The genetic information derived from this study could be associated with the background, molecular epidemiology, and disease severity of these parasites.

Integrated Eco-Health approach significantly reduces helminth infections in endemic Khong islands with emphasis on Schistosoma mekongi

BackgroundHelminth infections, including Opisthorchis viverrini, hookworm, and Trichuris trichiura, are prevalent in Khong district, Champasack province, southern Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR). Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mekongi is of public health concern on the islands of the Khong district. This study aimed to assess the impact of an Eco-Health/One-Health approach in combination with mass drug administration (MDA) to reduce these helminth infections.MethodsWe conducted a community intervention using a stepped-wedge trial approach on two endemic islands (Donsom and Donkhone) of the Khong district, Champasack province, Lao PDR, between April 2012 and March 2013. In each study village, 30–40 households were randomly selected. All members of selected households, who were at home during the study period were invited to participate in the study. A baseline study was conducted to assess helminth infections, knowledge attitudes and practices toward Schistosoma mekongi infection, behavior of open defecation and availability of latrine at home. After the baseline (T0), the Eco-Health/One-Health approach was implemented on Donsom (intervention) and Donkhone island (control). An assessment was conducted in 2014 (T1), one year after the completion of intervention implementation, to assess the short-term impact of the Eco-Health/One-Health approach on helminth infections and compare intervention and control islands. Later in 2015, the Eco-Health/One-Health approach was implemented on control island (Donkhone). After the implementation of intervention, the parasitological assessments were conducted annually in humans in 2015 (T2), in 2016 (T3) and in 2017 (T4), and in dogs in 2017 (T4) to evaluate the long-term impact of the intervention on helminth infections. Frequency was used to describe the prevalence of helminth infections. Logistic regression was applied to associate the KAP (knowledge, attitudes, and practices and open defecation behavior) and the reduction of helminth infections between intervention and control islands. The reduction in prevalence pre- and post-intervention was associated using a McNemar test. A two-independent sample t-test was applied to compare the mean eggs per gram (EPG) of helminth infections between control and intervention islands. A paired t-test test was used to compare the mean EPG of stool samples before (baseline) and after (follow-up) interventions for the two islands separately. A P-value lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsEco-Health/One-Health approach appears to be associated with reduction in prevalence of S. mekongi by 9.0% [odds ratio (OR) = 0.49, P = 0.003] compared to the use of mass drug administration alone (control island). Additionally, this intervention package significantly reduced O. viverrini infection by 20.3% (OR = 1.92, P < 0.001) and hookworm by 17.9% (OR = 0.71, P = 0.045), respectively. Annual parasitological assessments between 2012 and 2017 showed that the Eco-Health/One-Health approach, coupled with MDA, steadily reduced the prevalence of S. mekongi on the intervention island from 29.1% to 1.8% and on the control island from 28.4% to 3.1%, respectively.ConclusionsThe study findings suggest that the Eco-Health/One-Health approach appears to be associated with a significant reduction in prevalence of S. mekongi and helminth co-infections, particularly hookworm and T. trichiura. Therefore, implementing the Eco-Health/One-Health approach in schistosomiasis-endemic areas could accelerate the achievement of national goals for transmission interruption by 2025 and elimination by 2030.

Abortion in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Ministerial Approvals in 2021 clearly articulated for the first time the wide range of circumstances under which abortion in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR) is legal. These approvals likely reflect norms around abortion existent since the establishment of the Lao PDR in 1975: unregulated abortion is and remains illegal, but abortion that meets certain criteria is and has always been legal in Lao PDR. The legal status of abortion was fuzzy in practice until 2021, likely due to cultural factors. Buddhist conceptions of life and morality contribute to a widespread sense that abortion is fundamentally wrong and ought to be illegal. Laos’ political culture strongly values solidarity, meaning prolonged public discussion of potentially divisive topics is rare. As a result, abortion is often misunderstood in international research. For instance, Laos regularly appears on lists of the few countries where abortion is completely banned. Abortion is also not a politically charged topic in Lao PDR. Women’s experiences of accessing abortion are not rooted in a rights-based discourse. Instead, abortion is a possible (and legal) path in Laos, but one that entails considerable anguish and concern about its moral and ethical consequences.

Evaluating the Changes in Vietnam’s Influence on Laos’ Diplomatic Attitude Towards China Under BRI Using GDELT

This article evaluates the extent to which Laos’ diplomatic preferences towards China have been influenced by Vietnam's attitudes towards China over the ten years (2014-2023) since the Belt and Road Initiative (hereafter BRI) was implemented. As a small state in the Southeast Asian region, the Lao People's Democratic Republic’s (hereafter Laos) diplomatic choices are influenced by both extra-regional powers and sub-regional power structures. Vietnam, as a sub-regional power, has successfully influenced Laos’ diplomatic policy towards China several times in the past. China’s BRI provides Laos with more flexibility in its diplomatic choices between China and Vietnam. This paper tests the above hypotheses based on the GDELT database. It is assessed that since the BRI was proposed, the Laos’ diplomatic attitude towards China has maintained a rising trend in a spiral. Laos has gradually become more independent in its diplomatic choices, while Vietnam’s influence over it has weakened modestly. Therefore, it can be considered that Vietnam’s attitude towards China does not currently pose a sufficient threat to Laos’ diplomatic attitude towards China.

Fast Finance and the Political Economy of Catastrophic Dam Collapse in Lao PDR: The Case of Xe Pian-Xe Namnoy

In the dark of a July night in 2018, a 5-billion-cubic-metre torrent of muddy water crashed through rooftops and ripped through the downstream villages of southeast Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). An auxiliary "saddle" dam had collapsed in the US$1.02 billion Xe Pian-Xe Namnoy (XPXN) Hydropower Project that was still under construction and had just reached financial contractual close five years prior, in 2013. In the aftermath of the collapse, official state narratives pointed to extreme weather conditions and "unforeseen" construction and engineering miscalculations, viewing soil conditions as the primary culprit. This paper examines the financial dimensions of dam failure and introduces the term "fast finance": financier-driven timelines that have drastically expedited and shortened the legal, social, and pre-construction processes involved in hydropower dam projects to the detriment of dam safety, due diligence, and local participatory input. Extreme weather and anthropogenic climate change are not sole explanatory factors in the XPXN dam disaster. This paper highlights the also significant role of financial and political interests as contributing factors in dam safety and failure alongside extreme weather. The paper challenges conventional "natural disaster" framing of dam collapse by bringing into focus ex-ante political decision-making, financial engineering, and construction planning prior to dam construction to highlight the ways in which the XPXN catastrophe also had anthropogenic and "unnatural" contributing factors. Fast finance encompasses the role of temporality and the responsibility of state-business actors in ex-ante financial and infrastructure decisions that conclude with catastrophic outcomes. The article examines the re-engineering of contemporary dam finance through a case study of Lao PDR and argues that issues of financial engineering should be examined alongside other forms of civil, mechanical, structural, and hydrological engineering in the analysis of dam disasters. The temporal logics of financial actors—particularly the financialized logic of fast finance—has displaced the public-good-producing logic of patient capital. Financial logics shape and condition other forms of engineering and construction and are central to considerations of dam safety and accountability. Naturalizing discourses around extreme weather and aging dams deflect from the financial decisions and policy action, or inaction, of state-business actors to prevent dam collapse.

Discrimination and violence against women migrant workers in Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed-methods study.

Women migrant workers are vulnerable to discrimination and violence, which are significant public health problems. These situations may have been intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate discrimination against women migrant workers in Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic and its intersection with their experiences of violence and associated factors. A mixed-methods study design was employed to collect data from 572 women migrant workers from Myanmar, Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Cambodia. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 494 participants using a structured questionnaire for quantitative data, whereas qualitative data was collected through 24 in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 54 migrant women. Simple and multiple logistic regression and content analysis were employed. This study found that about one in five women migrant workers experienced discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among those who experienced discrimination, 63.2% had experienced intimate partner violence and 76.4% had experienced non-intimate partner violence in their lifetime. The multivariable analysis revealed that women migrant workers who had experienced any violence (AOR = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.49, 5.12), lost their jobs or income during the pandemic (AOR = 3.99, 95% CI = 2.09, 7.62), and were from Myanmar (AOR = 4.68, 95% CI = 1.79, 12.21) were more likely to have experienced discrimination. The results suggest that the intersection of discrimination and violence against women migrant workers in Thailand demands special interest to understand and address the problem. It is recommended that policymakers provide interventions and programs that are inclusive and responsive to the unique needs of women migrants depending on their country of origin and job profile.

Health system inequities in Lao People's Democratic Republic: Evidence from a nationally representative phone survey.

Despite substantial economic growth in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) over the past 20 years, high levels of income inequality and poverty persist and have likely been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we use novel survey data to assess the extent to which socioeconomic status is associated with access to quality care in Lao PDR. We utilised data from the Lao People's Voice Survey (PVS), which was designed to measure health system performance from the perspective of the population. The survey was conducted between May and August 2022. Primary outcomes of interest were having a usual source of healthcare, using a government health centre (rather than a hospital or private clinic) as the usual source for care, receiving preventive health services, experiencing unmet healthcare needs, the quality of recent healthcare visit, and confidence in accessing and affording healthcare when needed. Poverty was measured using household asset ownership. We used logit models to assess the associations between poverty and health system performance measures, and additionally assessed differences between these associations in urban vs. rural areas by interacting urban residence with poverty. Poverty was negatively associated with having a regular provider for care (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.45, 95% CI 0.26-0.78), receiving preventive health services (aOR 0.54, 95% CI 0.37-0.80), and confidence in the ability to receive care (aOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.34-0.72) and afford care (aOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.34-0.73) when needed. Poverty was positively associated with using government managed health centres as a usual source or for care (aOR 2.16, 95% CI 1.35-3.48). Poverty was not significantly associated with user experience or perceived quality of care in the last visit to the health facility. No differences in the associations between poverty and access to quality care were found between rural and urban settings. The results presented in this article suggest socioeconomic disparities in health care access in Lao PDR despite major national efforts to provide universal access to care. Universal health care policies may not be reaching the poor and additional targeted efforts may be needed to meet their healthcare needs.